2022 JVIM Flashcards
Carboxyhemoglobin as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of hemolytic anemias in dogs
Carboxyhemoglobin proved an excellent predictor of HA in dogs and might constitute a useful, ancillary tool for diagnosing and monitoring hemolytic anemias.
The Reibergram for immunoglobulin A in dogs: Evaluation of intrathecal IgA synthesis using a quotient graph in dogs with neurological diseases
The canine Reibergram can detect blood-CSF barrier dysfunction and intrathecal IgA synthesis in the majority of cases. The graphical visualization simplifies data evaluation and makes it a feasible tool in routine CSF diagnostic testing.
Effects of a single subcutaneous dose of enoxaparin on veterinary viscoelastic coagulation monitor variables in healthy cats: Double blind, placebo controlled cross-over trial
The VCM-Vet detects a difference at 2 hours after single-dose enoxaparin administration and it can be useful for anticoagulant therapy monitoring in cats.
Prevalence and prognostic role of L wave and selected clinical and echocardiographic variables in dogs with atrial fibrillation
L waves occurred frequently in dogs with AF, but held no prognostic relevance. Conversely, LVSDn and Echo-HR represented independent predictors of negative outcome in these animals.
Comparison of echocardiographic measurements and cardiac biomarkers in healthy dogs eating nontraditional or traditional diets
Healthy dogs eating nontraditional diets had lower indices of systolic function and larger left ventricular volumes compared to dogs eating traditional diets. Screening of apparently healthy dogs eating nontraditional diets might allow for early detection of diet-associated DCM.
Progression of lipase activity and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity in dogs hospitalized for acute pancreatitis and correlation with clinical features
Lipase decreases rapidly to near or within RI within 2 days of treatment in the majority of dogs with AP. Both lipase assays yielded virtually identical results. Mesenteric echogenicity may be an early marker of AP in dogs.
Evaluation of serum miR-216a and miR-375 as biomarkers in dogs with acute pancreatitis
Serum cfa-miR-375 could be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment response of AP in dogs. In addition, miR-216a and miR-375 could be associated with inflammatory processes in dogs with AP.
Electroencephalography of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in a dog with generalized tetanus
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) has been suspected in dogs with generalized tetanus but not confirmed by correlation of repeated episodes of vocalization or motor behaviors or both with REM sleep defined by an EEG. The case further defines RBD in dogs with tetanus, and highlights the value of EEG to differentiate among different parasomnias and epileptiform activity.
Outcomes of 434 dogs with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicosis treated with fluid therapy, lipid emulsion, or therapeutic plasma exchange
NSAID toxicosis generally carries an excellent prognosis in dogs. Despite similar outcomes of lower incidence of AKI in the TPE group, and slightly lower maximal creatinine concentration in dogs treated with ILE vs IVF alone, ILE and TPE should be considered in the management of severe NSAID toxicosis.
Sensitivity of canine hematological cancers to BH3 mimetics
Neoplastic canine T lymphocytes are sensitive to VEN (venetoclax) in vitro. Quantification of BCL2 protein alone is insufficient to predict sensitivity to VEN.
Spinocerebellar ataxia in the Bouvier des Ardennes breed is caused by a KCNJ10 missense variant
Inherited spinocerebellar degeneration also affects the Bouvier des Ardennes breed and is caused by a KCNJ10 variant. It can present with a spectrum of severity grades, ranging from severe cerebellar to milder spinocerebellar signs.
Relationship between serum magnesium, calcium, and parathyroid concentrations in dogs with abnormally low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and chronic or protein-losing enteropathy
Hypomagnesemia might contribute to alterations in iCa and parathyroid hormone in dogs with CE +/− PLE and abnormally low 25(OH)D.
Cardiovascular abnormalities in dogs with acute pancreatitis
Myocardial injury is common in dogs with AP, but clinical consequences appeared to be uncommon in our small cohort. Cardiac biomarkers should be interpreted with caution in dogs with AP.
Influence of sex on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system metabolites and enzymes in Doberman Pinschers
Sex and reproductive status influenced the RAAS of DP, with IF DP showing genotype-independent higher ACE activity. These findings hold implications for sterilization practices in female dogs, and support sex and reproductive status as a source of variability in RAAS studies. Additionally, the frequency of the ACE gene variant was very high in this group of DP.
Toward quantification of loop diuretic responsiveness for congestive heart failure
Perspective article
Anticoagulant effects of rivaroxaban, prednisone, alone and in combination, in healthy dogs
Clotting times in the PT correlate with rivaroxaban levels and may prove useful for drug monitoring. Prednisone administration had no apparent influence on the anticoagulant effects of rivaroxaban in healthy dogs, suggesting that combined therapy will not require dosage adjustments.
Antimicrobials in dog-to-dog bite wounds: A retrospective study of 1526 dog bite events (1999-2019)
Empirical use of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was common for DBW. Increasing wound severity was associated with greater use of high-importance antimicrobials. While C&S testing was rarely performed, routine susceptibility profiles are recommended to optimize antimicrobial stewardship.
Solitary intraventricular tumors in dogs and cats treated with radiotherapy alone or combined with ventriculoperitoneal shunts: A retrospective descriptive case series
Ventriculoperitoneal shunting led to rapid normalization of neurological signs and RT had a measurable effect on tumor volume. Combination of VPS/RT seems to be beneficial.
Grading of oligodendroglioma in dogs based on magnetic resonance imaging
Moderate-to-marked CE and ring pattern were present in dogs with OG III but not in OG II. The presence of cystic structures, GRE signal voids, and necrosis was strongly associated with OG III. Although the importance of brain tumor grading in dogs with regard to prognosis and treatment options remains unknown, the results indicate that MRI reflects the histological features used for grading OG in dogs.
Effects of an intravenous infusion of diltiazem on glomerular filtration rate, electrolyte excretion, and urine output in healthy dogs
Intravenous administration of diltiazem does not improve markers of renal function in healthy dogs. Further studies are needed in dogs with AKI.
Prevalence of aldosterone breakthrough in dogs receiving renin-angiotensin system inhibitors for proteinuric chronic kidney disease
Aldosterone breakthrough was common in dogs receiving RAS inhibitors for CKDp but was not associated with proteinuria outcome.
Clinical characterization of epileptic seizures in Pomeranians with idiopathic epilepsy or epilepsy of unknown cause
In our study, FS (focal epileptic seizures) was the predominant type of seizure in Pomeranians, and almost all cases with FS showed limb contraction, regardless of whether having IE (idiopathic epilepsy) or EUC (epilepsy of unknown cause).
Serum uromodulin in dogs with chronic kidney disease
Serum uromodulin concentration is decreased in dogs with CKD. Thus, serum uromodulin may be a valuable diagnostic marker for CKD in dogs, particularly in identifying early-stage CKD.
Veterinary healthcare needs to talk more about error: For the wellbeing of our patients and medical teams
Perspective article
Characterization of clinicopathologic and abdominal ultrasound findings in dogs with glucocorticoid deficient hypoadrenocorticism
No single variable could be used to confidently rule out GDH and obviate the need for cortisol testing in dogs with a clinical presentation consistent with GDH.
Bruxism in awake dogs as a clinical sign of forebrain disease: 4 cases
Our results suggest that the presence of bruxism in the awake state associated with other neurological deficits might indicate a forebrain lesion.
Demographic and histopathologic features of dogs with abnormally high concentrations of hepatic copper
Abnormally high hepatic Cu is prevalent in hepatic biopsies from dogs. Machine learning modeling showed that necroinflammation, not cholestasis or cirrhosis, on hepatic histopathology, is predictive of higher hepatic Cu and might be a reliable histologic predictor of CAH.
Natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats from rehoming centers: The CatScan II study
Cardiovascular events were common in cats with HCM from a rehoming center study sample. Lower left atrial systolic function appears to precede overt HCM.
Comparison of percutaneous cystolithotomy (PCCL) and open cystotomy (OC) for removal of urethral and bladder uroliths in dogs: Retrospective study of 81 cases (2014-2018)
Bladder urolith removal by PCCL procedure is no longer than OC. Further studies are needed to compare the pain related to procedure between PCCL and OC.
Incidence, clinical signs, and videofluoroscopic swallow study abnormalities associated with airway penetration and aspiration in 100 dogs
Penetration-aspiration occurs in dogs in the absence of respiratory CS (i.e., occult P-A). Dogs with pharyngeal weakness and EOR should be considered at risk for P-A.
Evaluation of a machine learning tool to screen for hypoadrenocorticism (HA) in dogs presenting to a teaching hospital
This MLM can robustly predict HA status when indiscriminately screening all dogs with blood work. In this group of dogs with a low prevalence of HA, the false positive rates were clinically acceptable.
Clinical performance of the IMMY cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay in dogs and cats
A negative IMMY CLFA result enables reliable exclusion of cryptococcal infection in dogs and cats. By contrast, a positive result must be interpreted cautiously and further testing should be performed to verify a diagnosis of cryptococcosis.
Retrospective evaluation of risk factors for development of kidney injury after parenteral furosemide treatment of left-sided congestive heart failure in dogs
In this cohort of dogs receiving parenteral furosemide for CHF, KI was common, mostly non-azotemic (Grade I), and did not impact survival.
Multiorgan neutrophilic inflammation in a Border Collie with “trapped” neutrophil syndrome
Case summary
Validation of a focused echocardiographic training program in first opinion practice
The program effectively trained PCs (primary care veterinarians) to accurately assess EPIC criteria in dogs with preclinical MMVD.
Computed tomography features of discospondylitis in dogs
We determined that bilateral endplate erosion and periosteal proliferation were very common in dogs with discospondylitis. Careful evaluation of CT in all 3 planes (dorsal, sagittal, transverse) is necessary to identify an affected IVDS. These described CT features can aid in the diagnosis of discospondylitis in dogs but equivocal cases might still require MRI.
Incidence of relapse of inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy in dogs and associated risk factors
Inflammatory PLE is associated with a high rate of relapse in dogs. Ensuring owners adhere to dietary recommendations might help prevent subsequent relapse in dogs with iPLE that attain initial remission.
Effect of radioiodine treatment on muscle mass in hyperthyroid cats
Almost two-thirds of hyperthyroid cats have abnormally low muscle mass when measured quantitatively by ultrasound. Successful treatment restores muscle mass in >85% of cats. EMH provided the best means of quantitating muscle mass in these cats.
Evaluation of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin to detect renal tubular damage in dogs with stable myxomatous mitral valve disease
Renal tubular damage is present in dogs with stable MMVD, as measured by increased uNGAL. This tubular damage is subclinical, occurs in all stages of MMVD even in the absence of azotemia, and increases with the severity of MMVD. Reno-protective approaches to manage MMVD dogs should be explored to slow the progression of renal tubular damage in these patients.
Response to letter regarding “Comparison of lung ultrasound, chest radiographs, C-reactive protein, and clinical findings in dogs treated for aspiration pneumonia”
Alendronate treatment in cats with persistent ionized hypercalcemia: A retrospective cohort study of 20 cases
Alendronate overall was well tolerated with chronic use in this cohort, and can be considered a treatment option for persistent ionized hypercalcemia in cats.
Effect of mineral oil as a lubricant to collect feces from cats for microbiome studies
Fecal sampling with mineral oil lubrication did not change the microbial DNA extraction yield, metagenomic sequencing yield, level of host contamination, the microbial composition and diversity in subsequent gut microbiome analyses. Here we reported a proven cat-friendly protocol for fecal sample collection in clinical and research setting for gut microbiome analyses.
Noninvasive hydrostatic reduction of an ileocecocolic intussusception in a puppy
Case report
Effect of inhaled albuterol on whole blood potassium concentrations in dogs
Albuterol IH decreases blood potassium concentrations in a dose-dependent manner without clinically meaningful alterations to heart rate or blood glucose concentrations in healthy dogs. The mean decrease in potassium concentration at the high-dose of albuterol was modest (0.38 mmol/L).
Biliary protozoa in a dog with acute cholangiohepatitis fed a raw food diet
Case report
Right ventricular size and function evaluated by various echocardiographic indices in dogs with pulmonary hypertension
Three-dimensional echocardiography of the RV is a promising tool to detect RV changes in dogs with PH. Also, 2D strain measurements are able to detect decreased RV function and offer several advantages compared to conventional indices.
Mycophenolate mofetil and telmisartan for the treatment of proteinuria secondary to minimal change disease podocytopathy in a dog
Case report
Can apps be used to formulate fluid therapy plans in veterinary medicine?
Our findings suggest that fluid therapy plans can be improved using apps.
Spurious laboratory results associated with immunoglobulin M gammopathy in a dog with multiple myeloma
Case report
Association of fecal and serum microRNA profiles with gastrointestinal cancer and chronic inflammatory enteropathy in dogs
When used as part of a diagnostic RT-qPCR panel, the abovementioned miRNAs have the potential to function as noninvasive biomarkers for the differentiation of GIC and CIE in dogs.
Suspected spontaneous early hemorrhagic transformation of multiple ischemic strokes secondary to primary splenic torsion in a German Shepherd dog
Case report
Effect of standard-dose and high-dose pimobendan on select indices of renal and cardiac function in dogs with American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine stage B2 myxomatous mitral valve disease
Results suggest that pimobendan (SD_pimo or HD_pimo) might not affect renal function in nonazotemic dogs with stage B2 MMVD. High-dose pimobendan did not demonstrate advantages over SD_pimo within the constraints of our study.
Presumptive nontraumatic adrenal hemorrhage preceding hypoadrenocorticism in a dog
Case report
Dystonia in veterinary neurology
Review article
Peripheral biomarkers of oxidative stress in dogs with acute pancreatitis
Oxidant status is altered in dogs with naturally occurring AP, but the clinical relevance of this finding is unknown.
Effects of trazodone administration on the neurologic examination in healthy dogs
Most dogs did not have changes on neurologic examination after trazodone administration. However, approximately 20% of dogs had new or worsening PR deficits after receiving trazodone. Ideally, trazodone should not be given before neurologic examination in dogs.
Effect of oral or injectable supplementation with cobalamin in dogs with hypocobalaminemia caused by chronic enteropathy or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Oral supplementation is an alternative for cobalamin supplementation in dogs with hypocobalaminemia caused by CE or EPI.
Comparison of biochemical and hematologic values obtained via jugular venipuncture (direct veinipuncture) and peripheral intravenous catheters in dogs
PIVC sampling can provide generally acceptable SB (serum biochemistry) and CBC results for most dogs, but clinicians should be aware of a few values for which disparate results might occasionally be obtained.
Association of recessive c.430G>A (p.(Gly144Arg)) thyroid peroxidase variant with primary congenital hypothyroidism in cats
Disproportionate dwarfism, abnormally high TSH and abnormally low to low-normal T4 concentrations are diagnostic for CH in cats. All cases had dyshormonogenesis demonstrated by thyroid scintigraphy. This novel TPO missense variant (not described in humans) causes CH in cats and awareness of it can assist in diagnosis and breeding.
Domestic cat hepadnavirus associated with hepatopathy in cats: A retrospective study
Domestic cat hepadnavirus infection was associated with high serum activity of liver enzymes and chronic lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis (LPH).
Clinical outcome and Ki67 evaluation in dogs with nodal small cell B-cell lymphoma diagnosed by flow cytometry
Most nodal small cell B-cell lymphoma cases had aggressive disease. Low Ki67 expression can help identify cases with better prognosis. Age, substage, and flow cytometry variables are useful prognostic factors.
Diagnostic yield of uroendoscopy compared to ultrasonography for evaluating lower urinary tract disorders in dogs
Agreement between uroendoscopy and US was moderate for all dogs. Based on these data, recommendation for uroendoscopy should be tailored to individual clinical presentation and signalment; transabdominal US is not the preferred modality for urethral lesions.
Alloimmunization in dogs after transfusion: A serial cross-match study
Because production of alloantibodies was detected as early as 1 day after transfusion, cross-matching should be performed before every subsequent transfusion.
Spinal epidural arteriovenous fistula in 3 cats
Case report
A 50-step walking test for analysis of recovery after decompressive surgery for thoracolumbar disc herniation in dogs
This straightforward 50-step walking test provides robust data on ambulatory recovery well-suited to large scale pragmatic trials on treatment of thoracolumbar spinal cord injury in dogs.
Multicenter retrospective evaluation of transmural migration of subcutaneous ureteral bypass devices within the digestive tract in cats
Although a rare complication, migration of SUB device should be considered in cats with SUB device obstruction and a positive urine culture.
Pharmacokinetic study comparing doxorubicin concentrations after chemoembolization or intravenous administration in dogs with naturally occurring nonresectable hepatic carcinoma
Drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization offers a viable treatment option for patients with incompletely resectable HC with the potential for increased local tumor doxorubicin concentrations, decreased systemic chemotherapeutic exposure, and fewer adverse hematological events.
Effect of calcifediol supplementation on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system mediators in dogs with chronic kidney disease
Short-term calcifediol supplementation in this small group of CKD dogs appeared to decrease ACE activity.
X-linked myotubular myopathy associated with an MTM1 variant in a Maine coon cat
This case is the first report of X-linked myotubular myopathy in a cat with an MTM1 missense mutation. Maine coon cat breeders may consider screening for this variant to prevent production of affected cats and to eradicate the variant from the breeding population.
Randomized clinical trial comparing outcomes after fentanyl or ketamine-dexmedetomidine analgesia in thoracolumbar spinal surgery in dogs
There was no evidence that, at the doses used, fentanyl impaired ambulatory outcome after surgery for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation in dogs. Pain control appeared similar between groups. Secondary outcomes suggested minor benefits associated with ketamine-dexmedetomidine. The ketamine-dexmedetomidine combination appears to be a reasonable alternative to peri-operative opioids.
Relationship of microsatellite instability to mismatch repair deficiency in malignant tumors of dogs
Microsatellite instability and dMMR (mismatch repair deficiency) more frequently were found in oral malignant melanoma than in other tumors, and dMMR has relevance to MSI in both clinical cases and cell lines.
Relationship between hearing, cognitive function, and quality of life in aging companion dogs
Presbycusis (age-related hearing loss) negatively alters owner-pet interactions and is associated with poor executive performance and owner-assessed dementia severity.
The use of autologous skeletal muscle progenitor cells for adjunctive treatment of presumptive urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in female dogs
Urethral submucosal injection of skMPC can be used adjunctively to improve continence in dogs with difficult to manage USMI. The procedure is labor intensive but well tolerated; most dogs will require continued medication to remain continent.
