2023 JVIM

Question 1

Association of folate concentrations with clinical signs and laboratory markers of chronic enteropathy in dogs

Answer 1

Hypofolatemia is an inferior biomarker of CE compared to hypocobalaminemia.

Question 2

Retrospective analysis of immunosuppressive and anti-thrombotic protocols in nonassociative immune mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs

Answer 2

Addition of a second immunosuppressive agent did not alter immediate outcome measures but might be associated with a reduction in relapse. Use of multiple antithrombotic agents did not reduce incidence of thrombosis.

Question 3

A one health review of aerodigestive disease in dogs

Question 4

Evaluation of cardiac troponin I as a predictor of death in critically ill cats

Answer 4

Abnormally high serum cTnI concentration was common in critically ill cats. Unlike in dogs, cTnI did not confer prognostic information regarding death.

Question 5

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in dogs with coccidioidomycosis and variables associated with extent of clinically evident disease

Answer 5

Serum 25(OH)D concentration was lower for dogs with IgG titers ≥1:32, indicating a potential association between semi-quantitative titers and 25(OH)D concentrations in dogs with coccidioidomycosis. IgG titers ≥1:32 yielded higher odds of disseminated disease, but was inadequate as a standalone test to determine form of disease.

Question 6

Short-term intra-individual variation of urinary biomarkers in dogs with stable chronic kidney disease

Answer 6

Changes of >100% and >60% for uNGAL and uKIM-1, respectively, in serial measurements are higher than the normal expected variation and therefore might indicate need for further investigation for underlying causes of kidney damage.

Question 7

Autochthonous Babesia canis infections in 49 dogs in Germany

Answer 7

Autochthonous B. canis infections in Berlin/Brandenburg were associated with severe clinicopathological changes, SIRS, and multiorgan involvement. Testing by PCR during and after treatment is advisable to monitor treatment success. Screening of blood donors in high-risk areas and year-round tick protection is strongly recommended.

Question 8

SCN9A variant in a family of mixed breed dogs with congenital insensitivity to pain

Letter regarding “SCN9A variant in a family of mixed breed dogs with congenital insensitivity to pain”—Navigating the pathogenicity of candidate gene mutations: Spotlight on paralog Nav genes

Response to letter regarding “SCN9A variant in a family of mixed breed dogs with congenital insensitivity to pain”

Answer 8

We confirmed the diagnosis of CIP in a family of mixed breed dogs and identified a likely pathogenic variant in the SCN9A gene. The clinical signs observed in these dogs mimic those reported in humans with pathogenic SCN9A variants causing CIP. This report is the first of a spontaneous pathogenic SCN9A variant in domestic animals.

Question 9

Survival, remission, and quality of life in diabetic cats

Answer 9

The association between feeding a commercially available wet diet and remission is important and strengthens the role of diet in treatment of DM in cats. Linking remission and a better QoL for the cat emphasizes remission as a goal in disease management.

Question 10

Reference intervals for plasma, urinary, and salivary concentrations of free metanephrines in dogs: Relevance to the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma

Answer 10

With establishment of these RIs, biochemical testing for PCC in dogs can be substantially improved. Measurement of pNMN is superior to pMN in dogs with PCC.

Question 11

Clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of 24 dogs with bacterial meningitis or meningoencephalitis without empyema (2010-2020)

Answer 11

Clinical signs were variable in dogs with BM/BMEM, the nidus of bacterial infection was often OMI and the majority of dogs made a full recovery with treatment.

Question 12

Ionized hypercalcemia in 238 cats from a referral hospital population (2009-2019)

Answer 12

Ionized hypercalcemia was most commonly associated with kidney diseases, neoplasia or IHC. The proportion of urolithiasis cases varied by diagnosis.

Question 13

Extraesophageal reflux and reflux aspiration in dogs with respiratory diseases and in healthy dogs

Answer 13

Extraesophageal reflux and reflux aspiration occur in healthy dogs and those with respiratory diseases.

Question 14

Cancer detection in clinical practice and using blood-based liquid biopsy: A retrospective audit of over 350 dogs

Answer 14

Most cases of cancer were diagnosed after the onset of clinical signs; only 4% of dogs had cancer detected using the current standard of care (i.e., wellness visit). Liquid biopsy has the potential to increase detection of cancer when added to a dog’s wellness visit.

Question 15

Letter regarding “Developing a predictive model for spinal shock in dogs with spinal cord injury”

Response to letter regarding “Developing a predictive model for spinal shock in dogs with spinal cord injury”

Question 16

Horner syndrome as a physiological biomarker of disease in canine cervical myelopathy

Answer 16

Horner syndrome in cervical myelopathy is commonly associated with non-compressive intraparenchymal disease.

Question 17

Crossmatch: Alloimmunization versus unspecific agglutination reactions?

Response to letter regarding “Alloimmunization in dogs after transfusion: A serial cross-match study”

Question 18

Tonsillar carcinoma in dogs: Treatment outcome and potential prognostic factors in 123 cases

Answer 18

Asymptomatic dogs, those treated with surgery, those that received adjuvant chemotherapy, and those that received NSAIDs may have a better prognosis than previously expected, but overall survival remains short for dogs with tonsillar carcinoma.

Question 19

Clinical utility of an immunoglobulin A-based serological panel for the diagnosis of chronic enteropathy in dogs

Answer 19

The evaluated serologic markers were poorly specific for CE diagnosis, which raises concerns that their use in clinical practice might lead to misdiagnoses and delayed or even detrimental treatments in dogs with non-CE intestinal diseases.

Question 20

Prevalence of signs of lower urinary tract disease and positive urine culture in dogs with diabetes mellitus: A retrospective study

Answer 20

Subclinical bacteriuria occurred in this cohort of dogs, and our findings reinforce the recommendation that urine cultures should not be routinely performed in diabetic dogs particularly if pyuria and bacteriuria are absent.

Question 21

Thoracolumbar myelopathies in pug dogs

Answer 21

Constrictive myelopathy affected more than half of pug dogs presenting with chronic thoracolumbar myelopathies. Most had multilevel disease, concurrent myelopathies, or both. There was no apparent relationship between anatomic locations of CAPD and most severe myelopathy or myelopathy type.

Question 22

Evaluation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, C-reactive protein, and haptoglobin as biomarkers in dogs newly diagnosed with histoplasmosis

Answer 22

Assay of serum 25(OH)D, CRP, and haptoglobin could have clinical value in dogs with histoplasmosis.

Question 23

Clinical utility of immature reticulocyte fraction for identifying early red blood cell regeneration in anemic dogs

Answer 23

The IRF is a reliable variable for detecting early regeneration in anemic dogs without reticulocytosis. The study suggests that the measurement of IRF could be useful in classifying anemic dogs.

Question 24

Double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial of prophylactic omeprazole in dogs treated surgically for acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion

Answer 24

Short-term, prophylactic omeprazole treatment did not decrease clinically detectable GI complications in dogs with acute TL-IVDE.

Question 25

Identification by whole genome sequencing of genes associated with delayed postoperative hemorrhage in Scottish deerhounds

Answer 25

SERPINF2 is associated with DEPOH in Scottish deerhounds. Genetic testing might be able to identify dogs that are susceptible to DEPOH.

Question 26

Utility of 1,2-o-dilauryl-rac-glycero glutaric acid-(6′-methylresorufin)-ester-lipase for monitoring dogs with chronic pancreatitis

Answer 26

Increased DLA is associated with emergency revisits in dogs with CP, possibly reflecting acute flare-ups. DGGR-lipase activity was associated with the CPCSS over the follow-ups but could not differentiate disease severity.

Question 27

Effect of withholding food versus feeding on creatinine, symmetric dimethylarginine, cholesterol, triglycerides, and other biochemical analytes in 100 healthy dogs

Answer 27

Withholding food is generally not necessary before performing routine biochemical analysis in clinically healthy dogs. Withholding food might be helpful to limit variability in analytes impacted by feeding, such as triglycerides and phosphorus.

Question 28

Clinical features of muscle stiffness in 37 dogs with concurrent naturally occurring hypercortisolism

Answer 28

Concurrent SMS and HC is uncommon, possibly affecting only dogs with PDH. Development of SMS might occur before or after diagnosis of HC. Apart from SMS, the clinical picture and survival time of these dogs seem indistinguishable from those of dogs with HC in general. However, while muscle weakness usually resolves with HC treatment SMS does not.

Question 29

Assessment of peritubular capillary rarefaction in kidneys of cats with chronic kidney disease

Answer 29

Capillary rarefaction (decrease in capillary size and percent capillary area) is present in kidneys of cats with CKD and is positively correlated with renal dysfunction and histopathologic lesions.

Question 30

Diagnostic features of type II fibrinoid leukodystrophy (Alexander disease) in a juvenile Beagle dog

Answer 30

Case report

Question 31

Clinical features and long-term management of cats with primary hypoadrenocorticism using desoxycorticosterone pivalate and prednisolone

Answer 31

Desoxycorticosterone pivalate and prednisolone requirements in cats were higher than what is currently used in dogs; thus, a DOCP starting dose of 2.2 mg/kg q28 days and a prednisolone maintenance dose of 0.3 mg/kg/day titrated to the individual need seems warranted. Small adrenal glands (width < 2.7 mm) on ultrasonography in a cat suspected of hypoadrenocorticism can be suggestive of the disease. The apparent predilection of British Shorthaired cats for PH should be further evaluated.

Question 32

Prognostic value of serum cystatin C concentration in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease

Answer 32

High serum Cys-C concentrations were associated with a worse prognosis of MMVD. Furthermore, serum Cys-C could be a predictor of MMVD prognosis even in dogs with normal blood creatinine concentration.

Question 33

Quantitative analysis of magnetic resonance images for characterization of blood-brain barrier dysfunction in dogs with brain tumors

Answer 33

Blood-brain barrier dysfunction quantification using advanced imaging analyses has the potential to be used for assessment of brain tumor characteristics and behavior and, particularly, to help differentiating gliomas from meningiomas.

Question 34

Thyroidectomy in dogs with thyroid tumors: Survival analysis in 144 cases (1994-2018)

Answer 34

Dogs with thyroid tumors undergoing thyroidectomy have a long life expectancy. Despite the rare presence of nonfollicular carcinoma and metastases, thyroidectomy should still be considered in some of these dogs.

Question 35

Fecal microbiome in dogs with lymphoid and nonlymphoid tumors

Answer 35

The diversity of the gut microbiome was significantly reduced in dogs with tumors compared to healthy dogs. Correlations were found between changes in blood measurements and changes in microbiome composition in relation to paraneoplastic syndrome.

Question 36

Validation of Plateletworks ADP for the ProCyte Dx analyzer

Answer 36

Our study validated the Plateletworks ADP system on the ProCyte Dx analyzer. Samples may be analyzed up to 1 h after collection.

Question 37

Risk factors for upper urinary tract uroliths and ureteral obstruction in cats under referral veterinary care in the United Kingdom

Answer 37

Cats diagnosed with UUTU at a younger age have a more aggressive phenotype with higher risk of obstructive UUTU compared to cats over 12 years of age diagnosed with UUTU.

Question 38

Validation of a cage-side agglutination card for Dal blood typing in dogs

Answer 38

Dal agglutination cards are reliable as a cage-side test, but results should be interpreted cautiously in severely anemic patients.

Question 39

Gastrointestinal angiodysplasias diagnosed using video capsule endoscopy in 15 dogs

Answer 39

Although rare, AGD should be considered in dogs with suspected GIB after a negative conventional endoscopy or surgical exporation. Video capsuel endoscopy appears to be a sensitive test to identify AGD within the GI tract.

Question 40

A novel missense variant in the L2HGDH gene in a cat with L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria and multicystic cerebral lesions

Answer 40

We report the second pathogenic gene variant in L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria in cats and describe for the first time multicystic cerebral lesions on MRI.

Question 41

Prospective evaluation of the efficacy of inhaled steroids administered via the AeroDawg spacing chamber in management of dogs with chronic cough

Answer 41

This study supports the utility of fluticasone propionate by inhalation in management of cough in dogs with IAD and AWC.

Question 42

Prediction of outcome after ligation or thin film banding of extrahepatic shunts, based on plasma albumin concentration and hematologic expression of 8 target genes in 85 dogs

Answer 42

Two models were constructed for predicting outcome after EHPSS attenuation using venous blood samples. The model predicting clinical recovery showed the best diagnostic properties. Clinical application requires further validation.

Question 43

The classical and alternative circulating renin-angiotensin system in normal dogs and dogs with stage B1 and B2 myxomatous mitral valve disease

Answer 43

Circulating alternative RAS activity, specifically the surrogate measure of ACE2 activity, was increased in dogs with stage B2 MMVD as compared to normal dogs. Equilibrium dialysis results are analogous to immediate protease inhibition in dogs.

Question 44

Videofluoroscopic swallow study abnormalities identify aerodigestive disorders in dogs with respiratory disease versus healthy controls

Answer 44

Most (75%) RESP dogs had VFSS abnormalities, emphasizing that AeroD are common. The VFSS has value in diagnostic evaluation of respiratory disease.

Question 45

Circulating neutrophil extracellular traps in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and cardiogenic arterial thromboembolism

Answer 45

Neutrophil extracellualr traps, especially citH3, are increased in cats with HCM and CATE. They may serve as a novel therapeutic target and biomarker of thrombosis in cats with HCM.

Question 46

Clinicopathologic and gastrointestinal effects of administration of prednisone, prednisone with omeprazole, or prednisone with probiotics to dogs: A double-blind randomized trial

Answer 46

Prednisone-induced gastric bleeding. Co-administration of omeprazole partially mitigated bleeding, but a similar protective benefit was not demonstrated by co-administration of the evaluated probiotic.

Question 47

Echocardiographic values for normal conditioned and unconditioned North American whippets

Answer 47

Pet whippets in peak athletic condition have larger hearts than do less conditioned whippets, but measures of systolic function are similar. Whippet pet athletes may show eccentric LV hypertrophy at peak condition. Normal values for cardiac size and function in North American whippets might be considered abnormal if population-specific whippet reference intervals are not used in analysis.

Question 48

Evaluation of oral telmisartan administration as a suppression test for diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism in cats

Answer 48

The oral TST shows promise as a diagnostic test for the diagnosis of PHA in cats.

Question 49

Prognostic value of pulmonary vascular resistance estimated by echocardiography in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease and pulmonary hypertension

Answer 49

Left atrial enlargement and high PVRecho were independent prognostic factors in dogs with MMVD and detectable tricuspid regurgitation.

Question 50

Ultrafiltration during intermittent hemodialysis in dogs with acute kidney injury

Answer 50

Ultrafiltration during IHD in dogs with AKI is overall safe. Higher prescribed ultrafiltration rates were associated with increased risk of complications. Decrease in central venous oxygen saturation is associated with ultrafiltration-related complications, emphasizing the utility of in-line blood monitoring.

Question 51

An investigation into an outbreak of pancytopenia in cats in the UK

Answer 51

Contaminated-feed induced trichothecene mycotoxicosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for pancytopenia in cats

Question 52

Clinical and clinicopathological features and outcomes of cats with suspected dietary induced pancytopenia

Answer 52

Mycotoxin induced pancytopenia should be considered a differential diagnosis in otherwise healthy cats presenting with bi- or pancytopenia and bone marrow hypo- to aplasia

Question 53

Effect of laboratory and sample storage factors on urinary protein:creatinine ratios and clinical decision making in cats

Answer 53

Laboratory choice for UPC measurement can result in different IRIS substaging for the same cat, whereas urine storage at room temperature for 1 day or in the refrigerator for up to 7 days does not clinically affect UPC.

Question 54

Hyperlipasemia in dogs with acute kidney injury treated with and without hemodialysis

Answer 54

Hyperlipasemia is frequent and often marked in dogs with AKI despite only a minority being diagnosed with pancreatitis. Hyperlipasemia is associated with AKI severity but not independently with HD treatment. High IRIS grade and hyperlipasemia were associated with nonsurvival.

Question 55

Mineral, trace element, and toxic metal concentration in hair from dogs with idiopathic epilepsy compared to healthy controls

Answer 55

Altered trace element status could be involved in the pathophysiology of IE in dogs. Antiseizure drugs might affect trace element and arsenic metabolism.

Question 56

Effectiveness of 2-dimensional shear wave elastography for noninvasive and reliable estimation of right atrial pressure in dogs with induced volume overload

Answer 56

Two-dimensional shear wave elastography might be useful for noninvasive and reliable estimation of RAP in dogs with acute volume overload and has potential as a quantitative biomarker for evaluating therapeutic response in dogs with right sided congestive heart failure.

Question 57

Right heart echocardiographic variables and prediction of clinical severity in dogs with pulmonary stenosis

Answer 57

Structural and functional right heart echocardiographic variables are associated with echocardiographic and clinical severity in dogs with PS. A multiparametric approach is advised to better assess PS severity.

Question 58

Characterization of intestinal fibrosis in cats with chronic inflammatory enteropathy

Answer 58

Additional stains at initial histopathologic examination of IBSp allow for better identification of IF compared to routine HE staining. Identification of IF in colonic biopsy specimens by vimentin immunolabeling and MT staining may provide prognostic information in cats with CIE.

Question 59

Plasma and urinary metanephrine and normetanephrine concentrations using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) in healthy cats and in a cat with pheochromocytoma (PCC)

Answer 59

We report preliminary reference intervals for plasma and urinary metanephrines in cats using LC-MS-MS and the potential clinical applicability of these biomarkers for the diagnosis of PCC in cats.

Question 60

N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide, cardiac troponin-I, and point-of-care ultrasound in dogs with cardiac and noncardiac causes of nonhemorrhagic ascites

Answer 60

NT-proBNP concentration and POCUS help distinguish between cNHA and ncNHA.

Question 61

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii-like oocyst shedding in feral and owned cats in Damascus, Syria

Answer 61

The clinical importance of Toxoplasmosis in humans lies in the transmission of Toxoplasma to the fetus especially in the first trimester, resulting in severe clinical symptoms in the infant and leading to spontaneous abortion, stillbirth or other serious health problems and severe sequelae (e.g., mental retardation, blindness, hearing, and neurological disorders). Our results showed higher prevalence in Syria than in Lebanon. High amounts of T. gondii-like oocyst shedding were detected in both feral and client-owned cats in Damascus, emphasizing the importance of further research to understand T. gondii infection in people and animals in this region.

Question 62

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from urinary isolates obtained from cats (2013-2020)

Answer 62

No antimicrobial achieved >90% susceptible designation to all bacteria isolated highlighting the importance of performing urine culture and susceptibility testing, particularly for cats with recurrent bacterial cystitis.

Question 63

Hemostatic profiles in dogs with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome

Answer 63

Hypercoagulability was common in both dogs with SARDS and controls, but dogs with SARDS were significantly more hypercoagulable on TEG. The role of hypercoagulability in the pathogenesis of SARDS remains to be determined.

Question 64

Benign ureteral obstruction in cats: Outcome with medical management

Answer 64

We found a higher success rate for MM (medical management) of BUO than previously reported. Smaller distal uroliths (<1-2 mm) were more likely to pass.

Question 65

Presumed pituitary apoplexy in 26 dogs: Clinical findings, treatments, and outcomes

Answer 65

Dogs with pituitary apoplexy present with a variety of acute signs of neurological disease and inconsistent endocrine dysfunction. Dogs that survive to discharge can have a favorable outcome.

Question 66

Evaluation of a rapid immunoassay for bacteriuria in dogs

Answer 66

The RIA was easy to perform and had good sensitivity and excellent specificity in this group of dogs. The RIA might be a useful screening test for decision-making regarding antimicrobial therapy in dogs with a clinical indication for urine culture. Consideration could be given to amending the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Disease definition of bacterial cystitis as the presence of signs of lower urinary tract disease together with positive culture or a positive RIA.

Question 67

Clinical utility of fungal culture and antifungal susceptibility in cats and dogs with histoplasmosis

Answer 67

Fungal culture did not improve diagnostic sensitivity when used with cytopathology and antigen detection. Susceptibility testing might help identify isolates for which fluconazole is less likely to be effective.

Question 68

Dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography in dogs with nasal tumors

Answer 68

Nasal sarcomas have lower BV and BF than nasal carcinomas, and sarcomas have a lower size reduction than carcinomas early on during RT. Baseline results and changes in perfusion parameters may not be correlated with survival.

Question 69

Development of a reliable clinical assessment tool for meningoencephalitis in dogs: The neurodisability scale (NDS)

Answer 69

The NDS is a novel clinical measure for objective assessment of neurological dysfunction and showed good reliability when used prospectively in MUO patients but, in this small population, no association with outcome could be identified.

Question 70

Potential mechanism for hyperhomocysteinemia (HCC) in Greyhound dogs

Answer 70

Our findings suggest a primary defect in conversion of HCy (homocysteine) to methionine in Greyhounds, with related impaired folate generation. Ineffective cycling by methionine synthase could lead to secondary cobalamin depletion. Notably, low serum folate and cobalamin concentrations can be observed in Greyhounds without signs of intestinal disease.

Question 71

Non-traumatic hemorrhagic myelopathy in dogs

Answer 71

Larger prospective studies would be required to define prognostic factors for dogs with NTSH, but outcome appeared to be most influenced by the underlying cause, as opposed to neurological severity at presentation.

Question 72

Serum proteome of dogs with chronic enteropathy

Answer 72

Cytokine alterations, acute phase response signaling, and lipid metabolism are likely involved in pathogenesis of CE. Although there are insufficient current data to justify the use of proteomic biomarkers for assessment of CE in dogs, our study identifies potential candidates.

Question 73

Albuminuria and proteinuria in dogs infected with Dirofilaria repens: A cross-sectional study

Answer 73

D. repens might cause similar glomerular lesions to those caused by D. immitis.

Question 74

Etiology and effusion characteristics in 29 cats and 60 dogs with pyothorax (2010-2020)

Answer 74

Pyothorax had similar etiologies in cats and dogs. Cats had higher fluid cell counts, higher numbers of bacterial isolates identified per patient, and intracellular bacteria detected more commonly than did dogs.

Question 75

Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay and immunodiffusion for detection of anti-Histoplasma antibodies in serum from cats and dogs

Answer 75

Antibody detection by EIA can be used to support the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in cats and dogs. Immunodiffusion has an unacceptably low diagnostic sensitivity and is not recommended.

Question 76

Optimal rate control in dogs with atrial fibrillation—ORCA study—Multicenter prospective observational study: Prognostic impact and predictors of rate control

Answer 76

Rate control affects survival; an optimal target meanHR <125 bpm should be sought in dogs with AF. Baseline patient variables can help predict if rate control is achievable.

Question 77

ACVIM consensus statement guidelines on diagnosing and distinguishing low-grade neoplastic from inflammatory lymphocytic chronic enteropathies in cats

Answer 77

Consensus statement

Question 78

Oculosystemic pneumocystosis in 2 sibling Chihuahuas

Answer 78

Case report

Question 79

Immune-mediated polyneuropathy in cats: Clinical description, electrodiagnostic assessment, and treatment

Answer 79

Immune-mediated motor axonal polyneuropathy should be considered in young cats with muscle weakness. This condition may be similar to acute motor axonal neuropathy in Guillain-Barré syndrome patients. Based on our results, diagnostic criteria have been proposed.

Question 80

Safety and effectiveness of the sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitor bexagliflozin in cats newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus

Answer 80

Bexagliflozin decreased hyperglycemia and observed clinical signs in cats newly diagnosed with DM. As a once-daily PO medication, bexagliflozin may simplify management of DM in cats.

Question 81

Incidence of acute kidney injury in dogs with systemic mycotic infections treated with amphotericin B (1996-2020)

Answer 81

Incidence of AKI with AmB is common but does not always preclude continued treatment. The incidence of AKI is similar between AmB-D and ABLC, but dogs receiving ABLC tolerated a higher cumulative total dose before AKI diagnosis.

Question 82

Escherichia coli-associated follicular cystitis in dogs: Clinical and pathologic characterization

Answer 82

Chronic inflammation associated with an intramural E. coli infection in the urinary bladder wall represents a possible triggering factor for the development of follicular cystitis.

Question 83

Clinical investigation and management of Brucella suis seropositive dogs: A longitudinal case series

Answer 83

Most dogs with B. suis infections have subclinical infections. Serology is poorly associated with clinical disease. Excretion of organisms appears rare except in whelping bitches. Clinical management using antibiotics with or without surgery is recommended.

Question 84

Serum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid concentrations in juvenile dogs with parvoviral enteritis or other acute enteropathies

Answer 84

Juvenile dogs with parvoviral enteritis or NPVAD (non-parvoviral acute diarrhea) had lower serum cobalamin concentrations than healthy juvenile dogs. However, based on serum MMA (methylmalonic acid) concentrations cellular cobalamin deficiency was not apparent.

Question 85

Serum insulin concentration in dogs with insulinoma as a clinical marker for presence of metastasis at the time of diagnosis

Answer 85

Serum insulin concentrations were not different between dogs with or without metastasis at diagnosis. The degree of insulinemia does not provide further information regarding the stage of the disease and is not associated with survival time in dogs with insulinoma.

Question 86

Evaluation of gallbladder motility assessed by ultrasonography in dogs with hyperlipidemia

Answer 86

Hyperlipidemia leads to GB distention in dogs which could lead to retention of bile and gallbladder disease.

Question 87

Synergistic inhibitory effects of clopidogrel and rivaroxaban on platelet function and platelet-dependent thrombin generation in cats

Answer 87

Treatment combining clopidogrel and rivaroxaban (DAT) safely decreases platelet activation, platelet response to agonists, and thrombin generation in feline platelets more effectively than monotherapy with either clopidogrel or rivaroxaban.

Question 88

Effect of pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism (PDH) on the survival of dogs treated with radiotherapy for pituitary macroadenomas

Answer 88

No statistical difference in survival was identified between the PDH and non-PDH groups, and longer survival was associated with higher Gy delivered.

Question 89

Therapeutic response and prognostic factors of 14 dogs undergoing transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatocellular masses: A retrospective study

Answer 89

History of intra-abdominal hemorrhage and large pre-TAE (transcatheter arterial embolization) tumor volume/body weight ratio could be predictive factors for adverse outcomes after TAE. Pre-TAE tumor volume/body weight ratio could be a predictive factor for therapeutic effect.

Question 90

Cephalic and saphenous venous blood collected by continuous heating of the paws compared with arterial blood for measurement of blood gas values in well-perfused dogs

Answer 90

Under experimental conditions, the ASV (arterialized saphenous venous blood) samples were more identical to the AB (arterial blood) samples than the ACV (arterialized cephalic venous blood) samples for pH, PCO2, [HCO3−], and BE values in well-perfused dogs. The saphenous vein is suitable for “arterialization.”

Question 91

Hypertensive nonobstructive hydrocephalus as main magnetic resonance imaging feature in a dog with disseminated choroid plexus carcinomatosis

Answer 91

Case report

Question 92

Prognosis of primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma after surgical resection in small-breed dogs: 52 cases (2005-2021)

Answer 92

The tumor size classification of CLCS (canine lung carcinoma stage) would be an important prognostic factor in small-breed dogs with surgically resected PACs.

Question 93

Description of a novel method for detection of sleep-disordered breathing in brachycephalic dogs

Answer 93

Brachycephaly is associated with SDB. The neckband system is a feasible way of characterizing SDB in dogs.

Question 94

A 20-year scoping review of the veterinary interventional radiology and interventional endoscopy literature (2000-2019)

Answer 94

Treatments involving IR/IE have wide applicability in veterinary medicine but large, rigorous, and comparative studies describing these procedures are lacking.

Question 95

Investigation of the presence of specific neural antibodies in dogs with epilepsy or dyskinesia using murine and human assays

Answer 95

Specific neural antibodies were not detected using mouse and human target antigens in dogs with epilepsy and dyskinesia of unknown origin. These findings emphasize the need for canine-specific assays and the importance of control groups.

Question 96

The T2-FLAIR mismatch sign as an imaging biomarker for oligodendrogliomas in dogs

Answer 96

The T2FMM can be readily identified on routinely obtained MRI sequences. It is a specific biomarker for oligodendroglioma in dogs, and was significantly associated with non-enhancing LGO (low-grade oligodendrogliomas).

Question 97

Prospective evaluation of a telmisartan suppression test as a diagnostic tool for primary hyperaldosteronism in cats

Answer 97

The oral telmisartan suppression test using a single dose of 2 mg/kg telmisartan did not discriminate cats with PHA from healthy middle-aged cats or cats with diseases that may result in secondary hyperaldosteronism.

Question 98

Serum proteome profiles in cats with chronic enteropathies

Answer 98

Damage to the gut lining released marker proteins of chronic inflammation that were detectable in serum samples of cats. This early-stage exploratory study strongly supports THBS1 (thrombospondin-1) as a candidate biomarker for chronic inflammatory enteropathy in cats.

Question 99

Clinical features, comparative imaging findings, treatment, and outcome in dogs with discospondylitis: A multi-institutional retrospective study

Answer 99

Radiograph and MRI results could be discrepant in dogs with discospondylitis. Prior trauma and corticosteroids could be associated with relapse and progressive neurological dysfunction, respectively.

Question 100

Mutations in the CYP27B1 gene cause vitamin D dependent rickets in pugs

Answer 100

Case report

Question 101

A novel meningioma with tyrosine-rich crystals in a 6-year-old Great Dane

Answer 101

Case report

Question 102

Magnetic resonance imaging and neurologic characterization of combined osseous- and disc-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy in dogs

Answer 102

A substantial percentage of dogs with CSM (cervical spondylomyelopathy) present with concomitant IVD protrusion and osseous proliferations, most at the same site. Characterizing this combined form is important in the management of dogs with CSM because it could affect treatment choices.

Question 103

Clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome in 8 dogs and 2 cats with global hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (GHIBI) (2010-2022)

Answer 103

Duration of hypoxic-ischemic insult, diffuse brainstem involvement, MRI features, and rate of neurological recovery could provide indications of the likelihood of functional recovery after GHIBI.

Question 104

Letter regarding “Validation of a cage-side agglutination card for Dal blood typing in dogs” – Validation of agglutination card kit or simple comparison to gel column method for canine Dal blood typing?

Response to letter regarding “Validation of a cage-side agglutination card for Dal blood typing in dogs”

Question 105

Phenotypic and genetic aspects of hereditary ataxia in dogs

Answer 105

Review articles

Question 106

Urinary bladder hemangiosarcoma in a cat treated with partial cystectomy and adjuvant metronomic cyclophosphamide and thalidomide

Answer 106

Case report

Question 107

Right atrial thrombus formation in a dog after successful electrical cardioversion for atrial fibrillation

Answer 107

Case report

Question 108

Prevalence of hypercalcemia in primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs: Multicenter, retrospective study

Answer 108

This study identified several key clinical and biochemical variables associated with hypercalcemia in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism. These findings aid understanding of the pathophysiology and etiology of hypercalcemia in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism.

Question 109

Comparison of cystocentesis versus home sampling to determine urinary protein: Creatinine ratio and urine specific gravity in cats

Answer 109

Home sampling of urine is a valid alternative to cystocentesis in cats. However, because clinically relevant differences in UPC and USG were present in 28% and 18% of cats, respectively, by the same collection method for monitoring each cat is advised.

Question 110

Effect of a specially formulated diet on progression of heart enlargement in dogs with subclinical degenerative mitral valve disease

Answer 110

Feeding a specially formulated diet for 365 days was not associated with a significantly different rate of change of left heart size in dogs with subclinical DMVD as compared to control.