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Biology AS > 2.1 Structure and function of eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

2.1 Structure and function of eukaryotic cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of a nucleus?

A
  • contains hereditary material
  • usually spherical
  • between 10-20μm in diameter
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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleus? (x4)

A
  • controls the cells activities
  • acts as the control centre through production of mRNA and tRNA for protein synthesis
  • contains genetic information in the form of DNA and chromosomes
  • makes ribosomal RNA and ribosomes
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3
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear envelope?

A
  • double membrane that surrounds the nucleus
  • outer membrane is connected with endoplasmic reticulum and often has ribosomes on its surface
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4
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope? (x2)

A
  • controls what enters and exists the nucleus
  • contains the reactions happening inside the nucleus
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5
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear pores?

A
  • 3000 pores in each nucleus
  • 40-100nm in diameter
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6
Q

What is the function of the nuclear pores?

A
  • allows large molecules to pass through
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7
Q

What is the structure of the nucleolus?

A
  • small spherical region in nucleoplasm
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8
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus? (x2)

A
  • makes ribosomal RNA
  • assembles ribosomes
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9
Q

What is the structure of a chromosome?

A
  • consists of protein bound, linear DNA
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10
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A
  • usually rod shaped
  • 1-10μm in length
  • surrounded by double membrane folded inner membrane forms cristae
  • contain 70S ribosomes
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11
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A
  • double membrane that controls what enters and leaves the mitochondrion
  • produces ATP from respiration
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12
Q

What is the structure of cristae?

A
  • extensions of the inner membrane
  • large surface area for respiration
    (mitochondria)
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13
Q

What is the structure of matrix?

A
  • contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes, and DNA
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14
Q

What is the function of matrix?

A
  • controls production of the mitochondrion’s own proteins
    (mitochondria)
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15
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

A
  • usually disc-shaped
  • 2-10μm in length
  • double membrane (chloroplast envelope) that controls what enters and leaves the chloroplast
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16
Q

How are the chloroplasts adapted to their function?

A

Chloroplasts contain both DNA and ribosomes so they can quickly and easily manufacture some of the proteins needed for photosynthesis.

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17
Q

What is the structure of grana?

A
  • stacks of up to 100 thylakoids
  • thylakoids contain chlorophyll pigments
    (chloroplast)
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18
Q

What is the structure of stroma?

A
  • fluid-filled matrix
  • contains starch grains
    (chloroplast)
19
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A
  • site of photosynthesis
  • harvests sunlight
20
Q

What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • system of sheet-like membranes in the cytoplasm
  • it is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane
21
Q

What is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)? (x2)

A
  • ribosomes on the surface
  • provides a large surface area for protein synthesis
22
Q

What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

A
  • more tubular and no ribosomes
23
Q

What is the function of RER?

A
  • provide a pathway for transport of materials throughout the cell
  • protein synthesis
24
Q

What is the function of SER?

A
  • synthesises, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates
25
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • looks similar to SER, but more compact
  • it consists of a stack of membranes that make up flattened sacs, or cisternae, with small rounded hollow structures called vesicles
26
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • receives proteins from the ER
  • modifies them e.g. adding sugars
  • packages them into vesicles to be transported around the cell or to outside the cell
27
Q

What is the structure of lysosomes?

A
  • produced by the Golgi body
  • vesicles that contain enzymes that break things down
28
Q

What is the function of lysosomes? (x4)

A
  • they can hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells
  • release enzymes to the outside of the cell (exocytosis) in order to destroy material around the cell
  • digest worn out organelles so that the useful chemicals they are made of can be reused
  • completely break down cells after they have died (autolysis)
  • digests contents of phagosome
  • exocytosis of digestive enzymes
29
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A
  • not surrounded by a membrane
  • very small organelles in the cytoplasm and bound to rough ER
  • consists of 2 subunits - 80s and 70s
30
Q

Where are 80s ribosomes found?

A
  • in eukaryotic cells
  • (25nm in diameter)
31
Q

Where are 70s ribosomes found?

A
  • in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts
  • slightly smaller than 80s
32
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A
  • site of protein synthesis which acts as an assembly line to use mRNA to assemble proteins
33
Q

What is the structure of a cell wall?

A
  • made up of a number of polysaccharides such as cellulose
  • have a thin layer called the middle lamella
34
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A
  • provide mechanical strength-stop individual cells from bursting and to provide structure to the plant
  • movement of water - allows water to pass along it
35
Q

What is the structure of a vacuole?

A
  • fluid filled sack
  • single membrane (tonoplast)
  • contains mineral salts, sugars, amino acids, pigments and other molecules
36
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A
  • provide support to the plant
  • can act as a temporary food store
  • pigments may colour petals
37
Q

What are the two types of ER?

A
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum
38
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • distinct nucleus
  • membrane-bound organelles
39
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Small structure within a cell, consisting of fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer

40
Q

What is a turgid plant cell?

A

Cell swells a bit but cell wall prevents lysis

41
Q

Describe the structure and function of the cell surface membrane.

A

• Fluid mosaic phospholipid bilayer with extrinsic and intrinsic proteins embedded
• isolates cytoplasm from extracellular environment
• selectively permeable to regulate transport of substances
• involved in cell signalling/cell recognition

42
Q

Explain the role of cholesterol, glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell surface membrane.

A

cholesterol = steroid molecule connects phospholipids and reduces fluidity
glycoproteins = cell signalling, cell recognition and binding cells together
glycolipids = cell signalling and cell recognition

43
Q

What are some common cell adaptation?

A

• folded membrane or microvilli increase surface area e.g. for diffusion
• many mitochondria = large amounts of ATP for active transport
• walls one cell thick to reduce distance of diffusion pathway

Biology AS (36 decks)

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