2022 JVIM ✔️ Flashcards
Carboxyhemoglobin as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of hemolytic anemias in dogs
Carboxyhemoglobin proved an excellent predictor of HA in dogs.
Carboxyhemoglobin differed between
- HA and non-HA
- HA and non-anemic dogs
No difference between non-anemic dogs and nonHA
Good sensitivity and specificity.
No variable associated with survival.
The Reibergram for immunoglobulin A in dogs: Evaluation of intrathecal IgA synthesis using a quotient graph in dogs with neurological diseases
The canine Reibergram can detect blood-CSF barrier dysfunction and intrathecal IgA synthesis in the majority of cases. The graphical visualization simplifies data evaluation and makes it a feasible tool in routine CSF diagnostic testing.
Increased CSF = common in neuro diseases in dogs
Distinguishing between intrathecally produced proteins and those that have passed through the blood-CSF barrier because of barrier dysfunction facilitates diagnosis.
Albumin = produced extrathecally that can be used to determine barrier dysfunction.
Upper value of physiological albumin quotient = 2.22
Detects diseases with blood-CSF dysfunction @ 81% sens / 88% spec.
Effects of a single subcutaneous dose of enoxaparin on veterinary viscoelastic coagulation monitor variables in healthy cats: Double blind, placebo controlled cross-over trial
The VCM-Vet detects a difference at 2 hours after single-dose enoxaparin administration and it can be useful for anticoagulant therapy monitoring in cats.
Differences between treated and controls at 0h and 2h in
- clotting time
- alpha angle
- clot formation time
AntiXa activity significantly different between T0 and all other time points in treated group.
No correlation between changes in clotting time and anti-Xa activity.
Prevalence and prognostic role of L wave and selected clinical and echocardiographic variables in dogs with atrial fibrillation
L waves occurred frequently in dogs with AF (60%), but held no prognostic relevance.
Predictor of cardiac death and all cause mortality
- Increased left ventricular end-systolic diameter normalized for body weight
- HR during echo
Comparison of echocardiographic measurements and cardiac biomarkers in healthy dogs eating nontraditional or traditional diets
Healthy dogs eating nontraditional diets had lower indices of systolic function and larger left ventricular volumes compared to dogs eating traditional diets.
Ejection fraction (2D and 3D) lower for dogs eating non-traditional diet.
Left ventricular end-systolic volume indexed to BW = higher in dogs eating non-traditional diet.
EF lower
Volume higher
Diet impact
Progression of lipase activity and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity in dogs hospitalized for acute pancreatitis and correlation with clinical features
Lipase decreases rapidly to near or within RI within 2 days of treatment in the majority of dogs with AP.
Both lipase assays yielded virtually identical results.
Mesenteric echogenicity may be an early marker of AP in dogs.
Median range of CS before presentation = 2d
Lipase d1 = 1070
PLI = 1111
d2 within reference range for 33% lipase and 46% PLI.
Clinical signs not associated with lipases.
Hyperechoic mesentery correlated with lipase and PLI
Evaluation of serum miR-216a and miR-375 as biomarkers in dogs with acute pancreatitis
Serum miR-375 = potential biomarker for the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment response of AP in dogs.
Overexpression of miR-216a and miR-375 in dogs with experimentally induced AP.
Significant difference in miR-375 between healthy and dogs with AP.
- decreased after tx
No differences in miR-216.
Both correlated with CRP, but not with cPLI. –> association with inflammation?
Electroencephalography of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in a dog with generalized tetanus
3mo Airedale dx with tetanus
Excessive paddling and chewing when sleeping
EEG - abnormal movements start within 20-180s of REM sleep only.
No epileptiform activity.
CS resolved over 8 weeks with abx and symptomatic tx.
Sleep movements resolved in 6wks.
Outcomes of 434 dogs with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicosis treated with fluid therapy, lipid emulsion, or therapeutic plasma exchange
Neuro disease over- and kidney disease underrepresented in the TPE group.
Tx IVF - higher max creat
vs. IVF + lipids
Associated with higher clinical severity
- increased max time to presentation
- higher baseline creat
- no induction of emesis
Ibuprofen more severe signs than carprofen.
NSAID toxicosis - excellent prognosis = 99% survival
Lower incidence of AKI in the TPE group
Slightly lower max creat with ILE
ILE and TPE should be considered in the management of severe NSAID toxicosis.
Sensitivity of canine hematological cancers to BH3 mimetics
Inhibition of anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 protein (BCL2) by BH3 mimetics causes rapid apoptosis in humans
NAV and VEN = BH3 mimetics
Nodal B and T lymphs more sensitive to VEN than circulating lymphs.
Neoplastic T lymphs = sensitive to VEN
Non-indolent B cell cancers = resistant to VEN
Unclassified = variable sensitivity to VEN
Detection of BCL2 protein is not associated with VEN sensitivity
Spinocerebellar ataxia in the Bouvier des Ardennes breed is caused by a KCNJ10 missense variant
Belgian Malinois - KCNJ10 variant causes progressive spinocerebellar degeneration.
SAME in Bouvier des Ardennes breed
Inherited
Spectrum of severity
Severe cerebellar to milder spinocerebellar signs
CS @ 6wk in puppy with severe cerebellar signs
- intention tremors
- hypermetric ataxia
- progress to non-ambulatory
- euth at 8wk
CS @ 7-10wks in 4 other puppies with minor spinocerebellar signs
- euth prior to 11mos
Cerebellar spongy degeneration
Focal demyelinating myelopathy
Homozygous for KCNJ10
Allele frequency 15%
Relationship between serum magnesium, calcium, and parathyroid concentrations in dogs with abnormally low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and chronic or protein-losing enteropathy
Hypomagnesemia might contribute to alterations in iCa and parathyroid hormone in dogs with CE +/− PLE and abnormally low 25(OH)D.
Low VitD in dogs with chronic enteropathy, especially PLE
- mechanism not understood
- possibly malabsorption
- associated with low iCa and elevated PTH
= 2ndary hyperparathyroidism
SHPT - appropriate increase in PTH driven by decreased calcium or increased phosphorus or decreased vitD
Magnesium can affect PTH secretion
- mild to mod hypoMg = increased PTH
- severe = paradoxical block of PTH
- Mg role in calcium homeostasis
- low Mg worsen SHPT by inducing low Ca
_________________________________
Mg
- weakly negatively correlated with PTH
- weakly positively correlated with vitD and iCa
iMg lower in dogs with low VitD and SHPT compared to dogs with lowVitD and normal PTH
Cardiovascular abnormalities in dogs with acute pancreatitis
Myocardial injury is common in dogs with AP, but clinical consequences appeared to be uncommon in our small cohort. Cardiac biomarkers should be interpreted with caution in dogs with AP.
Phase 1: retrospective
41/60 high troponin1
13/60 high NT-proBNP
Higher troponin in dogs with spec cPL >2000
Phase 2: prospective
11/12 cardiac troponin elevation
7/12 elevated NT-proBNP
abnormal beats in 3 dogs
echo abnormalities in 5
CV variables not associated with disease severity
Influence of sex on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system metabolites and enzymes in Doberman Pinschers
Sex and reproductive status influenced RAAS of DP
Intact females
- higher ACE activity
Angiotensin I, II and renin higher in IF but not significantly.
After controlling for age - angiotensin 1-7 = lower in IF
Most = ACE variant positive (94%)
These findings hold implications for sterilization practices in female dogs, and support sex and reproductive status as a source of variability in RAAS studies.
Toward quantification of loop diuretic responsiveness for congestive heart failure
Human CHF - treatment guided by quantification of urine sodium concentration and urine volume after diuretics.
Measure diuretic responsiveness
Loop diuretics act via natriuresis
Low diuretic response - risk for tx failure or escalation
Anticoagulant effects of rivaroxaban, prednisone, alone and in combination, in healthy dogs
No differences in the rivaroxaban specific anti-Xa activity (RIVA) between riv and pred/riv group.
Correlation between RIVA and PT results ** –> clotting times to monitor therapy
Prednisone = no influence on the anticoagulant effects of rivaroxaban
Adjusted dosage not needed
RIVA assay - gold standard for monitoring riv anticoagulant effects
Antimicrobials in dog-to-dog bite wounds: A retrospective study of 1526 dog bite events (1999-2019)
Clavamox empiric common for DBW = 74%
First gen ceph 18%
Underdosing clav in 13% and ceph in 26%
Increasing wound severity was associated with greater use of high-importance antimicrobials or poly therapy.
Culture rarely performed = 2%
abx in 88%
Specialists practice less likely to prescribe high importance abx
Solitary intraventricular tumors in dogs and cats treated with radiotherapy alone or combined with ventriculoperitoneal shunts: A retrospective descriptive case series
Intraventricular tumors –> hydrocephalus
1 cat + 5 dogs treated with RT
- neuro worsening in 4/6
- 2/6 died during RT
4 cats + 2 dogs with VPS / RT
- all dogs normalized clinically
- complications in 4/6, all but one sx managed
8 animals showed marked decrease in tumor volume
MST 162d with RT
MST 1103d with VPS / RT
Median time to progression
- 71d RT
- 895d RT + VPS / RT
Intraventricular metastasis in 2 dogs after RT - 427d and 461d
VPS = rapid normalization of neurological signs
RT = measurable effect on tumor volume
Combination of VPS/RT seems to be beneficial.
Grading of oligodendroglioma in dogs based on magnetic resonance imaging
Oligodendroglioma = 22% primary brain tumors in dogs
Graded - low vs. high based on microvascular proliferation and necrosis
8 dogs low grade = 25%
24 dogs high grade = 75%
High grade = moderate to marked contrast enhancement with 75% having ring pattern
Associated with high grade
- heterogeneity
- cystic structures
- GRE signal voids
- necrosis
No difference in diffusion characteristics between high and low grade.
MRI reflects the histological features used for grading OG in dogs.
Effects of an intravenous infusion of diltiazem on glomerular filtration rate, electrolyte excretion, and urine output in healthy dogs
Intravenous administration of diltiazem does not improve markers of renal function in healthy dogs. Further studies are needed in dogs with AKI.
GFR did not increase from baseline.
No difference in D5W GFR before or after
Fractional excretion of sodium did not increase from baseline.
No difference in D5W fractional excretion of sodium.
UOP did not increase with diltiazem.
All cause case fatality for AKI = 50%
Diltiazem - calcium channel blocker
- causes vasodilation
Prevalence of aldosterone breakthrough in dogs receiving renin-angiotensin system inhibitors for proteinuric chronic kidney disease
Aldosterone breakthrough was common in dogs receiving RAS inhibitors for CKDp but was not associated with proteinuria outcome.
36% successful proteinuria reduction
34-59% had aldosterone breakthrough
Longer duration in study = greater likelihood of successful proteinuria
Clinical characterization of epileptic seizures in Pomeranians with idiopathic epilepsy or epilepsy of unknown cause
Focal epileptic seizures = predominant type of seizure in Poms (78%)
80% dogs with IE and 77% dogs with EUC = FS
Almost all cases (96%) with FS showed limb contraction, regardless of whether having IE (idiopathic epilepsy) or EUC (epilepsy of unknown cause).
Other symptoms
- immobility
- generalized tremors
- difficulty walking or moving
- autonomic signs
- orofacial automatisms
ADAM23 haplotype
- common risk haplotype for epilepsy
- lower percent in poms 28% than controls 56%
9/10 electroencephalography showed interictal epileptiform discharge
Serum uromodulin in dogs with chronic kidney disease
Serum uromodulin concentration is decreased in dogs with CKD.
Uromodulin may be a valuable diagnostic marker for CKD in dogs, particularly in identifying early-stage CKD.
Uromodilin lower in CKD dogs
No difference among CKD stages
Negative correlation between uromodulin and BUN/CREA/SDMA
AUC higher for uromodulin than SDMA for CKD diagnosis and from differentiating CKD stage 1 vs. controls.
Veterinary healthcare needs to talk more about error: For the wellbeing of our patients and medical teams
Perspective article
Strong safety culture = risk acknowledged, report errors without fear of punishment, system change to prevent future errors.
Medication related errors = most frequently reported events
Characterization of clinicopathologic and abdominal ultrasound findings in dogs with glucocorticoid deficient hypoadrenocorticism (GDH)
No single variable could be used to confidently rule out GDH and obviate the need for cortisol testing in dogs with a clinical presentation consistent with GDH.
Lymphocyte count and alb/glob ratio = highest discriminatory power between groups
L adrenal <0.39
- 80% sensitive
- 83% specific
Cobalamin and AUS GI abnormalities not different between groups.
Bruxism in awake dogs as a clinical sign of forebrain disease: 4 cases
Our results suggest that the presence of bruxism in the awake state associated with other neurological deficits might indicate a forebrain lesion.
all dogs neurolocalized to forebrain
diencephalic involvement in 3/4
2 = neoplasia
2 = MUO
3 cases = increased intracranial pressure
All dogs euthanized.
Demographic and histopathologic features of dogs with abnormally high concentrations of hepatic copper
Abnormally high hepatic Cu is prevalent.
Necroinflammation, not cholestasis or cirrhosis, on hepatic histopathology, is predictive of higher hepatic Cu.
50% hepatic Cu >400
20% hepatic Cu >1000
median 391
age negatively associated with Cu
Breeds positively associated with Cu
- doberman
- labs
- westies
Necroinflammation associated with higher Cu
Natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats from rehoming centers: The CatScan II study
Cardiovascular events were common in cats with HCM (21%) from a rehoming center study sample.
Lower left atrial systolic function appears to precede overt HCM.
Cats monitored for median 5.6y.
Baseline
- 68/107 cats normal
- 18/107 equivocal
- 21/107 HCM
19 cats developed HCM during study
Hazard
- lower left atrial FS
- higher left ventricular FS
- higher body weight
Comparison of percutaneous cystolithotomy (PCCL) and open cystotomy (OC) for removal of urethral and bladder uroliths in dogs: Retrospective study of 81 cases (2014-2018)
Bladder urolith removal by PCCL procedure is no longer than OC.
45 vs. 48.5mins
No difference in time of sx or duration of ax.
Number of uroliths did not affect either group.
Complete removal 98% in both groups.
Median hospitalization shorter in PCCL in dogs but didn’t differ in cats.
Incidence, clinical signs, and videofluoroscopic swallow study abnormalities associated with airway penetration and aspiration in 100 dogs
penetration - material immediately cranial to vocal folds
aspiration - material caudal to vocal folds
Pathologic penetration aspiration = 39%
No differences in CS between dogs with or without P-A.
14/39 with P-A presenting without respiratory signs.
Pharyngeal and esophageal dysphagia more common with P-A.
NOT oral prep.
Pharyngeal weakness and esophago-oropharyngeal reflux = independent predictors of P-A.
Moderate (P) and weak (EOR) correlation with score.
Penetration-aspiration occurs in dogs in the absence of respiratory CS (i.e., occult P-A). Dogs with pharyngeal weakness and EOR should be considered at risk for P-A.
Evaluation of a machine learning tool to screen for hypoadrenocorticism (HA) in dogs presenting to a teaching hospital
This MLM can robustly predict HA status when indiscriminately screening all dogs with blood work. In this group of dogs with a low prevalence of HA, the false positive rates were clinically acceptable.
12 dogs machine learning positive
–> 5 true positive
–> 3 euth or treated before confirming diagnosis (undetermined)
–> 4 false positives
positive likelihood ratio 145 to 254.
All HA dogs tested positive via machine learning.
Clinical performance of the IMMY cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay in dogs and cats
A negative IMMY CLFA = reliable exclusion of cryptococcal infection in dogs and cats.
Positive result = interpreted cautiously and further testing should be performed.
positive percent agreement = 100%
negative prercent agreement = 93% dogs and 96% cats
Retrospective evaluation of risk factors for development of kidney injury after parenteral furosemide treatment of left-sided congestive heart failure in dogs
In this cohort of dogs receiving parenteral furosemide for CHF, KI was common, mostly non-azotemic (Grade I), and did not impact survival.
Kidney injury 48% dogs
- mostly during hospitalization
- grade 1 = 25 dogs
- grade 2 = 9 dogs
- grade 3 = 4 dogs
Higher BP associated with acute KI during hospitalization.
PO furosemide dose associated with KI post hospitalization.
Baseline creat and CRI not associated with increased risks.
KI not associated with long term outcome.
13 dogs with grade 2-3 = azotemia reversible in 9 dogs
6 dogs survived >1 year after KI
Multiorgan neutrophilic inflammation in a Border Collie with “trapped” neutrophil syndrome
Trapped neutrophil syndrome = rare congenital disease in border collies
Persistent neutropenia - lower neutrophil survival time
Myelod hyperplasia
Homozygous mutation
Neutrophilic inflammation in multiple organs = neutrophils can leave marrow and enter tissues
- trapped = misnomer
Validation of a focused echocardiographic training program in first opinion practice
The program effectively trained PCs (primary care veterinarians) to accurately assess EPIC criteria in dogs with preclinical MMVD.
No differences in LA:Ao between cardiologists and RP.
RP - lower left ventricular internal diameter in diastole normalized for body weight
Agreed in assessment of EPIC criteria for 49/56 dogs.
EPIC study = criteria for dogs with pre-clinical MMVD that might need pimobendan (88%)
- LA:Ao
- LV internal diameter in diastole normalized for body weight
Computed tomography features of discospondylitis in dogs
COMMON:
- Endplate involvement (88%)
— bilateral (95%)
— erosion (62%)
- Periosteal proliferation (73%)
- Spondylosis (67%)
- Vertebral body involved (67%)
— involves 1/3 vetebra 86%
— multifocal osteolysis 74%
Evaluate all three planes (dorsal, sagittal, transverse) to identify an affected IVDS.
**Bilateral endplate erosion
Periosteal proliferation **
Incidence of relapse of inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy in dogs and associated risk factors
Inflammatory PLE - high rate of relapse
Owner diet compliance
31% dogs - remission without relapse for at least 2y
25% dogs -remission with relapse within 2 years
–> higher poor dietary compliance
44% dogs - never achieved remission
Disease associated death median of 19 days post histopath diagnosis.
Effect of radioiodine treatment on muscle mass in hyperthyroid cats
2/3rd of hyperthyroid cats have abnormally low muscle mass when measured quantitatively by ultrasound.
Successful treatment restores muscle mass in >85% of cats.
Epaxial muscle height (EMH) provided the best means of quantitating muscle mass in these cats.
65% untreated cats had subnormal EMH.
Lower vertebral epaxial muscle score (VEMS) and forelimb epaxial muscle score (FLEMS).
EMH normalized in 88% of cats.
VEMS and FLEMS also increased after treatment.
Evaluation of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin to detect renal tubular damage in dogs with stable myxomatous mitral valve disease
Dogs with MMVD can experience progressive renal tubular damage and dysfunction.
Goal to evaluate damage by looking at urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL)
MMDV higher uNGAL and uNGALC (normalized to creat).
uNGAL and uNGALC increase with ACVIM stage.
Tubular damage is subclinical, occurs in all stages of MMVD even in the absence of azotemia, and increases with the severity of MMVD.
Alendronate treatment in cats with persistent ionized hypercalcemia: A retrospective cohort study of 20 cases
Alendronate overall was well tolerated with chronic use in this cohort, and can be considered a treatment option for persistent ionized hypercalcemia in cats.
Azotemia present in 75%.
Alendronate well tolerated.
1 cat developed severe hypophosphatemia.
Tx associated with shorter time to achieve 15% decrease in iCa from baseline.
– no longer significant when factoring in age and initial iCa
Effect of mineral oil as a lubricant to collect feces from cats for microbiome studies
Fecal sampling with mineral oil lubrication did not change the microbial DNA extraction yield, metagenomic sequencing yield, level of host contamination, the microbial composition and diversity in subsequent gut microbiome analyses.
Noninvasive hydrostatic reduction of an ileocecocolic intussusception in a puppy
5wk ME Golden
- hx vomiting and diarrhea
Ileocecocolic intussuseption on AUS
Ultrasound guided hydrostatic reduction
Inject saline rectally under controlled pressure to mechanically reduce.
No recurrence. 6mo follow up.
Effect of inhaled albuterol on whole blood potassium concentrations in dogs
Albuterol inhaler to treat hyperkalemia in humans.
Albuterol IH decreases blood potassium concentrations in a dose-dependent manner without clinically meaningful alterations to heart rate or blood glucose concentrations in healthy dogs.
The mean decrease in potassium concentration at the high-dose of albuterol was modest (0.38 mmol/L).
NADIR at 60mins for low dose.
NADIR at 30mins for high dose.
NADIR decreased by 0.1mmol/L for each 10ug/kg increase in albuterol dose.
Biliary protozoa in a dog with acute cholangiohepatitis fed a raw food diet
~2y FE Alaskan Malamute
Fed raw food
Presented for hyporexia and increased liver enzymes.
Imaging - cholangiohepatitis
Coccidial zoites on bile cytology
PCR - Hammondia heydorni
- sarcocytid protozoa
- 2 host lifestyle (obligate)
TX: clinda, marbo, urosdiol, denamarin
Resolution in 6wk
Pathogenic vs. commensal unknown
Right ventricular size and function evaluated by various echocardiographic indices in dogs with pulmonary hypertension’
3D echo of the RV is a promising tool to detect RV changes in dogs with PH.
2D strain measurements are able to detect decreased RV function vs. conventional indices.
End diastolic volume and end systolic volume larger in the PH group vs. controls.
Pre-capillary PH worse RV systolic function than post-capillary.
Mycophenolate mofetil and telmisartan for the treatment of proteinuria secondary to minimal change disease podocytopathy in a dog
3y FE Springer Spaniel
- previous MUO 2y prior treated long term with prednisolone
- developed proteinuria
Hypoalbuminemia
Hypercholesterolemia
Proteinuria
Renal bx - TEM showed podocyte injury
Primary minimal change disease of the podocytes
Tx: telmisartan and mycophenolate
Abnormalities resolved within 4 weeks.
minimal change disease - can present with nephrotic syndrome
Prevalence in dogs 0.06%
In dogs - can be seen with use of c-kit inhibitors or Eherlichia.
Humans - immune mediated
prednisone can cause glomerulopathies, different histopath from this case though.
Can apps be used to formulate fluid therapy plans in veterinary medicine?
Findings suggest that fluid therapy plans can be improved using apps.
80% prefer app method than conventional. App scored higher.
Neonatal calf diarrhea.
Spurious laboratory results associated with immunoglobulin M gammopathy in a dog with multiple myeloma
11y FS Lab
Presented for facial swelling
Hyperglobulinemia
Azotemia
Hypercalcemia
Non-regen anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Spurious hypoglycemia
Serum and urine protein electrophoresis – monoclonal gammopathy (IgM) with Bence Jones proteinuria
CT - monostotic osteolytic bone lesion
Bone marrow cytology/histopath = plasmacytosis with multiple myeloma oncogene 1 / interferon regulatory factor 4 positivity
Initial positive for Leishmania, Borrelia, Anaplasma –> subsequently confirmed negative
False positives due to paraproteinemia-associated assay interference
Tx: Melphalan + pred
Euth 30d later due to pericardial effusion
Association of fecal and serum microRNA profiles with gastrointestinal cancer and chronic inflammatory enteropathy in dogs
microRNA - possible diagnostic/prognostic markers for GI disease
best distinguisher between inflammatory vs. cancer
- fecal miR-451
- fecal miR-223
- fecal miR-27a
- fecal miR-20b
- fecal miR-148a-3p
- fecal miR-652
Improved diagnostic performance with fecal miR-451 and -223 together
When used as part of a diagnostic RT-qPCR panel, the abovementioned miRNAs have the potential to function as noninvasive biomarkers for the differentiation of GIC and CIE in dogs.
Suspected spontaneous early hemorrhagic transformation of multiple ischemic strokes secondary to primary splenic torsion in a German Shepherd dog
2y FE GSD
Generalized tonic-clonic epileptic seizures, right sided vestibular, and right trigeminal nerve dysfunction
Ischemic strokes noted on MRI
Renal infarcts + complete splenic torsion with entrapment of the L pancreatic lobe.
Medical management + splenectomy + partial pancreatectomy + rehab = clinical improvement
Histopath - hemorrhagic infarction
3mos later - only mild vestibular disease
Spontaneous hemorrhagic transformation - ischemic area develops a hemorrhage, due to BBB disruption and re-perfusion injury
Effect of standard-dose and high-dose pimobendan on select indices of renal and cardiac function in dogs with American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine stage B2 myxomatous mitral valve disease
Standard or high dose pimo does not affect renal function in non-azotemic dogs with B2 MMVD.
High dose did not demonstrate advantage
- no diff in GFR or QOL
High dose echo indices different from placebo but not different from standard dose
Standard dose echo indices different from placebo.
Presumptive nontraumatic adrenal hemorrhage preceding hypoadrenocorticism in a dog
Nontraumatic adrenal hemorrhage can occur with stress induced catecholamine release in humans.
Leads to primary Addison’s
Bilateral thickening of adrenal glands with periadrenal fat stranding in 10y maltese after abdominal sx.
Treated for CIRCI
CS relapsed with hydrocortisone dose reduction
Subsequent decrease in adrenal size on follow up AUS
Dystonia in veterinary neurology
Dystonia - sustained or intermittent involuntary muscle contractions causing abnormal repetitive movements, postures, or both.
When describing, should include
- activity at onset
- body distribution
- duration
- responsiveness
- severity
- temporal pattern
- autonomic signs ?
- preceding signs ?
- coexistence of other movement disorders
- other neurological manifestations
- link to other factors (ex: meds, etc.).
Etiology classifications
- structural genetic
- suspected genetic
- reactive
- unknown
Peripheral biomarkers of oxidative stress in dogs with acute pancreatitis
Oxidant status is altered in dogs with naturally occurring AP, but the clinical relevance of this finding is unknown.
Reactive metabolite (RM) concentration and reactive metabolite to antioxidant potential (RM:AOP) ratio were higher in AP dogs.
- not correlated with duration of hospitalization or disease severity indices
Disease severity indices did not predict mortality.
Urine F2 prostaglandin concentrations were correlated with CRP and cPLI.
Effects of trazodone administration on the neurologic examination in healthy dogs
Most dogs = no changes in neuro exam after trazodone
20% dogs had new or worsening CP deficits.
20% from BAR –> QAR
Sedation and anxiety scores different pre- and post.
Effect of oral or injectable supplementation with cobalamin in dogs with hypocobalaminemia caused by chronic enteropathy or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Oral supplementation is adequate.
CE
- increased with oral from median 149 - 733.
- increased with injectable from 168 - 563.
EPI
- increased with oral from median 162 - 919.
- increased with injectable from 172 - 390.
Methylmalonic acid
- when elevated is a sign of B-12 deficiency
- decreased with oral and injectable cobalamin in CE
- decreased only with oral in EPI
Comparison of biochemical and hematologic values obtained via jugular venipuncture (direct veinipuncture) and peripheral intravenous catheters in dogs
PIVC sampling - generally acceptable.
statistically and clinically acceptable agreement between sampling methods for most results.
Most frequent disagreement
- AST
- bili
- K
- bicarb
- leukocyte differentials
- RBC parameters: PCV, HGB, HCT
Few differences would change clinical decision.
Association of recessive c.430G>A (p.(Gly144Arg)) thyroid peroxidase variant with primary congenital hypothyroidism in cats
Diagnostic for CH =
- disproportionate dwarfism
- high TSH
- low T4
Dyshormonogenesis demonstrated by scintigraphy.
- defect in iodine organification by thyroid peroxidase (TPO)
High radiopertechnetate uptake
Low radioiodine uptake
Homogenous for thyroid peroxidase missense variant = XM_006930524.4:c.430G>A(p.(Gly144Arg))
Allele frequency 9%
Domestic cat hepadnavirus associated with hepatopathy in cats: A retrospective study
Domestic cat hepadnavirus infection was associated with high serum activity of liver enzymes and chronic lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis (LPH).
Detected in
- 18.5% blood
- 14% histologic parenchymal disorders
- 4% normal cats
High AST and ALT
Log viral copy number positively correlated with ALT, trig, GGT, and hepatitis.
Seen in cases with acute and chronic hepatitis.
Hepatocyte proliferation noted in positive cats.
Clinical outcome and Ki67 evaluation in dogs with nodal small cell B-cell lymphoma diagnosed by flow cytometry
B-cell most common
Most B-cell lymphoma = diffuse large B-cell
Small cell B-lymphomas = 12% of nodal lymphomas
Most nodal small cell B-cell lymphoma cases had aggressive disease. L
Median percent of B-cell Ki67 = 41%
LOW Ki67 expression (<11%) = longer overall survival
Median progression free survival 119d
Median overall survival 222d
CHOP - median PFS = 70d
CHOP - median OS = 267d
CHOP - 50% complete response
SHORTER SURVIVAL
- Older
- Substage B
- high CD25 expression
- low CD21expression
- Class II MHC
Diagnostic yield of uroendoscopy compared to ultrasonography for evaluating lower urinary tract disorders in dogs
Agreement between uroendoscopy and US = moderate
AUS is NOT the preferred modality for urethral lesions.
Urinary incontinence agreement 71%
Stranguria agreement 58%
Recurrent UTI agreement 87%
Urethral strictures = pertinent endoscopic finding for dogs with stranguria - 12 were males
Alloimmunization in dogs after transfusion: A serial cross-match study
Because production of alloantibodies was detected as early as 1 day after transfusion, cross-matching should be performed before every subsequent transfusion.
12/21 dogs - positive cross match within 4d after transfusion
No sig association between type of anemia, RBC storage, immunosuppressants, or transfusion volume.
Another 4 dogs developed within 6-13d.
Spinal epidural arteriovenous fistula in 3 cats
3 cats - intermittent spinal hyperesthesia and paraparesis
Focal dilation of the veins in the epidural space of thoracic spinal cord.
Dorsal laminectomy and occlusion
- remission and no recurrence during 14-40mos of follow up after surgery in all cases.
A 50-step walking test for analysis of recovery after decompressive surgery for thoracolumbar disc herniation in dogs
This straightforward 50-step walking test provides robust data on ambulatory recovery well-suited to large scale pragmatic trials on treatment of thoracolumbar spinal cord injury in dogs.
Deep pain negative - less likely to recover than dogs with intact pain
If deep pain negative did recover, it took longer.
Pre-surgical neuro status and duration of pre-surgical anesthesia associated with rapidity of recovery.
Multicenter retrospective evaluation of transmural migration of subcutaneous ureteral bypass devices within the digestive tract in cats
Rare complication - migration of SUB device
Consider in cats with SUB obstruction and positive urine culture.
Median time to migration 928d.
Duodenum 3/11
Jejunum 7/11
Colon 1/11
Median follow up time after migration diagnosis 365d - 2 alive
Pharmacokinetic study comparing doxorubicin concentrations after chemoembolization or intravenous administration in dogs with naturally occurring nonresectable hepatic carcinoma
Drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization offers a viable treatment option for patients with incompletely resectable HC with the potential for increased local tumor doxorubicin concentrations, decreased systemic chemotherapeutic exposure, and fewer adverse hematological events.
Higher concentration with chemoembolization.
Effect of calcifediol supplementation on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system mediators in dogs with chronic kidney disease
Short-term calcifediol supplementation in this small group of CKD dogs appeared to decrease ACE activity.
@ 3 mo time period.
CKD leads to low vitamin D metabolites.
Low vit D may be associated with disease progression and increased concentration of RAAS mediators.
X-linked myotubular myopathy associated with an MTM1 variant in a Maine coon cat
X-linked myotubular myopathy in a cat with an MTM1 missense mutation
7mo ME Maine Coon
- progressively worsening gait abnormalities and weakness
- neuromuscular localization
- euthanasia
**Histopathology of skeletal muscle
- atrophic / hypotrophic fibers
- fibers had dark central staining structures and ring like appearance **
Congenital myopathy most likely.
missense variant in myotubularin 1 (MTM1)
Spinal muscular atrophy = LIX1
Randomized clinical trial comparing outcomes after fentanyl or ketamine-dexmedetomidine analgesia in thoracolumbar spinal surgery in dogs
Opioids may exacerbate spinal inflammation.
No difference in recovery to ambulation or in pain scores.
There was no evidence that, at the doses used, fentanyl impaired ambulatory outcome after sx.
Pain control appeared similar between groups.
Minor benefits associated with ketamine-dexmedetomidine.
- better recovery to eating / urination
Relationship of microsatellite instability to mismatch repair deficiency in malignant tumors of dogs
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a type of genomic instability caused by mismatch repair deficiency in tumors.
** MSI detected frequently in oral melanomas **
MSI positive markers are higher in cases with mismatch repair deficiency.
Relationship between hearing, cognitive function, and quality of life in aging companion dogs
Presbycusis (age-related hearing loss) negatively alters owner-pet interactions and is associated with poor executive performance and owner-assessed dementia severity.
Performance on inhibitory control, detour, and sustained gaze task significantly decreased with hearing loss.
Higher CADES = worse hearing.
The use of autologous skeletal muscle progenitor cells for adjunctive treatment of presumptive urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in female dogs
Urethral submucosal injection of skMPC can be used adjunctively to improve continence in dogs with difficult to manage USMI. The procedure is labor intensive but well tolerated; most dogs will require continued medication to remain continent.
Median continence scores significantly increased from baseline in 14/15 dogs.
Medications still required for continence in all but 2 dogs.
Outcomes of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicosis treated with therapeutic plasma exchange in 62 dogs
dogs managed with TPE = excellent outcomes, even in cases of high NSAID dose ingestion
When TPE is available and the time frame is appropriate, this extracorporeal modality should be considered.
75% ingested neurologic dose
median time from ingestion to presentation 4h
median plasma volumes processed 1.6
median session 2h
Complications in 33%
- circuit clotting 13%
- uticaria 13%
- hypotension 9%
- asymptomatic hypocalcemia 9%
duration hosp = 2.25d
98% survival to discharge
91% not azotemic at follow up
Evaluation of the blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a biomarker for meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology in dogs
neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio = possible biomarker for MUE
median NLR higher in MUE than healthy, epilepsy, and hydrocephalic dogs
AUC for MUE vs. healthy 0.96
MUE vs. other forebrain disease 0.86
NLR 4.16
- sensitivity 71%
- specificity 84%
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of orally administered torasemide in healthy cats
bioavailability 88% **
mean total body clearance 3.64mL/h/kg
mean half life 12.9h
Urine output and urine Na:K significantly increased with administration
dose dependent increase in urine aldosterone:creatinine ratio
transient decrease in K
did not affect BP or creat
single dose - significant increase in diuresis and RAAS activation in healthy cats **
without clinically relevant adverse effects.
0.27 mg/kg SID dosing **
Evaluation of symmetric dimethylarginine in cats with acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease
Serum SDMA concentrations are elevated in cats with established AKI (novel and AoC) and CKD, providing evidence for use of SDMA as a biomarker for AKI in cats.
SDMA higher in kidney disease (AKI, CKD, AoC) vs. healthy control.
Higher with IRIS grade
SDMA and Creat correlate
Ondansetron in dogs with nausea associated with vestibular disease: A double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled crossover study
Administration of ondansetron (0.5mg/kg) IV is beneficial for dogs with nausea secondary to acute vestibular syndrome.
Ondansetron substantially and rapidly decreased clinical signs of nausea behavior and stopped emesis.
Clinical resolution of nausea 1h after administration.
serum arginine vasopressin decreased within 4h
AVP - correlated with clinical signs of nausea
Serum metabolomic profiles in dogs with chronic enteropathy
The metabolic profile of dogs with CE is significantly different from that of healthy dogs.
19 metabolites, 18 lipoproteins different
HIGHER in CE
- Phenylalanine
- Lactate
LOWER in CE
- total fatty acids
- glycine
ACVIM consensus statement on diagnosis and management of acute canine thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion
TL IVDE most common cause of acute paraparesis and plegia in dogs.
Evaluation of proton pump inhibitor administration in hospitalized dogs in a tertiary referral hospital
majority of PPI prescriptions lacked appropriate indication
frequent occurrence of dosages considered inadequate, raising concern for ineffective treatment even with appropriate indications of use
40% dogs prescribed PPI in hosp
Adequate indication in 27%
Out of those surviving to discharge
- 54% discharged with PPI
- 51% inappropriate dose
Expression of adipokines and adipocytokines by epidural adipose tissue in cauda equina syndrome in dogs
Compression of epidural adipose tissue with cauda equina syndrome - leads to enhanced inflammation = more pain
Upregulation
- TNFa
- IL 10
Downregulation
- leptin
Enhanced release of IL-6
Secondary to compressive forces
A novel mutation of the CLCN1 gene in a cat with myotonia congenita: Diagnosis and treatment
novel mutation in CLCN1 gene = a cause of myotonia congenita in cats
10mo MN DLH
Increasing frequency of episodic limb rigidity
Fall over, lying recumbent when excited
Hypertrophied musculature, episodes of facial spasm, short-strided stiff gait
EMG - spontaneous myotonic discharges
Phenytoin 3mg/kg PO q24 - long term improvement
- sodium channel blocker
- anticonvulsant
Targeted sequencing of candidate gene regions for myelofibrosis in dogs
Myelofibrosis - no identifiable cause in dogs
Tested candidate gene regions
- JAK2
- CALR
- MPL
69% myelofibrosis cases had somatic variants
9/18 possibly pathogenic
No somatic variants in controls
BW and survival did not differ based on variant status
# of variants increased with age
Vector-borne disease and its relationship to hematologic abnormalities and microalbuminuria in retired racing and show-bred greyhounds
Prevalence of thrombocytopenia and B. vogeli exposure =lower than previously documented.
RI for platelets and WBC lower in greyhounds than other breeds
Proteinuria common.
VBD common.
Positive for at least 1 VBD
- 7/30 national greyhound assoc.
- 1/28 AKC
More positive in NGA than AKC
Bartonella - 3
Ehrlichia - 1
Mycoplasma hemocanis - 3
Platelet count >170k
WBC <4000 and microalbuminuria were not associated with VBD.
Googling for a veterinary diagnosis: A replication study using Google as a diagnostic aid
42% google-aided diagnoses matched JAVMA diagnosis
Google could help
Splenectomy in the management of primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and primary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in dogs
Splenectomy successful and well tolerated in most cases of isolated ITP.
benefit of splenectomy in cases of IMHA and CIST (concurrent IMHA and severe thrombocytopenia) could not be determined.
6/7 ITP managed with splenectomy as part of protocol
- 3 complete remission
- 3 PR
4/7 IMHA managed with splenectomy as part of protocol
- 2 CR
- 2 PR
1/3 CIST = complete response
Characterization of the urogenital microbiome in Miniature Schnauzers with and without calcium oxalate urolithiasis
did not detect a difference in the overall urogenital microbial composition between groups
- alpha/beta diversity similar
Differences in individual bacterial taxa might be clinically relevant
Over-represented in urolith formers
- Acinetobacter
- 2 Geobacillus variants
- Hydrogenophaga
Over-represented in controls
- Sphingopyxis
Two unique clusters of the microbiome were identified, independent of urolith status, which may represent distinct urotypes present in Miniature Schnauzers.
Effect of leukoreduction on inflammation in critically ill dogs receiving red blood cell transfusions: A randomized blinded controlled clinical trial
Leukoreduction of RBC - prevents inflamm. mediators and experimentally decreases post-transfusion inflammation in healthy dogs
No differences in inflammation biomarker concentrations were detected over time between dogs transfused with LR or NLR RBC.
Evaluation of aerodigestive disease and diagnosis of sliding hiatal hernia in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs
Dogs with sHH may present with exclusively respiratory signs.
- exclusive GI 42%
- mixed 33%
- exclusive resp 25%
Brachycephalic
- not more likely to present with resp signs
- resp signs more likely to be severe
- younger
- more likely to have asp pneum.
Videofluoroscopic swallow study was superior to thoracic radiographs for detection of sHH in dogs.
Treatment of intracranial neoplasia in dogs using higher doses: A randomized controlled trial comparing a boosted to a conventional radiation protocol
The dose escalation used with an 11% physical dose increase DID NOT result in better outcome.
Local progression can be due to insufficient radiation dose.
New protocol + dose increase
mild AE 5 dogs
no severe late AE noted
No significant difference between outcome with diff treatments.
overall time to progression 708d
median overall survival 684d
Allogenic blood patch pleurodesis for management of pneumothorax in a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel puppy with multiple pulmonary blebs and bullae
9 week ME CKCS - acute onset dyspnea secondary to pneumothorax
CT - pulmonary bullae + blebs
7.5mL/kg whole blood collected from donor and given via thoracostomy tube.
Pneumo resolved
No AE
Clinically normal 1y later
Utility of fungal polymerase chain reaction on nasal swab samples in the diagnosis and monitoring of sinonasal aspergillosis in dogs
Aspfum and PanAsp on blindly collected nasal swabs can be useful for the detection of SNA at diagnosis and at cure, especially when more invasive methods are not available.
Positives in SNA dogs
Aspfum 13/20
PanAsp 14/20
Aspfum negative in all other groups
PanAsp positive in 3 non-SNA dogs
Aspfum 33.3 cutoff
- sens 65%
- spec 100%
Panasp 34.5 cutoff
- sens 70%
- spec 96.2%
Polycythemia in dogs with chronic hypoxic pulmonary disease
Polycythemia is uncommon, and usually mild if present, in dogs with chronic hypoxia caused by pulmonary disease.
In chronic hypoxemia
- HCT increased in 8.5%
- erythrocytes increased in 26%
- HGB increased in 6.4%
No marked polycythemia >65%
RBC parameters not associated with severity of hypoxemia
Investigation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the NR3C1a glucocorticoid receptor gene in Cocker Spaniels with primary immune thrombocytopenia
6 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1a)
investigate if polymorphisms associated with ITP outcome
None of the previously reported nonsynonymous SNPs in exons 2 and 8 of the NR3C1a gene were detected in our cohort.
The synonymous SNP NR3C1a:c.798C>T in exon 2 was reported at an increased prevalence. NOT associated with outcome. , but was not associated with outcome measures that estimated responsiveness to glucocorticoids.
No difference between fast and slow responders.
Radiographic evidence of metaphyseal sclerosis secondary to canine distemper virus: 4 cases in juvenile dogs
metaphyseal sclerosis on radiographs in young dogs –> clinical suspicion of canine distemper
Sclerosis is distinct from the necrosis and inflammation of metaphyseal osteopathy.
multifocal, symmetric, metaphyseal sclerosis
- proximal humerus
Comparison of diet, lactulose, and metronidazole combinations in the control of pre-surgical clinical signs in dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts
Diet + lactulose = good
Diet alone = bad
Diet + metro = bad
Diet + lactulose + metro = did not further improve
Medical treatment decreases FA (fasting ammonia).
Environmental risk factors for the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma in cats
history of inflammatory oral disease was not significantly more frequent compared with random age-matched controls, OSCC shared several risk factors with chronic gingivostomatitis and periodontal disease.
** = shared risk factors
Rural environment
outdoor access **
Tobacco smoke
Pet food with chemical additives **
Oral inflammation in 35% but not risk factor
Clinical evaluation and microbiota analysis in 9 dogs with antibiotic-responsive enteropathy: A prospective comparison study
Although tylosin influences the microbiota of dogs with ARE, we failed to find any specific characteristic in the microbiota of dogs with ARE.
Diarrhea reoccured after T30 in 9/14 dogs
Difference in beta diversity at T0 between groups
Difference in alpha diversity in chronic diarrhea dogs between T0-T30
A potential early clinical phenotype of necrotizing meningoencephalitis in genetically at-risk pug dogs
Pug dogs at genetic risk for NME might manifest neurological abnormalities before developing pathognomonic clinical signs of NME.
fatal neuro-inflammatory disease, rapid progression, poor response
risk allele frequency 40%
- 14% high
- 53% mid
- 33% low
Reproducible abnormalities in 33% at risk dogs and 0% low risk dogs
- multifocal spinal pain
- reduced menace
- lateralizing CP deficits
Association between genotype risk and phenotype
Younger
Lymphocytic inflammation
Genetic risk chromosome 12
- dog leukocyte antigen MHC II
Symptoms
- seizures
- circling
- visual defecits
- behavior change
Detection of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in dogs with polymicrobial urinary tract infections: A 5-year retrospective study
Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. polymicrobial UTI had more frequent adverse clinical outcomes for dogs.
Recurrent UTI more prevalent in dogs with polymicrobial bacteria rather than single org.
E. coli in polymicrobial more resistant to doxy and gentamicin.
Recurrent and poly - more hosp visits.
Ultra-long-acting recombinant insulin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in dogs
Control of clinical signs, body weight, and maintenance of glycemia was achieved with this once-weekly novel insulin construct in 4 of 5 dogs.
Lymphoma in Miniature Dachshunds: A retrospective multicenter study of 108 cases (2006-2018) in Japan
GI lymphomas more common in MDs
multicentric more common in other breeds
median age 10y for both groups
more younger MD develop lymphoma than non-MD
70% b-cell
mott cell differentiation in 6 dogs
median age dx 3y
Longer survival
- <4y
- B cell
Serum concentrations of leptin and adiponectin in dogs with chronic kidney disease
Leptin = severity
Adiponectin = proteinuria
Leptin + correlated with
- systolic BP
- creat
- SDMA
Adiponectin higher in non- or borderline proteinuric dogs
IL-6, IL-18, TNFa = higher in non- or borderline proteinuric
Serial evaluation of thoracic radiographs and acute phase proteins in dogs with pneumonia
median time to normalization of CRP 7d and SAA 7d were shorter than tx time and rad normalization
CRP and SAA positively correlated with rad severity
Pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole in healthy cats after oral and intravenous administration
Isavuconazole might prove to be useful in cats with fungal disease given its favorable pharmacokinetics.
PO and IV = high serum concentrations
Peak 5h after PO
Elimination t1/2 = 66.2
Intersubject variability
2 cats vomited after PO
oral bioavailability 88%
Association between quantitative bacterial culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and antibiotic requirement in dogs with lower respiratory tract signs
cfu/mL = inappropriate measure for determining whether antibiotics are of benefit in dogs with LRT signs
- not predictive
TNCC not predictive of abx requirement in bronchial disease
Historically >1700 cfu/mL = clinically relevant
Ionized hypercalcemia in cats with azotemic chronic kidney disease (2012-2018)
The occurrence of ionized hypercalcemia is high in cats with CKD.
20% at dx
Male sex
higher total ca
higher K
lower PTH
26% normocalcemic developed hypercalcemia
- median 140d after dx
BCS associated with iCa increase
New insights into the etiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis of pancreatitis in dogs: Potential impacts on clinical practice
Most idiopathic
Evaluation of a long-acting injectable formulation of omeprazole in healthy dogs
The LA-OMEP formulation produced gastric acid suppression in healthy dogs for an average of 5 days and up to 7 days, after a single intramuscular injection. No major adverse effects were observed.
mean onset of action 98min
mean number of days met
- MPT >3 = 5.5d
- MPT >4 = 5.25d
MPT >3 for 72h in all dogs
MPT >4 for 96h 7/8
Bacterial urinary tract infection and subclinical bacteriuria in dogs receiving antineoplastic chemotherapy
We did not find evidence that antineoplastic chemotherapy is a major predisposing factor for the development of PUC. Most dogs with positive urine cultures had subclinical bacteriuria.
prevalence of positive urine culture 11% at start and 13% during chemo
E. coli most common pathogen.
Evaluation of adverse events in small-breed dogs treated with maropitant and a single dose of doxorubicin
Vomiting and diarrhea were deemed acceptable with 25 mg/m2 DOX followed by maropitant treatment in 5 to 10 kg dogs; however, additional supportive care might be needed for dogs with inappetence and neutropenia.
Inappetence 7/19
Vomiting 2/19
Diarrhea 6/19
Neutropenia 12/19
Thrombocytopenia 3/19
Most AE grade 1 and 2
Prevalence and clinical features of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc-associated epidural hemorrhage in dogs
French Bulldogs have a high prevalence of IVDD associated epidural hemorrhage.
- more likely TL
EH
- faster clinical course
- more likely non-ambulatory on presentation
- <50% cross-sectional spinal cord compression
- longer longitudinal spinal cord compression
- greater intrinsic spinal cord change
39% epidural hemorrhage
Relationship between histological tumor margins and magnetic resonance imaging signal intensities in brain neoplasia of dogs
Signal intensities correspond to tumor margins for different tumor types and facilitate surgical and radiation therapy planning using MRI images.
Glioma - margins drawn around T2-weighted hyperintensity = similar to surgical
Meningioma + Histiocytic sarcoma - margins of contrast enhancement = similar to surfical
Glioma - T2
Meningioma - Contrast
Histiocytic - Contrast
Factors associated with successful passage of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine general examination
1st attempt more likely to pass
On-call during study = lower pass rate
General didactic and board specific lectures - higher pass
Diplomate led higher pass rate than resident led
Most important **
- Lack of on-call
- Didactic lectures
Impact of cytidine diphosphocholine on oxygenation in client-owned dogs with aspiration pneumonia
Ctyidine diphosphcholine acts rapidly to promote gas exchange in dogs with naturally occurring aspiration pneumonia and is a potential adjunctive treatment in VetARDS patients.
Presented with
- tachycardia
- tachypnea
- hypertension
- hypoxemia
- hypocapnea
- lymphopenia
- neutrophilia
CDP-choline = rapid and progressive clinically relevant oxygenation based on
- pulse ox
- PaO2 to FiO2 ratio
- A-a gradient
Treatment - less platelet consumption
Association of hydromyelia and acute compressive myelopathy caused by intervertebral disc extrusion in dogs
Hydromyelia - 92%
Absence associated with longer clinical signs
Hydromyelia associated with duration of CS <14d = more acute
78% sensitive
86% specific
Long-term outcome of dogs recovering from acute kidney injury: 132 cases
MST 1322d
normalization of creat in 55% at discharge
20% at follow up
propotion of dogs with creat normalization decreased with increased AKI grade
survival not associated with creat normalization
etiology associated with long term outcome
Long-term survival = longer than previously described.
Normalization of sCr in 75% total
Influence of concurrent lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) on point-of-care lung ultrasound (POC-LUS) in small-breed dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease
Presnce of lower resp tract diseae present in 75%
summated number of B lines and false positive for edema higher in dogs with lower resp tract disease
Presence of other lung abnormalities predict false positives
Previous criteria for edema dx - >2 sites, >3 b-lines per site
= false positive rate of 15%
Relationship between serum cobalamin concentration and endoscopic ileal appearance and histology in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy
Ileal features and involvement degree markedly differed when cobalamin was <200 or >350 ng/L in CIE dogs.
** greater ileal damage = lower cobalamin **
More frequent with severe hypocobalaminemia than normal cobalamin
- Friability
- villus atrophy
- crypt dilation
- epithelial injury
- intraepithelial lymphocytes
Associations among serum insulin, calprotectin, and C-reactive protein concentrations in Miniature Schnauzers with idiopathic hyperlipidemia before and after feeding an ultra-low-fat diet
Mini schnauzer - idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia
- associated with insulin resistance
- subclinical inflammatory phenotype
Calprotectin weakly inversely correlated with glucose.
Lower insulin after diet and compared to baseline
Ultra low fat diets = fat content of <20g/1000kcal
Effects of medical history and clinical factors on serum lipase activity and ultrasonographic evidence of pancreatitis: Analysis of 234 dogs
Lipase and AUS weakly correlated.
Lipase higher with shorter duration of CS before presentation.
Previous episodes - significantly associated with AUS diagnosis
Suspicion of panc or increased lipase - more frequent finding of panc on AUS
A multicenter retrospective study assessing progression of biliary sludge in dogs using ultrasonography
Sludge - stasis and hypersecretion
Sludge can progress to mucocele
13% developed mucocele during study
Breed risk
- Shetland sheepdogs
- Border terriers
Non-gravity dependent debris forms first
Odds of mucocele increased with sludge score.
Effect of diet change in healthy dogs with subclinical cardiac biomarker or echocardiographic abnormalities
Decreased high sensitivity cardiac troponin 1 and left ventricular internal systolic diameter in grain free dogs after diet change supports reversibility of these subclinical myocardial abnormalities.
Grain free group had more drastic changes
Acute phase protein response and changes in lipoprotein particle size in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Measurement of SAA using the immunoturbidometric assay evaluated in this study and lipoprotein particle size distribution in dogs with inflammation might help distinguish septic from nonseptic causes of inflammation.
SAA and CRP higher in dogs with sepsis and non-septic inflammation than healthy dogs.
SAA >677.5 for sepsis
- 45% sensitive
- 92% specific
Low density lipoprotein higher in dogs with sepsis
High density lipoprotein not associated with CRP
High density lipoprotein inversely correlated with SAA
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and C-reactive protein and plasma von Willebrand concentrations in 23 dogs with chronic hepatopathies
Vitamin D negatively correlated with disease activity.
- inversely with AST, neutrophils
- proportionally with albumin (low together)
CRP and vWF positively correlated with histopath grade and stage.
Vit D low in CH
CRP + vWF higher with worse disease
Diagnosis, management, and outcome of urethral obstruction secondary to the capsule associated with the artificial urethral sphincter device
Urethral obstruction secondary to capsule formation is an uncommon but clinically important complication associated with use of the artificial urethral sphincter.
Possibly associated with infection.
+ culture from capsule, sphincter or both in all dogs
Time from implantation to obstruction = 884d
Age at obstruction 4.7y
CS
- stranguria
- pollakiuria
- weak urine stream
- worsened incontinence
Urethra stenotic during scope
Surgery - fibrous capsule associated with sphincter
Quantification of gastroesophageal regurgitation in brachycephalic dogs
84% abnormal reflux
median distal percentage time of pH <4 = 6.4h
The occurrence of reflux is not associated with owner-assessed respiratory and gastrointestinal grade, laryngeal collapse grade, and previous airway surgery.
Esophageal pH measurement provides an objective assessment tool before and after surgery.
Antiparasitic treatment with itraconazole and amiodarone in 2 dogs with severe, symptomatic Chagas cardiomyopathy
Chagas - arrhythmias, myocardial damage, heart failure, sudden death
Tx itraconazole / amiodarone
Died within 6mos
severe, symptomatic disease
Treatment of a cat with presumed Bartonella henselae-associated immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, fever, and lymphadenitis
2.5y MN cat - fever, generalized lymphadenopathy
treated with clav + marbo
borderline non-regen anemia
LN FNA - increased intermediate to lymphoblastic lymphs + reactive macs
IMHA developed –> responded to immunosuppressive therapy
PCR for bartonella
tx with prado and doxy - resolve CS, negative PCR
Antimicrobial discontinuation in dogs with acute aspiration pneumonia based on clinical improvement and normalization of C-reactive protein concentration
Tx
- 1 wk abx 70%
- 3 wk abx 30%
No short term relapse
Long term in 3 dogs
Image resolution lags behind CRP.
AP safely and effectively treated using a short-term antimicrobial regimen discontinued after clinical improvement and serum CRP normalization.
Retrospective evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 68 dogs
0.3 - 14y old
SMALL <10kg = 85%
Breeds
- shiz tzu 24%
- terrier 24%
80% systolic heart murmur
Most common symptoms
- exercise intolerance 37%
- syncope 18%
Most hypertrophy is symmetrical 84%
SAM of mitral valve 60%
LV diastolic dysfunction 89%
6 dogs sudden death
3 CHF
Survival time between 1d and 114mo
HCM - differential diagnosis if LV hypertrophy.
Uncommon for dogs with HCM to develop CHF although sudden death can occur.
Myoclonus in older Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Myoclonus occurs in middle-aged to older CKCS and seems to be another epiphenomena of this breed. A link to epilepsy might be present.
Rapid blinking, head nodding, thoracic limb extension
median age of onset 8y
33% also had paroxysmal events
- seizures 9/13
Medical and surgical management of pancreatic fluid accumulations in dogs: A retrospective study of 15 cases
Med vs. surgical management both viable.
10/15 hypoechoic
2/15 anechoic
No complications after hospitalization
Predominantly neutrophilic inflammation
11/15 = negative culture
7 surgical
- 4 discharged, 3 euth
8 medical
- 7 discharged, 1 died
- 3 represented for surgical management
Subclassifications of pancreatic fluid accumulations using diagnostic findings could enable more tailored management approaches
Septic - surgery
Prevalence of ultrasonographic gastrointestinal wall changes in dogs with acute pancreatitis: A retrospective study (2012-2020)
Ultrasound GI wall changes with AP = common 47%
Duodenum 71%
wall thickening 74%
abnormal layering 61%
corrugation 35%
Increased HR - predictor of GI wall changes, which might imply more severe disease.
Gastroduodenal ulceration in dogs with liver disease
Gastroduodenal ulceration = 10% of dogs with liver disease
10% ulcers
15% erosions
No difference in endoscopic score or proportion of lesions among groups
Feasibility of electroanatomic mapping and radiofrequency catheter ablation in Boxer dogs with symptomatic ventricular tachycardia
Electroanatomic mapping to find the arrythmogenic substrate for radiofrequency catheter ablation = feasible in Boxers with ventricular tachycardia.
may help decrease runs of VT and improve clinical signs.
After tx - no further collapse, fewer to no runs of VT
procedural complications
- vfib
- bruising / hemorrhage at access site
- retroperitoneal hemorrhage
- aortic and mitral regurg
- SVT
- R pelvic lameness
Effect of preoperative administration of atenolol to dogs with pulmonic stenosis undergoing interventional procedures
No benefit of preoperative atenolol treatment was identified in this small group of dogs.
Atenolol group = lower HR during procedure
No differences in ventricular rhythms / beats
Similar procedure time
Prospective study of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs eating nontraditional or traditional diets and in dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities
Dogs with DCM or subclinical cardiac abnormalities previously eating non-traditional diets had improvements in echocardiographic parameters (fractional shortening) after diet changes.
sudden death most common cause in both groups
survival time non-traditional diet group 611d vs. DCM group 161d
- NTD live longer bc reversible with diet change
Detection of blood-brain barrier dysfunction using advanced imaging methods to predict seizures in dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown origin
Imaging-based assessment of BBB integrity has the potential to predict risk of seizures in dogs with MUO.
Blood brain barrier dysfunction = higher prevalence of seizures
- 72% vs. 19%
Subtraction enhancement analysis (SEA) + MRI = enhanced detection of brain pathology from 50 –> 72%
Circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity in cats with systemic hypertension or cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy = increased RAAS activity
SH did not.
Furosemide + amlodipine = nonspecific activation of classical and alternative RAAS pathways
CM cats higher
- angiotensin 1
- aldosterone
- plasma renin activity
Comparison of linear and volumetric criteria for the determination of therapeutic response in dogs with intracranial gliomas
1D, 2D, CEV (contrast enhancing volumetric techniques), and TTV (total T2W tumor volumetric method) = comparable for determining therapeutic response.
TTV = recommended to standardize glioma therapeutic response criteria.
Partial tumor response at 6 weeks = lower death hazard
Outcome and prognostic factors in infective endocarditis in dogs: 113 cases (2005-2020)
Higher risk of mortality
- thromboembolic events
- AKI
- CHF
Admin of antithrombotics = prolonged survival time.
- without = MST 92d
- with = did not reach MST in study period
Survival to discharge = 70%
Survival to 1mo = 54%
MST 72d
Heart valves involved and agent did not correlate with outcome
Comparison of lung ultrasound, chest radiographs, C-reactive protein, and clinical findings in dogs treated for aspiration pneumonia
Lung ultrasound findings resemble those of humans with comAP (community acquired penumonia) and differ from CXR findings.
Shred signs and high CRP concentrations better reflect clinical findings during serial evaluation of dogs.
B-lines and TXR abnormalities persist at 1mo follow up
Shred sign disappears, clinical improvement, and CRP normalize at 1mo follow up
Incidence of hepatopathies in dogs administered zonisamide orally: A retrospective study of 384 cases
Acute, potentially life-threatening hepatopathy associated with oral administration of zonisamide to dogs is estimated to occur in less than 1% of dogs and was observed in the first 3 weeks of treatment.
3 dogs - 2 recovered, 1 euthanized
Subclinical abnormalities in ALT (6 dogs) and ALP (10 dogs) activity were noted in <10% of dogs during chronic administration of zonisamide, with no clinical signs of liver disease noted.
Prediction of vascular invasion using a 7-point scale computed tomography grading system in adrenal tumors in dogs
Features of CT may help radiologists predict AT type and provide probabilistic information on vascular invasion.
50% adrenal carcinoma
40% pheochromocytoma
10% adrenal adenomas
Differences between adrenal carcinoma and pheo.
- pre- and post attenuation
- contralateral adrenal size
- thrombus dimensions
- thrombus mineralization
Benign vs. malignant = differed in contour irregularity
Renal biomarkers in cats: A review of the current status in chronic kidney disease
Review
Occurrence and clinical management of urethral obstruction in male cats under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom in 2016
Incidence risk 0.54%
ABXs common (58%) despite minimal evidence of UTI.
Repeat catheterization = 30%
case fatality rate during a UO episode = 30%
- most (88%) euthanasia
Repeat catheterization within 48 hours of elective removal of a urethral catheter was less common in cats that had previously had indwelling catheters. (vs. placed and immediately removed).
Majority of cats w/ repeat catheterization survived.
Association of gastric lymphofollicular hyperplasia with Helicobacter-like organisms in dogs
The HLO (helicobacter like organisms) score was associated with a high GLFH (gastric lymphoid follicular hyperplasia) score.
Vomiting associated with GLFH.
Helicobacter-like organisms are highly prevalent in young dogs and GLFH is indirectly associated with this factor.
Associated with GLFH (univariate)
- Intact M
- Young
- Vomiting
- gastroscopy findings
- histopath findings
GLFH associated with HLO score and vomiting
- not with breed or age
A scoping review of autoantibodies as biomarkers for canine autoimmune disease
Review
Outcome of stereotactic body radiation for treatment of nasal and nasopharyngeal lymphoma in 32 cats
SBRT is effective and well tolerated for treating localized nasal lymphoma in cats.
Outcomes for cats with lower stage disease (canine modified Adam’s stage 3 and lower) are comparable to historic data of cats treated with fractionated radiation therapy.
progression free survival - 225d
MST 365d
No sig diff between 1 vs >1 fraction
Negative prognostic factors
- cribiform lysis
- intracalvarial involement
Disease progression 38%
- local 22%
- systemically 16%
Late adverse effects
- keratitis / KCS
- alopecia
- leukotrichia
75% had signs of chronic rhinitis
Efficacy of feeding a diet containing a high concentration of mixed fiber sources for management of acute large bowel diarrhea in dogs in shelters
The results support feeding the high fiber diet described herein to dogs with acute large bowel diarrhea.
100% fed high fiber had fecal score <5 on adoption or day 9
- vs. standard diet only 55%
Ultrasonographic patterns, clinical findings, and prognostic variables in dogs from Asia with gallbladder mucocele
Increasing developmental stage of GBM = increased likelihood of biliary tract related clinical signs.
Death predictors after chole
- intra-op BP NADIR
- age
Lower NADIR - possible GB rupture
Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes for early postoperative seizures in dogs with rostrotentorial brain tumors after intracranial surgery
early post-op seizures (EPS) in dogs with rostrotentorial brain tumors = 13%
previous structural epilepsy - not associated with EPS risk
Peri-op AED not associated with EPS
EPS
- longer hosp
- more complications
- less likely to survive
Hard to predict which dogs are at risk
Lipoprotein profile of pleural and peritoneal transudates in dogs and cats
Protein-poor (TP <1.5 g/dL) and protein-rich (TP >2.5 g/dL) transudates were associated with distinct lipoprotein patterns and specific groups of disease.
Effusions secondary to pancreatitis might be transudative and rich in triglycerides.
Rich in VLDL + IDL
- CKD
- PLE
- acquired PSS
Rich in dense lipoproteins
- heart disease
- caudal vena cava syndrome
- intracavitary neoplasia
–> higher concentrations of cholesterol and TP
Triglyceride rich - panc
Outcomes of esophageal and gastric bone foreign bodies in dogs
Esophageal
- younger than gastric
- higher bone cross sectional area
- most resolved non-surgically
- erosions more likely with distal entrapment / longer durations
Many gastric left to desolved
- no reported complications
Gastric advancement of E-bFBs should be considered when oral removal is not feasible, and dissolution can be considered even with large bones.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of the effects of azithromycin on antral motility and gastric emptying in healthy cats
Azithromycin and erythromycin shorten GE time in a comparable manner in healthy cats.
gastric emptying faster and more completely with either drug
Fractional emptying
- 75% placebo
- 95% azith/erythro
No effects on antral motility
Urinary cortisol-creatinine ratio in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism
The UCCR seems to be a valuable and reliable screening test for HA in dogs.
UCCR - lower in dogs with Addison’s
Cutoff <1.4
- spec 97%
- sens 100%
advantage = need only a single urine sample.
Stenting of the caudal aorta and aortic trifurcation for the treatment of thrombosis in 7 dogs
Stenting of the aorta and aortoiliac trifurcation can provide an apparently safe and effective treatment with rapid return to ambulation for some dogs with aortic thrombosis.
4/7 non-ambulatory
2/7 no underlying disease
5/7 dogs had PLN
1/5 PLE
1/5 caudal aortic chondrosarcoma
No procedural deaths
Post-op complications
- pain
- bruising / edema
MST 264d
5/7 ambulatory within 2 days of stenting
Associations between presence of Bartonella species DNA and complete blood cell count and serum biochemical changes in client-owned cats
In both healthy and sick cats, active Bartonella infections had minimal association with clinically relevant laboratory abnormalities.
Areas considered high risk for Ctenocephalides felis fleas - active infection with Bartonella is a differential
Bartonella DNA from 3.2% of cats
–> 99% from high flea risk areas
–> 95% sick
Fever
Neutrophilia
Young
Decreased ALP
Hyperproteinemia - negatively associated
Not associated with other infectious diseases
Clinicopathologic features, comorbid diseases, and prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in dogs with bronchomalacia
Bronchomalacia 41%
38% >10kg (small)
All dogs had more than 1 cardiopulmonary comorbidity.
BM dogs
- older
- smaller
- more likely to have tracheal or mainstem bronchi collapse or bronchiectasis
PH more prevalent with BM
Evaluation of resting cortisol concentration testing in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal signs
<2 in 28%
Repeat cortisol testing - excluded most
prevalence 0.3%
Most common dx - IBD 62%
Repeat resting cortisol concentration may be considered as a test to try and exclude hypoadrenocorticism.
Prevalence of positive urine culture in the presence of inactive urine sediment in 1049 urine samples from dogs
Low prevalence (3.4%) of positive culture with inactive sediment
E. coli most common
Voided samples = increased risk of positive culture compared to cysto
No difference with UPC, USG, breed, pH, age, sex
Serial analysis of blood biomarker concentrations in dogs with pneumonia, septic peritonitis, and pyometra
Biomarkers normalized within 7 to 14 days.
Serial measurements of CRP and SAA might ID resolution and guide abx therapy.
D1 Highest
- CC-motif chemokine ligand 2
- CRP
- keratinocyte chemoattractant-like
D3 Highest
- SAA
- cell free DNA
- high mobility group box-1
- nucleosomes
D7 highest
- haptoglobin
Concentrations significantly different on D60
CRP and SAA decreased by 80% and into reference range before ABX were discontinued.
Acute kidney injury in dogs: Etiology, clinical and clinicopathologic findings, prognostic markers, and outcome
Lethargy 90%
Anorexia 83%
Vomiting 68%
Etiologies
- ischemic/inflammatory 58%
- infectious 8%
- nephrotoxins 6%
- other 5%
Hospital acquired 9%
Presentation creat 4
Peak creat 4.6
IRIS GRADES
1 = 2%
2 = 15%
3 = 36%
4 = 31%
5 = 16%
Association between death and IRIS grade
66% survival
Other organ involvement - worse outcome
Case fatality higher if anuric
20% hemodialysis - 60% survival
Diagnostic value of reticulocyte indices for the assessment of the iron status of cats with chronic kidney disease
Iron deficiency 14%
CHr (corpuscular hemoglobin) added moderate value to the diagnosis of iron deficiency in cats with CKD.
Cutoff 15.9pg
- Sens 67%
- Spec 82%
Effect of sampling site on the diagnosis of canine parvovirus infection in dogs using polymerase chain reaction
qRT-PCR
- positive in at least 1 site in all dogs
- 83% positive in all sites
- 99% negative in healthy dogs before vaccination
healthy puppies 10d after vax
- 62% positive fecal
- 31% positive blood
- 12% positive pharyngeal
Proportion of positive decreased 20d after vax
- negative 12-28d after second vax
Vaccinated adults negative before and after booster
PCR of CPV is sensitive, but specificity is hampered temporarily during the vaccination period.
Blood, feces, and pharynx are suitable sampling sites.
Fecal samples had the lowest sensitivity in sick dogs and highest positivity in puppies after vaccination.
A retrospective multi-center study of treatment, outcome, and prognostic factors in 34 dogs with disseminated aspergillosis in Australia
Creat at the time of diagnosis is a useful prognostic indicator for survival after a diagnosis of DA.
7.4x hazard compared with dogs with normal creat
**MST treated with multimodal antifungal therapy is LONGER than itra alone. **
itra alone MST 63d
multimodal antifugnal 830d
The odds of neoplasia in dogs with and without diabetes mellitus
Dogs with DM may be at increased risk for adrenal neoplasia.
Odds of developing neoplasia not different for dogs with/without DM.
DM higher odds of adrenal mass
Odds of splenic mass increased but not significant
Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of lymphoma involving the nervous system in cats
Lymphoma
- most common spinal cord neoplasia
- 2nd most common intracranial tumor in cats
Median duration CS 14d
Neuro exam abnormal in 30/31
CNS lesions = 18
PNS lesions = 1
Both = 12
Intracranial = mixed extra- and intra-axial most common.
Spinal cord = 6/12 affecting conus medullaris and lumbosacral plexus
Infiltration of extraneural tissue 11/31
Contrast enhancement in all
Meningeal enhancement in most.
Wide range of MRI features
None are pathognomonic
Clinical data + CSF + MRI may provide a strong tentative antemortem diagnosis.
Etiology and outcome of extreme neutrophilic leukocytosis: A multi-institutional retrospective study of 269 dogs
Mortality in dogs with ENL is high but differed according to disease categories.
Mortality 41%
- higher with neoplasia (56%) vs. immune mediated (20%) or tissue damage (19%)
Negatively associated with survival
- Weight
- Neutrophilic count
Duration of hospitalization positively associated with survival
Characterization of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease
The intrarenal RAS might be activated in cats with CKD.
CKD cats - older, more likely neutered
- higher angiotensin
- lower levels of ACE
Angiotensin 1 increased in CKD cats
Risk factors and implications associated with renal mineralization in chronic kidney disease in cats
Nephrocalcinosis associated with CKD
Mild to severe 78%
Absent to minimal 22%
Risk factors
- elevated total calcium
- phosphate restricted diet
Absent to minimal nephrocalcinosis cats had increasing creat, urea, phosphate over a 1y period
- shorter MST than those with mild to severe
Nephrocalcinosis NOT associated with rapid CKD progression.
Leishmaniosis in a cat with chronic diarrhea as the only clinical manifestation
10y MN DSH - chronic diarrhea
Hyperglobulinemia, mild anemia
Endoscopy - diffuse granulomatous and lymphoplasmocytic inflammation
Leishmania amastigotes in cytoplasm of macrophages from bx.
Organism detected in spleen, bone marrow, and with serology.
Tx: allopurinol, dietary supplement (nucleotides and hexose)
- GI signs resolved
- Seropositivity and gammopathy persisted
Died of unrelated causes 3mos later
Correlation between metabolomic profile constituents and feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity
Selected sphingolipids are moderately positively correlated with fPLI and appear to have fair to moderate diagnostic accuracy in discriminating between cats with normal and increased fPLI.
Tongue atrophy as a neurological finding in hereditary polyneuropathy in Alaskan malamutes
Alaskan malamute polyneuropathy
- progressive
- exercise intolerance
- pelvic limb ataxia
- inspiratory stridor
- muscle atrophy
EMG - spontaneous activity in skeletal muscles, decreased motor nerve conduction veolcity
Degenerative, demyelinating
NDRG1 missense mutation
- similar to Charcot Marie Tooth disease
Tongue atrophy
- spontaneous EMG activity
Histopath - atrophic myofibers, hypoglossal nerve demyelination / degen
- similar to skeletal muscle changes
Macroscopic tongue atrophy is part of the disease phenotype of AMPN.
Developing a predictive model for spinal shock in dogs with spinal cord injury
A formula could be useful for assisting clinicians in determining the likelihood of spinal shock.
Odds of spinal shock DECREASED
- larger dogs
- longer duration of CS
- with decreased pelvic limb tone
Odds of spinal shock increased with paraplegia
Decreased pelvic limb reflexes with spinal cord injury may be L4-S3 vs. spinal shock with T3-L3.
Esophageal varices in dogs: A retrospective case series
Esophageal varices - abnormally dilated veins caused by an alteration in blood flow or pressure.
Rarely reported
Prevalence 0.012%
Most identified by CT
Clinical signs typically due to underlying condition, not EV.
Commonly identified concurrently with portal, pulmonary, and caval hypertension.
Hemorrhage is not a common clinical manifestation of EV.
Prospective evaluation of complications associated with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in dogs with congenital heart disease
New gastroesophageal abnormalities after TEE - mucosal damage
Nausea post procedure in 4 dogs
Probe did not compress any structures clinically.
Major complications remain possible, complications in this study were mild and few in number. Dog size and probe characteristics are factors to consider when performing TEE.
Changes in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system during cardiac remodeling after mitral valvuloplasty in dogs
Mitral valvuloplasty contributes to decreased RAAS activity in MMVD dogs, which paralleled the process of cardiac reverse remodeling up to Post-3M.
- aka RAAS variables decreased as well as echo values
Improvement in echo values.
Decrease in plasma renin, angiotensin 2, and aldosterone compared to baseline at all time points.
Decreased bun / creat at 1m post
Risk factors associated with short-term mortality and recurrence of status epilepticus in dogs
Short-term mortality 30%
Factors significantly associated with short-term mortality
- increased age
- shorter duration of hospitalization
- development of SE before arrival
- SE caused by a potentially fatal etiology
**SE recurred in 27% ** of dogs that survived to discharge.
Factors significantly associated with recurrence of SE included
- drug resistant
- focal seizure phenotype
