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PHYSIO LEC > 2.1 The Nervous System > Flashcards

2.1 The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q
  • receive and send information
  • communicates and controls throughout the rest of the body
  • communicate by means of electrical signals (rapid, specific)
A

Nervous system

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2
Q

Central Nervous System (2)

A

Brain
Spinal Cord

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (3)

A

Cranial nerves
Ganglia outside CNS
Spinal nerves

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4
Q

Cellular Components of the Nervous System

A

A. Supporting Cells (GLIAL CELLS) - vary in shape & size
- Neuroglia in CNS
- Neuroglia in PNS
B. NEURONS (nerve cells)

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5
Q

Neuroglia in CNS (4)

A
  1. Microglia
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Astrocytes
  4. Ependymal cells
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6
Q
  • scavenger cells that resemble tissue macrophages and remove debris resulting from injury, infection, and disease
  • smaller than astrocytes
  • remain stationary until brain tissue becomes injured
  • act as microbe scavengers in the brain via phagocytosis
A

Microglia

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7
Q
  • resembles stars
  • threadlike branches attach to neurons and to small blood vessels holding both structures together
A

Astrocytes

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8
Q

Astrocyte branches form a two-later structure called _______ that separates blood tissues and nervous tissue. It protects brain from harmful chemicals that might be found in the blood.

A

blood brain barrier (BBB)

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9
Q

Neuroglia in PNS (2)

A
  • Schwann cells
  • Satellite cells
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10
Q
  • neurolemmocytes
  • myelinate neurons
A

Schwann cells

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11
Q
  • regulate the chemical environment
A

Satallite cells

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12
Q

Form the myelin sheath around axon

A

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

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13
Q
  • autoimmune disease possibly triggered by a virus in genetically susceptible individuals
  • oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths of CNS deteriorate and are replaced by hardened scar tissue
  • occur especially between 20-40 years of age
  • nerve fibers are severed
  • myelin sheaths in CNS are gradually destroyed -> short circuits; loss of impulse conduction
  • affects mostly young adults
  • common symptoms:
    > visual problems
    > clumsiness
    > muscle weakness
    > eventual paralysis
A

Multiple Sclerosis

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14
Q

Normal conduction of action potentials relies on the insulating properties of ______. Thus, defects in this can have major adverse neurological consequences

A

myelin

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15
Q
  • hereditary disorder seen mainly in infants of Eastern European Jewish ancestry
  • abnormal accumulation of a certain glycolipid(GM2) in myelin sheath as it accumulates it disrupts conduction of signals
  • results in blindness, loss of coordination, dementia- symptoms appear before 1 yr of age, death by 3 or 4
A

Tay-Sachs Disease

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16
Q

are the fundamental unit of the nervous system specialized to transmit information to different parts of the body

A

Neurons

17
Q

Special Characteristics or Neurons (3)

A
  • They have extreme longevity
  • They are amitotic
  • They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate and require continuous and abundant supply of oxygen and glucose.
18
Q

Time is Critical!

______: Cardiac irritability
______: Brain damage not likely
______: Brain damage not possible
______: Brain damage very likely
______: Irreversible brain damage

A

0 - 1 min: Cardiac irritability
0 - 4 mins: Brain damage not likely
4 - 6 mins: Brain damage not possible
6 - 10 mins: Brain damage very likely
above 10 mins: Irreversible brain damage

19
Q

_______ occurs in the cell body, and ________ occurs in the axon, specifically in the segment that is detached from the cell body due to injury or damage. Both processes are responses to stress or injury and are part of the neuron’s attempt to recover or adapt to changes.

A

Chromatolysis and Wallerian Degeneration

20
Q
  • main metabolic and genetic center of the neuron
  • region in which the neuron receives synaptic input from other neuron
A

cell body

21
Q
  • main direct recipients of signals from other neurons
  • may account for more than 90% of the surface area available for synaptic contact
A

dendrites

22
Q
  • conveys the output of the cell to other neurons
A

Axon

23
Q

Three functional components of neurons

A
  1. Input region
  2. Conducting component
  3. secretory
24
Q

Four Types of Neurotransmitter

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Biogenic Amines
  • Amino Acids
  • Neuropeptides
25
Q

Sensory neurons always release neurotransmitter that excites _______ neuron

A

postsynaptic neuron

26
Q

Some interneurons excites/inhibits postsynaptic neuron (2)

A
  • Excitatory neurotransmitters
  • Inhibitory neurotransmitters
27
Q

neurotransmitters that
- increase postsynaptic membrane permeability to Na+
- threshold is reached for message to be sent

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters

28
Q

neurotransmitters that
- decrease permeability to Na+
- decreases chance nerve impulse will occur

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

29
Q

Structure Classification of Neurons

A
  • Unipolar cell
  • Bipolar cell
  • Pseudo-unipolar cell
  • Three types of multipolar cells
30
Q

Functional Classification of Neurons:

A
  1. Sensory neurons
  2. Interneurons
  3. Motor neurons
31
Q

carry impulse from the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord(CNS)

A

Sensory neurons

32
Q

connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulse between them

A

Interneurons

33
Q

convey impulses (motor output) from the CNS to the effector cells(muscles and glands)

A

Motor neurons

PHYSIO LEC (12 decks)

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