2.1 - Cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure and function of the cell-surface membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • proteins: receptors
  • cholesterol: controls membrane fluidity
    Function: control what enters and leaves the cell
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2
Q

Describe the structure and function of the nucleus

A
  • contains chromosomes, 1 or more nucleoli
  • nuclear envelope: controls passage of ions, molecules, RNA, between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
  • nucleolus: assembling ribosomal subunits
  • chromatin
  • nucleoplasm
    Function: genetic info to code for protein synthesis
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3
Q

Describe the structure and function of the mitochondria

A
  • cristae
  • mitochondrial matrix: contains respiratory enzymes
  • double membrane
    Function: producing ATP via aerobic respiration
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4
Q

Describe the structure and function of a chloroplast

A
  • thylakoids
  • grana
  • lamellae
  • stroma
  • double membrane
    Function: site of photosynthesis
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5
Q

Describe the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus

A

apparatus: modifies and packages proteins and lipids
vesicles: transport these to target cells
also produces lysosomes

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6
Q

Describe the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A
  • has ribosomes on its surface
    Function: folds and processes proteins
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6
Q

Describe the structure and function of a ribosome

A
  • small and large subunit
  • no membrane
    Function: site of protein synthesis
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6
Q

Describe the structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A
  • similar to RER but no ribosomes
    making and processing lipids
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7
Q

Describe the structure and function of the cell wall

A
  • cellulose in plants + algae, chitin in fungi, peptidoglycan in bacteria
    Function: provide structural support to cell
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8
Q

Describe the structure and function of a lysosome

A
  • vesicles containing digestive enzymes bound by a single membrane
    Function: breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, old organelles
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9
Q

Describe the structure and function of a vacuole

A
  • surrounded by tonoplast
  • cell sap
    Function: keep cell rigid and isolate unwanted chemicals
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10
Q

Describe the function of the cytoplasm

A

site of many metabolic reactions in the cell

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11
Q

List the key differences between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell

A
  • prokaryotes are smaller
  • prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles in cytoplasm, eukaryotes do
  • eukaryotes have golgi and mitochondria, prokaryotes don’t
  • prokaryotes have smaller 70S ribosomes whereas eukaryotes have larger 80S
  • prokaryotes have single circular free-floating DNA molecule, eukaryotes do
  • prokaryotic DNA not associated with proteins, eukaryotic is
  • prokaryotes have a murein cell wall, eukaryotes have no cell wall
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12
Q

List features that SOME prokaryotes have, but not all

A
  • 1 or more plasmids
  • capsule surrounding cell
  • 1 or more flagella
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13
Q

Describe the general structure of a virus and draw a diagram

A
  • genetic material
  • capsid (protein coat)
  • attachment protein
  • (sometimes lipid envelope)
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14
Q

Describe how an optical microscope works, as well as its advantages and disadvantages

A
  • uses light and focuses using lenses
  • live specimens can be used
  • adv: sample shown in colour
  • disadv: low resolution compared to other microscopes
15
Q

Describe how a transmission electron microscope works, as well as its advantages and disadvantages

A
  • uses electrons and focuses using magnets
    Adv:
  • high resolution due to shorter wavelength of electrons so smaller organelles can be observed

Disadv:
- only dead specimens can be used
- sample is shown in black and white
- requires thinner specimens
- requires complex preparation
- produces 2D images

16
Q

Describe how a scanning electron microscope works, as well as its advantages and disadvantages

A
  • uses electrons
  • adv: produces 3D images
  • disadv: lower resolution than TEM
17
Q

Define magnification

A

how many times larger the image of a specimen observed is than the actual size of the specimen

18
Q

Define resolution

A

the minimum distance 2 objects can be distinguished as separate in an image

19
Q

State the formula to calculate magnification

A

image size/actual size

20
Q

Describe the process of cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation

A
  • blend sample in homogeniser to form homogenate
  • ensure solution ice-cold, buffered and isotonic
  • filter homogenate to remove cell debris
  • spin in centrifuge at low speed
  • densest organelle forms pellet first
  • decant supernatant and re-spin in another test tube at a higher speed
  • next densest organelle forms pellet and so on
21
Q

What are some examples of artefacts?

A

dust, air bubbles, fingerprints

22
Q

Explain why the solution used in cell fractionation should be ice-cold, buffered and isotonic

A

ice-cold: prevent enzymes damaging organelles
buffered: keep pH constant so enzymes don’t denature
isotonic: keeps water potential constant so no water enters or leaves the cell by osmosis, which could cause shrinkage or lysis

23
Order that organelles form a pellet in ultracentrifugation
- nuclei - chloroplasts (if using plant tissue) - mitochondria - lysosomes - ER - ribosomes
24
Describe the structure and function of centrioles
- hollow cylinders containing ring of microtubules Function: produce spindle fibres for cell division
25
Describe the structure and function of capsule
- protective, slimy layer Function: helps cell to retain moisture and adhere to surfaces
26
Describe the structure of a plasmid
circular DNA
27
Describe the structure of a flagellum
tail-like structure which rotates to move the cell
28
Describe the structure of pili
hair-like structures which attach to other bacterial cells
29
Name structures prokaryotes contain that eukaryotes don't
- cell wall - capsule - plasmid - flagellum - pili
30
Name differences between DNA in chloroplasts and nucleus
chloroplasts: DNA not associated with histones nucleus: DNA associated with histones
31
Outline the role of organelles in the production, transport and release of proteins from eukaryotic cells
- DNA in nucleus is code - ribosomes produce protein - mitochondria produce ATP for protein synthesis - golgi package/modify proteins - vesicles transport proteins
32
Name an organelle found in both a chloroplast and a prokaryotic cell
ribosome
33
Describe how you could make a temporary mount of a piece of plant tissue to observe the position of starch grains in the cells when using an optical microscope
- add drop of H2O to slide - obtain thin section of tissue and place on slide - stain with I2 - lower cover slip using mounted needle