1. Concept of Physiology Flashcards
Physiology is derived from two greek words
physis = nature
logos = study
- The study of the function of living organisms
- functioning of the body’s structural machinery
- A branch of physiology concerned with the basic functional activities of living matter
General Physiology
the study of the structure of body parts and their
relationships to one another
Anatomy
study of the functions of the body’s structural machinery; explainable only in terms of the underlying anatomy
Physiology
states that function is dependent on structure, and that the form of a structure relates to its function. What a structure can do depends on its specific form.
Principle of Complementarity of structure and function
Topics of Anatomy (3)
- Gross/ Macroscopic Anatomy
- Microscopic Anatomy
- Developmental Anatomy
study of the large body structures (visible)
Gross/ Macroscopic Anatomy
Subdivision of Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy (3)
Regional Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
Surface Anatomy
study of all structures in one part of the body such as the abdomen or leg are examined at the same time
Regional Anatomy
study of gross anatomy of the body studied by system (cardiovascular system- heart, blood vessels)
Systemic Anatomy
study of internal structures as they relate to the underlying skin surface
Surface Anatomy
- study of the small body structures (invisible)
Microscopic Anatomy
2 examples of microscopic anatomy
- Cytology
- Histology
- traces structural changes in an individual from conception through old age
- example: embryology
Developmental Anatomy
concerns only the development changes that occur before birth
embryology
Topics (Types) of Physiology (5)
- Renal physiology
- Neurophysiology
- Cardiovascular physiology
- Endocrinology
- Pathophysiology
Subdivision of physiology are based on _____ or _______
organs or organ system
studies urine production and kidney function
Renal physiology
explains the workings of the nervous system
Neurophysiology
examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular physiology
studies hormones
Endocrinology
studies the mechanisms of disease
Pathophysiology
is the science of life
physiology
the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical function of humans, and serves as the foundation of modern medicine.
Human Physiology
Physiology is explained by _______ and _____ principles
chemical and physical
The Heirarchy of Structural Organization (6)
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organismal
11 ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
- Integumentary system
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Nervous system
- Cardiovascular system
- Lymphatic system
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Male reproductive system
- Female reproductive system
What are the 11 organ system composed of:
1. Integumentary system (5)
2. Skeletal system (3)
3. Muscular system (2)
4. Nervous system (3)
5. Cardiovascular system (2)
6. Lymphatic system (6)
7. Respiratory system (5)
8. Digestive system (8)
9. Urinary system (4)
10. Male reproductive system (5)
11. Female reproductive system (5)
- skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
- bones, cartilage, ligaments
- muscles and tendons
- brain, spinal column, and nerve
- heart and blood vessels
- red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and lymphatic vessels
- nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
- oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver
- kidneys, uterer, bladder, and urethra
- prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
- mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
- forms the external body covering
- protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D
Integumentary system
- protects and supports body organs
- provides the framework for muscles
- site of blood cell formation (________)
- stores minerals
Skeletal system;
Hematopoiesis
- allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
- maintains posture
- produces heat
muscular system
- is the fast-acting control system of the body
- responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
nervous system
muscular system have only one function
contract or shorten
- pumps and transports of blood
cardiovascular system
protect the body from foreign substances: bacteria, toxins, tumor cells
White blood cells and chemicals in the blood
- picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
- disposes of debris in the its stream
- houses white blood cells involved with immunity
lymphatic system
- keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
- allows gas exchange between lungs and blood
respiratory system
- breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
- eliminates indigestible food as feces
digestive system
- eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
- regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood
urinary system
- main function is the production of offspring
- _____ produce sperm and male sex hormone
- _____ deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
male reproductive system;
- testes
- ducts and glands
- main function is the production of offspring
- ______ produce eggs and female sex hormones
- remaining structure serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
- ______ produce milk to nourish the newborn
female reproductive system;
- ovaries
- mammary glands
Necessary life functions (8)
- Maintaining boundaries
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
how to maintain boundaries
- membrane
- integumentary system
ability to sense changes in the environment and react to them
responsiveness
metabolism is regulated by the
endocrine system
process of removing waste from the body, it could be through _______ system and ________ system
excretion: digestive and urinary
Survival Needs (5)
- Nutrients (food)
- Oxygen
- Water
- Temperature
- Atmospheric Pressure (for gas exchange)
- work together to maintain life
- strive to maintain an internal balance
collection of body systems
coined homeostasis
Walter Cannon, 1930
- Walter Cannon book
- describes how the human body maintains steady levels of temperature and other vital conditions
The Wisdom of the Body
- describes the body’s ability to maintain relatively internal stable conditions even though there is continuous change in the outside world
- any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival.
- Dynamic equilibrium (balance) of the internal environment
- The body needs are met and its functions are occurring
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is from ? meaning ?
Homeo=same
stasis=standing still, static
Three Basic Components of Homeostatic System:
(1) _______ detect changes in the variable. (2) ________ compare the variable in relation to a set point and signal the (3) ______ to generate a response.
- Receptor
- Control Center
- Effector
are parameters that are monitored and controlled or affected by the feedback system.
Variable
- The net effect is that the output of the system decreases or shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity
- reduce the original stimulus
- Causes the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning it to its “ideal” value
- examples: body temperature, breathing rate and depth, blood levels of glucose
Negative Feedback Mechanism
In a ________, a stimulus, a deviation from a set point, is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis
negative feedback loop
the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates
Set point
Goal of Negative feedback mechanisms:
Prevent severe changes within the body
Regulation of blood glucose levels by a negative feedback mechanism involving pancreatic hormones
- increase blood glucose level: pancreas releases insulin (stimulates glycogen formation in liver)
- decreases blood glucose level: pancreas releases glucogen (stimulates glycogen breakdown in liver)
- the result or the response of the mechanism enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that the activity (output) is accelerated.
- the change that occurs proceeds in the same direction as the initial disturbance, causing the variable to deviate further and further from the original value or range
- intensify the initial stimulus, leading to the enhancement of the response
- examples: blood clotting, labor contractions
Positive Feedback Mechanism
A ________ results in a change in the body’s status, rather than a return to homeostasis.
positive feedback loop
Positive Feedback Mechanism in blood clot
- tear in blood vessel
- platelets adhere to site and release chemicals
- released chemicals attract more platelets
- clotting proceeds until break is sealed by newly formed clot
During _______, negative feedback loop is overwhelmed and positive feedback loop take over
Pathological situations
Factors of Homeostatic Imbalance
- age: body organs and control system -> less efficient
- injury
- disease
- environmental changes
- genetic mutations
The sensitivity of the system (how much of a deviation from the set point is tolerated) depends on several factors (3)
- Nature of the sensor : how much of a deviation from the set point is needed for the sensor to detect the deviation
- The time needed for generation of the effector signals
- How rapidly the effector respond to signal
