1.1 - Monomers, polymers and carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are monomers?

A

small units from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

What are polymers?

A

molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

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3
Q

Give three examples of monomers

A
  • monosaccharides
  • amino acids
  • nucleotides
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4
Q

Define condensation reaction

A

2 molecules join together forming chemical bond, and the elimination of a H2O molecule

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5
Q

Define hydrolysis reaction

A

chemical bond broken between 2 molecules with the use of a H2O molecule

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6
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

monomer from which larger carbohydrates are made

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7
Q

Give 3 examples of monosaccharides

A
  • glucose
  • galactose
  • fructose
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8
Q

Name the type of bond formed by the condensation of 2 monosaccharides

A

glycosidic bond

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9
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

condensation of 2 monosaccharides

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10
Q

Give 3 examples of disaccharides

A
  • maltose
  • sucrose
  • lactose
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11
Q

What is maltose made up of?

A

2 glucose molecules

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12
Q

What is sucrose made up of?

A

glucose molecule and fructose molecule

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13
Q

What is lactose made up of?

A

glucose molecule and galactose molecule

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14
Q

Name the 2 isomers of glucose

A
  • alpha glucose
  • beta glucose
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15
Q

How are polysaccharides formed?

A

condensation of many glucose units

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16
Q

Which type of glucose are glycogen and starch made up of?

A

alpha glucose

17
Q

Which type of glucose is cellulose made up of?

A

beta glucose

18
Q

Give the structure and functions of glycogen

A
  • main energy storage molecule in animals
  • 1,4,6 glycosidic bonds
  • highly branched: quick release of energy via enzyme action
  • large but compact: maximises energy storage
  • insoluble: doesn’t affect cell WP + can’t diffuse out of cells
19
Q

Give the structure and functions of starch

A
  • insoluble: doesn’t affect water potential
  • branched/helical: makes molecule compact
  • polymer of glucose: provides glucose for respiration
  • branched: fast breakdown/enzyme action
  • large: can’t cross cell membrane/leave cell
20
Q

Name the 2 polysaccharides starch is made up of and describe them

A

amylose
- unbranched chain
- 1,4 glycosidic bonds
- coiled and compact: stores a lot of energy

amylopectin
- branched chain
- 1,4,6 glycosidic bonds
- side branches: fast enzyme action to release energy

21
Q

Give the structure and function of cellulose

A
  • long, straight chains
  • strong microfibrils joined by H bonds: strong cross linkages which provide strength to cell wall
  • exerts inward pressure stopping influx of H2O: prevents lysis and maximises SA of plants for photosynthesis
22
Q

Describe the biochemical test for a reducing sugar

A
  • heat with Benedict’s solution
  • positive: blue -> brick red
23
Q

Describe the biochemical test for a non-reducing sugar

A

(after a negative test for reducing sugar)
- heat with acid (HCl) and neutralise with sodium hydrogen carbonate
- heat with Benedict’s solution
- positive: blue -> brick red

24
Q

Describe the biochemical test for starch

A
  • add iodine
  • positive: orange/brown -> blue/black
25
What are reducing sugars?
all monosaccharides and some disaccharides e.g maltose, lactose