2020 JVIM ✔️ Flashcards
Risk factors associated with disturbances of calcium homeostasis after initiation of a phosphate-restricted diet in cats with chronic kidney disease
Lower plasma potassium or phosphate concentrations or both at the time of transition of cats with CKD to a phosphate-restricted diet are independently associated with increased risk of an increase in plasma tCa concentration. Increasing plasma tCa concentration is associated with progression of CKD.
creatinine, SDMA, phosphate, and FGF23 concentrations had significantly increased rates of change in cats with increasing plasma tCa concentration over time.
Evaluation of a novel monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay for detection of Histoplasma antigen in urine of dogs
The IM EIA might be useful for the diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis in dogs, but clinical usefulness will be limited in dogs with histoplasmosis localized to the GI tract.
IM EIA =
Sensitivity - 70%
Specificity - 99%
Accuracy - 93%
MV EIA =
Sensitivity - 95%
Specificity - 99%
Accuracy - 98%
Effect of angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 on plasma equilibrium angiotensin peptide concentrations in dogs with heart disease
The AP profile during telmisartan treatment is associated with higher plasma Ang1-7 as compared with during ACEI. This favorable shift is potentiated in vitro by combination of ARB + rhACE2. These data support potential AP-targeting strategies and drugs in dogs with DMVD.
In vivo detection of microstructural spinal cord lesions in dogs with degenerative myelopathy using diffusion tensor imaging
Findings suggest that fractional anisotropy has the potential to be a biomarker for spinal cord lesion development in DM and could play an important role in improving diagnosis and monitoring of this condition.
DM had significant decreases in FA in regions of the spinal cord that had high expected lesion load. Correlates with neurologic grade.
Recurrence-free interval 12 months after local treatment of mast cell tumors in dogs using intratumoral injection of tigilanol tiglate
Tigilanol tiglate provided a durable long-term local response for the treatment of MCT in dogs.
89% of evaluated patients tumor free at the treatment site and 11% reoccurence.
All reoccurrences within first 6 months - mostly first 12 weeks (3mos).
Retrospective study of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs
Study of possible diet associated DCM.
Dogs with DCM eating nontraditional diets can experience improvement in cardiac function after diet change but additional research is needed to examine possible associations between diet and DCM.
Larger percentage of normalized systolic left ventricular internal dimension and LA:Ao compared to those who did not have their diets changed.
MST longer if switched diets. (337 vs. 215)
Comprehensive comparison of upper and lower endoscopic small intestinal biopsy in cats with chronic enteropathy
Integrating IHC and clonality testing increased the number of cases diagnosed with LSA, but the consequence for patient outcome is unclear. There was moderate agreement between USI and LSI samples. Samples from the LSI rarely changed the diagnosis.
IBD = 42.1%
Pos or Prob LSA = 26.3%
Def LSA = 31.6%
IHC and clonality increased amount classified to LSA
Final diagnosis IBD 22.8% and LSA 77.2%
Only 2% LSA diagnosed on lower alone.
High serum creatinine concentration is associated with metabolic perturbations in dogs
Identified several metabolic changes associated with increased creat, including prospective diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Further research is needed.
NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) metabolomics test is a promising tool.
Assessed citrate, AAs, albumin, and FAs
Citrate - increased - various range, associated with impaired renal function in humans and rats, retention associated with metabolic acidosis
Phenylalanine - normal to increased
Tyrosine - decreased
Total BCAA - decreased
Valine - decreased
Leucine - decreased
Albumin - increased or decreased
Acetate - higher
Omega 3 and 6- decreased
Alanine - increased
Experimental infection of cats with Cystoisospora felis
Fecal flotation is a convenient assay for detection of C. felis but could occasionally give false-negative results when compared to this ITS1 PCR.
Shed oocysts @ day 10, stopped by day 15
DNA amplified from 66.6% fecal samples from 6/6 cats
CS not present
Feline mycobacterial disease in northern California: Epidemiology, clinical features, and antimicrobial susceptibility
The most prevalent RGM species isolated from cats from northern California are M smegmatis and M fortuitum. Susceptibility to prescribed antimicrobials does not appear to guarantee treatment success. Combination drug treatment is recommended. Repeat culture and susceptibility testing should be performed when disease is persistent/relapsing.
M. avium more likely to be disseminated + resistant to fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides
Disease of skin/subcutis and outdoor access = features of RGM
Resistance to 3rd / 4th generation cephalosporins
Death in 3/4 M. avium
4 / 15 cats remission with RGM
Accuracy of point-of-care crossmatching methods and crossmatch incompatibility in critically ill dogs
Compared to laboratory methods, point-of-care methods evaluated in our study lacked sensitivity for detecting incompatibilities. Dogs had similar rates of major CM incompatibility regardless of transfusion history. This suggests CM testing prior to transfusion be considered in all dogs however our study did not investigate clinical relevancy of incompatible LAB-CM.
Transatrial stenting for long-term management of cardiac tumor obstruction of the right atrium in 3 dogs
Endovascular transatrial stenting may provide a long-term palliative treatment option for dogs with clinical signs attributable to tumor-induced venous obstruction when more traditional treatments are declined or not indicated.
3 dogs
2 dogs - congestive hepatopathy
1 dog - cranial vena cava syndrome
Post stent - pressure gradients decreased, vascular patency re-established
Resolution of CS
Re-obstruction in 6 and 14 months.
ST: 3, 21, 37months
Identification of 5 novel feline erythrocyte antigens based on the presence of naturally occurring alloantibodies
Blood incompatibilities unrelated to the AB system in cats. Mik antigen.
estimate the prevalence with non-AB incompatibilities associated with naturally occurring alloantibodies
map corresponding feline erythrocyte antigens (FEA)
random crossmatching had 3.9% chance of detecting incompatibilities
identified 5 distinct FEA (1 and 5 most prevalent)
FEA 1 negative status associated with higher risk of presenting naturally occurring alloantibodies
This study represents a first step of FEA identification outside the AB system. Because of its prevalence and association with NOAb, FEA 1 might correspond to the Mik antigen.
Continuous rate infusion of midazolam as emergent treatment for seizures in dogs
Midazolam CRI is apparently safe and might be an effective treatment in dogs with CS or SE.
Seventy-nine dogs presented with CS and 27 dogs had SE. Seizure control was achieved in 82/106 dogs (77.4%) receiving a midazolam CRI.
Median dose 0.3mg/kg/h
median duration 25h range
seizures controlled
IE 85%
Structural 74%
Unknown 75%
reactive seizure 57%
less likely to survive if structural epilepsy
adverse effects 22.6% - mild
Escherichia coli-associated granulomatous colitis in dogs treated according to antimicrobial susceptibility profiling
Antimicrobial treatment guided by susceptibility profiling was associated with positive long-term outcomes in >80% of cases. Fluoroquinolone-resistance was widespread and not clonal. Further study is required to optimize treatment for dogs with MDR E coli-associated GC.
FQ sensitive - 9/24
FQ resistant - 15/24
all but one resistant were MDR - susceptible to carbapenems
8/9 FQ-S complete initial clinical response during
9/13 FQ-R complete or partial response with meropenem or doxy
long term follow up 3mo - susceptible
Use of C-reactive protein concentration in evaluation of diskospondylitis in dogs
C-reactive protein is a sensitive, but nonspecific biomarker for diskospondylitis which may prove useful as an adjunctive diagnostic test in patients with suspicious clinical signs and may help predict prognosis.
CRP more sensitive than fever, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and hyperglobulinemia.
No difference in CRP with single or multiple lesions, +/- empyema, +/- mm involvement, or spinal cord compression.
No association between serum CRP and bacterial culture.
Clinicopathologic and radiographic features in 33 cats with aspiration and 26 cats with bronchopneumonia (2007-2017)
Pneumonia must be distinguished from IAD in cats with cough and AP should be considered in cats with acute onset of tachypnea.
AP - less likely to present with cough, more likely to be hypothermic
Longer duration of CS with IAD or BP.
AP - alveolar pattern.
Mycoplasma most commonly cultured from BAL in BP but not cultured from AP.
Retrospective study of proliferative urethritis in dogs: Clinical presentation and outcome using various treatment modalities in 11 dogs
Proliferative urethritis is a recurrent disease often associated with UTI. The best outcome of long-term urethral patency occurred after lesion effacement, either by BD or stenting. Future prospective studies should determine the impact of immunosuppressive treatment.
Female, presented with UO
73% history of UTI
10/11 survived to discharge
70% treated with effacement procedure (balloon dilation, stent, both)
Stent > BD
86% urethral patency long term
Reoccurence in 70%
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and infectious respiratory disease complex in shelter dogs
Hypovitaminosis D - risk factor for resp infections in humans
Are levels lower in shelter dogs and are they associated with CS of CIRDC or time in the shelter.
Concentration lower in dogs with signs of CIRDC than healthy dogs.
Herpes pos dogs lower concentrations
Concentrations not lower in healthy vs. control or associated with time in the shelter.
Vitamin D could have a role in acute respiratory tract infections in shelter dogs.
Correlation of minimally invasive imaging techniques to assess intestinal mucosal perfusion with established markers of chronic inflammatory enteropathy in dogs
Minimally invasive DI techniques are lacking.
Might allow quantification of intestinal mucosal perfusion and microvessel density.
Duodenal histology correlated with SPIES data.
White light endoscopy correlated with SPIES in duodenum.
Colonic histology correlated positively with CEUS, negatively with vWF expression.
Minimally invasive contrast enhanced US (CEUS) and endoscopic narrow band imaging-like endoscopy (SPIES) appear feasible to assess intestinal perfusion in CIE. Use of SPIES endoscopy may be promising for assessing small intestinal inflammation, whereas CEUS could be used to assess colonic perfusion and inflammation. Both techniques need to be investigated further for their clinical utility.
Correction of serum chloride concentration in dogs with congestive heart failure
Hypochloremia in CHF due to loop diuretics causing 1 NA : 2 CL loss vs. water retention 1:1
Correction of Cl separates these effects.
Hypothesized that refractory CHF has higher corrected Cl vs. measured due to relative water excess.
Serum [Cl−] increased after mathematical correction in Stage D CHF dogs but not in Stage C and NO-CHF dogs. Although c[Cl−] was higher than m[Cl−] in Stage D dogs supportive of relative water excess, hypochloremia persisted, consistent with concurrent loop diuretic effects on electrolytes.
Future study correlating c[Cl−] to antidiuretic hormone concentrations is warranted.
Breed predispositions, clinical findings, and prognostic factors for death in dogs with nonregenerative immune-mediated anemia
Although overlap of clinical features between dogs with IMHA and nrIMA, the prognosis for those with nrIMA depends predominantly on the severity of reticulocytopenia.
median PCV 12%
corrected retic % - 0.1
–> Whippets, Lurchers, min dach
MST 277d
3mo survival 61%
12mo survival 43%
erythroid regen 88%
remission 62%
Improved survival corrected retic % >0.2
Left heart dimensions in anemic cats and dogs before and after blood transfusion
Effects of transfusion of L heart parameters.
HR decreased in dogs
Fractional shortening decreased in cats and dogs
LV internal diameter in systole increased in cats.
Normalized LV internal diameter in diastole and systole increased in dogs.
Incidence of volume overload did not differ.
Blood transfusion is well tolerated when signs of volume overload are present before transfusion.
Association of magnetic resonance (MRI) assessed disc degeneration and late clinical recurrence in dogs treated surgically for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusions
In cases of TL disc extrusion in dogs, recurrence of signs is likely if at least 1 completely degenerate disc in same region in addition to the currently symptomatic disc is visible on MRI.
Hazard ratio 2.92
Intracardiac heartworms in dogs: Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics in 72 cases (2010-2019)
Although the majority of dogs with intracardiac heartworms had a high worm burden and high likelihood of PH, only 25% had clinical evidence of CS.
Lethargy #1 CS @ 44%
Pigmenturia #2 @ 43%
High worm burden - more common pigmenturia, anemia, bilirubinuria
Most small breed - chichi
Evaluation of urine concentrations of amoxicillin and clavulanate in cats
Orally administered amoxicillin-clavulanate resulted in urine amoxicillin concentrations above the cutoff (8 μg/mL) for wild-type Escherichia coli in all cats. Because urine-specific susceptibility testing breakpoints can be determined using urine concentrations, this information should allow new CLSI uropathogen susceptibility breakpoints for amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate in healthy cats, increasing the urine breakpoint from ≤0.25 to ≤8 μg/mL.
Quantification of cerebrospinal fluid flow in dogs by cardiac-gated phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging
Peak flow velocities were measured with 2D PC-MRI at all 3 locations and slower velocities were recorded in healthy Beagle dogs compared to humans. These values serve as baseline for future applications. The current technical settings did not allow measurement of CSF flow in Beagle dogs by 4D PC-MRI.
Matrix metalloproteinase-2, -7, and -9 activities in dogs with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis compared to healthy dogs and dogs with other respiratory diseases
Serum MMP-7 and BALF MMP-2 and -9 potentially may be useful diagnostic markers but not prognostic markers for CIPF.
Higher MMP-7 in CIPF WHWT compared to healthy dogs of other breeds, dogs with bronchitis, and dogs with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy .
BALF of CIPF WHWT - higher MMP-2 and 9
NOT in plasma
CIPF WHWT higher pro-MMP-9 compared to CB
Higher pro-MMP-2 than EBP
No statistically significant prognostic factors.
Plasma symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine concentrations and glomerular filtration rate in cats with normal and decreased renal function
In this study of azotemic and nonazotemic cats, SDMA was a reliable marker to identify decreased GFR. However, superiority of SDMA over sCr could not be confirmed.
CKD cats have higher SDMA and Cr - which correlate with GFR.
SDMA and Cr relationship in detecting decreased renal function.
Similar sensitivity, Cr higher specificity.
Changes in systolic blood pressure in dogs with pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism during the first year of trilostane treatment
Prevalence of hypertension decreased.
Higher change in BP in dogs that were more hypertensive originally.
Normotensive dogs had a slight increase in BP.
BP not associated with disease control.
BP meds needed in 60% (benaz)
Second agent needed in 42% (amlodipine)
33% normotensive dogs required treatment
BP measured at every visit regardless
May need multi-drug
Diagnostic value of fecal cultures in dogs with chronic diarrhea
Fecal cultures failed to distinguish between diseased and healthy dogs, and a high level of interlaboratory variation for culture was found.
Dysbiosis index increased in chronic diarrhea dogs although cultures failed to detect significant differences.
Utility of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) normalized by right ventricular size indices in dogs with postcapillary pulmonary hypertension
Normalized TAPSE could reflect RV systolic dysfunction in dogs with severe PH, which could not be detected by nonnormalized TAPSE. The TAPSEB-mode/RVIDd ratio might predict R-CHF with high sensitivity and reproducibility.
X-linked CD40 ligand deficiency in a 1-year-old male Shih Tzu with secondary Pneumocystis pneumonia
Presented for tachypnea, increased RE, weight loss. Did not improve with abx. Diagnosed with pneumocystis pneumonia and PH.
Treated for 8wk TMS, 4wk tapering pred, 2wk clopidogrel, 2 wk sildenafil.
Immunodiagnostic testing and genetic sequencing to look for immunodeficiency
Utility of point-of-care lung ultrasound for monitoring cardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs
Lung ultrasound could be a useful tool for monitoring resolution of pulmonary edema in dogs with L-CHF.
Decrease in sites positive for B lines, median total B-line scores.
Indicies improved at first re-check.
of positive sites correlated positively with RR and TXR edema score.
Patterns of edema resolution differed between US and TXR. Cranial quadrants more reduction in B-lines compared to TXR edema score.
Clinical features of muscle cramp in 14 dogs
Muscle cramps can manifest in 1 of 3 clinical patterns. Muscle cramps are elicited when dogs are encouraged to move (64%) and do not always appear as painful events, showing in some cases only discomfort. The main cause of MCs in this study was hypocalcemia consequent to primary hypoparathyroidism. In dogs having MCs of unknown etiology, idiopathic disease or paroxysmal dyskinesia could not be ruled out.
58% overtly painful
42% mild discomfort
3 undetermined cases GSD.
Low profile vascular plug for transarterial occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus in small dogs
Transarterial implantation of AVP-4 is a safe, effective and technically easy procedure for PDA occlusion in small dogs and offers a valuable alternative to coil implantation. Accurate PDA measurement and device sizing is essential to prevent residual shunting, inadvertent device embolization, and protrusion of the device into the aorta.
- 5 immediate complete closure
- Trivial residual in 1 dogs, resolved within 2h
- marked device undersizing, embolization, additional coil 1 dog
Effects of pimobendan on left atrial transport function in cats
We identified positive, albeit minor, effects of pimobendan on LA function in cats with HCM.
Whether or not treatment with pimobendan decreases the risk of cardiogenic embolism deserves further study.
Comparison of the effects of 7.2% hypertonic saline and 20% mannitol on electrolyte and acid-base variables in dogs with suspected intracranial hypertension
Dogs receiving HTS showed sustained increases in plasma sodium and chloride concentrations, whereas dogs receiving MAN showed transient decreases. Future studies should assess the effects of multiple doses of hyperosmolar agents on electrolyte and acid-base variables.
Significant differences at all time points.
K decreased at T5 after HTS.
iCa lower at T60 and 120 than MAN.
No changes in acid base.
Anemia, iron deficiency, and cobalamin deficiency in cats with chronic gastrointestinal disease
Functional iron deficiency was common in cats with chronic GI disease.
anemia, iron deficiency, hypocobalaminemia noted
HCT, BCS negatively correlated with MMA (methylmalonic acid)
median TIBC lower in cats with increased MMA
HCT, retic MCV, retic HGB, % transferrin saturation positively correlated with serum iron concentration
Serum interleukin 17 concentrations in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
Serum IL-17 concentration significantly higher in non-surviving IMHA dogs whereas it significantly decreased during hospitalization in survivors, making serum IL-17 concentration a potential biomarker for severity and response to treatment in IMHA.
IL17 higher in IMHA on admission than healthy - not significant.
No correlation between IL17 and tbili, lactate, CBC
Retrospective evaluation of the use of the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) response criteria in dogs with secretory multiple myeloma
Densitometric M-protein characterized using IMWG response criteria correlated with OST and clinical findings. Densitometric M-protein detection should be used to monitor dogs with multiple myeloma.
Humans - monitoring progression and response via serum paraprotein (m-protein) concentration. Various methods can be used to quantify,
All cases recieved some form of chemo.
CR - lack of detectible M-protein in 1 case.
MST 630d longer for dogs with >90% reduction
Did not reduce by 50% - MST 284d
5 dogs progressive - m-protein increase by 25% or more - correlated with clinical deterioration
globs or RID did not correlate with overall survival time or CS
The Golden Retriever Lifetime Study: Assessing factors associated with owner compliance after the first year of enrollment
Survey questions about a dog’s sleeping location at night and vaccination status are important indicators of an owner’s odds of compliance in a prospective study. Use of similar questions during enrollment in cohort studies might help to predict owner compliance that can aid in subject selection.
No vax - 4x higher non-compliance
Dogs sleep in garage 6x higher odds of non-compliance than dogs that slept in bedroom.
Juvenile-onset motor polyneuropathy in Siberian cats
Self-limiting weakness with potential relapse.
Onset of signs 4-10mos
- Progressive or waxing/waning neuromuscular weakness
- Normal sensory function
- Variably decreased withdrawal reflexes
Return to normal in 1-4 weeks.
All had recurrence but fully recovered.
electromyography and motor nerve conduction studies showed multicentric spontaneous activity, normal motor nerve conduction velocity, reduced compound muscle action potential amplitude, and polyphasia
histology mm/nerve - mild muscle atrophy consistent with recent denervation, endoneurial and perineurial edema, and mild mononuclear cell infiltration within intramuscular nerve branches and a peripheral nerve.
Autosomal recessive
Can’t rule out poylgenic or acquired inflammatory
Effect of dilution of canine blood samples on the specificity of saline agglutination tests for immune-mediated hemolysis
SAT - false positives
If performed using a 49 : 1 saline-to-blood ratio, SATs achieve high specificity for IMH. Based on a gold standard of positive DAT and evidence of hemolysis, lower saline-to-blood ratio results should not be used because false-positive results are common.
1:1 specificity 29%
49:1 specificity 97%
accuracy increases from 33% to 95%
Efficacy of telmisartan for the treatment of persistent renal proteinuria in dogs: A double-masked, randomized clinical trial
Telmisartan might be a suitable first-line therapy for dogs with renal proteinuria.
Day 30 - percentage change in UPC greater for telmisartant (~65%) vs. enalapril (35%)
Superior at 60d
Combo therapy azotemia in 31%
Imepitoin for treatment of idiopathic head tremor syndrome in dogs: A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled study
Imepitoin did not result in a significant overall benefit. Future studies should focus on treatment of subgroups with a common pathophysiology and similar comorbidities.
No responders in placebo
17% response (2)
Imepitoin - drug with gamma amino butyric acid-ergic and anxiolytic effects
Three-dimensional bladder ultrasound for estimation of urine volume in dogs compared with traditional 2-dimensional ultrasound methods
The tested 3D ultrasound device was found to be an accurate and rapid point-of-care tool for measuring UBV in dogs, providing a noninvasive method to estimate bladder volume in real time.
A review of phosphorus homeostasis and the impact of different types and amounts of dietary phosphate on metabolism and renal health in cats
Elevated phos linked with progression and case fatality in animals. Risk of renal and CV disease. No data currently shows that commercial cat foods induce renal injury. Some diets contain high amounts of phosphorus relative to recommendations and some have inverse Ca : P ratios and so could increase the risk for development of kidney disease. Highly soluble phosphates appears to be important, there are insufficient data to support a specific upper limit for phosphate intake.
Evaluation of serum high-mobility group box 1 concentration in dogs with epilepsy: A case-control study
Serum HMGB1 could be a biomarker of epilepsy. Significantly higher in epileptic dogs than healthy dogs. Non epileptic dogs not significantly increased from healthy.
Epilepsy >3mos showed higher concentrations.
Cytauxzoon felis cytochrome b gene mutation associated with atovaquone and azithromycin treatment
This report documents C. felis atovaquone resistance associated with M128 cytb mutations. This study suggests parasites with mutations of cytb M128 can be selected and impart resistance to A&A treatment even with higher atovaquone dosing.
Tx: atovaquone and azithromycin
Resistance to atovaquone via parasite cytochrome B mutations
Effect of prednisolone therapy on serum levels of 1,2-O-dilauryl-rac-glycero glutaric acid-(6′-methylresorufin) ester lipase in dogs
DGGR lipase activity was affected by prednisolone administered orally in dogs. However, this variation was not clinically important as values remained below the relevant upper limit.
DGGR increased t0-t1
DGGR decreased t1-t2
No significant changes in control
DGGR and prednisolone doses were not correlated
Ecological level analysis of primary lung tumors in dogs and cats and environmental radon activity
Exposure to household radon might play a role in development of PPN in dogs and cats.
PPN rate ratio 2fold higher in high radon zone than low radon zone.
The dog erythrocyte antigen 1 blood group in nondomesticated canids and compatibility testing between domestic dog and nondomesticated canid blood
DEA 1 present in non-domesticated canids with variable prevalence pending species. The majority of tested non-domesticated canids appear to have no naturally occurring alloantibodies against domestic dogs’ RBCs. Therefore xenotransfusion of blood from domestic dogs can be considered when species specific blood is not available. Cross matching is essential before xenotransfusion.
Serum immunoglobulin E responses to aeroallergens in cats with naturally occurring airway eosinophilia compared to unaffected control cats
Serum IgE production against aeroallergens was found in some cats with eosinophilic airway inflammation, but the number of affected cats with positive results did not differ from controls. Further investigation in cats with eosinophilic, mixed, and neutrophilic airway disease in comparison to control cats is warranted.
Allergen most commonly causing positive response dust mites, then storage mites
Effect of angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 on plasma equilibrium angiotensin peptide concentrations in cats with heart disease
Little known about the effect of renin angiotensin aldosterone system-inhibiting (RAASi) drugs on alternative angiotensin peptides (APs) such as angiotensin 1-7, which are mediated by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).
No signif differences between healthy and CM cats with no RAASi.
Concentrations of AP different between CM cats with no RAASi and CMarb group.
Incubation with rhACE2 decreased AT1 and AT2 in both groups.
Incubation with rhACE2 decreased AT1 and AT2 in both groups.
Ang1-7 was significantly higher in CMARB
**Balance between traditional and alternative APs can be favorably shifted using ARBs and in vitro incubation with recomb human ACE2. These data shed light on new AP-targeting strategies in cats with CM.
Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations in dogs with seizure disorders
Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration is minimally affected by seizure activity in dogs and increased concentrations are more likely associated with the underlying disease process.
Focal seizures had higher CSF lactate than generalized seizures.
No differences between single, clusters, or SE OR among dogs having different number of seizures within last 72h.
Significant difference between dogs with different disease process.
Inflam / neoplastic > idiopathic / unknown
Seizures in dogs under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom: Etiology, diagnostic testing, and clinical management
450k dogs in study
Epilepsy 20.5%
- idiopathic 17%
- structural 3.4%
- reactive 6.3%
50% cases received equal or higher to IVETF Tier 1 diagnostic testing.
<12y and insured = more likely to receive advanced diagnostic evaluation
No tx prescribed for 62.9%
25.3% single drug
5.5% multi drug
Effects of calcifediol supplementation on markers of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder in dogs with chronic kidney disease
Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) in dogs is associated with hypovitaminosis D, increased parathyroid hormone (PTH), and increased fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) concentrations. Best practice for vitamin D metabolite supplementation in CKD-MBD remains unknown.
Calcifediol supplementation for 84 days was well-tolerated in dogs with IRIS stages 2 and 3 CKD.
All serum vitamin D metabolite concentration increased by d84 compared to baseline. No significant differences in Ca, P, PTH, UCa/Cr or excretion of Ca.
No hypercalcemia. FGF-23 increased by d84.
Comparison between a flash glucose monitoring system (FSL) and a portable blood glucose meter for monitoring dogs with diabetes mellitus
Compare FSL vs BG curve with portable meter.
Good concordance between insulin dose recommendation for portable and FSL. Absent concordance between FSL at home on 2 days in a row.
NADIR detected with the glucose profile from FSL (79%).
NADIR detected on 41% of curves.
FSL better at detecting low events. (60 vs 9%)
Insulin dose adjustments based on BGCs can be suboptimal. The FGMS allows a more accurate identification of the glucose nadirs and hypoglycemic episodes compared to the use of a PBGM and assessment of day-to-day variations in glycemic control.
Hemorrhage and complications associated with percutaneous ultrasound guided liver biopsy in dogs
Percutaneous ultrasound guided liver biopsy in the population of dogs in the current study, with normal or mild abnormalities in coagulation, results in a high incidence of clinically silent, major hemorrhage (42.5%), but few complications (1.9%).
Major hemorrhage >6% PCV change
Complications - physiologic compromise that necessitated intervention or death
Decrease in PCV occurred in 85%
Mean change -7%
PCV change was significantly correlated with PCV pre biopsy.
No correlation between PCV change and complications.
Prediction and measurement of diuretic responsiveness after oral administration of furosemide to healthy dogs and dogs with congestive heart failure
Spot urine samples at 180 and 270 mins after 3mg/kg furosemide used to predict cumulative urine volume and urine sodium output over 7h.
Na at times highly correlated to 7h uNa output.
Volume at times moderately correlated to 7h vol output.
Predicted Na at time points identified dogs with low diuretic responsiveness with high accuracy.
Urinary Na excretion and uVol are complementary but distinct aspects of diuretic responsiveness in dogs. Quantification of diuretic responsiveness in the clinical setting opens new diagnostic, treatment, and monitoring strategies.
Association of diet with left ventricular wall thickness, troponin I and IGF-1 in cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Cats with sHCM fed Test diet had significant decreases in echocardiographic variables of sHCM and in cTnI and IGF-1.
6mos for cTn1
12mos for IGF and max LVWD
Effect of antimicrobial stewardship on antimicrobial prescriptions for selected diseases of dogs in Switzerland
Antimicrobials were used more prudently for the examined indications in 2018 compared to 2016. The study highlights the continued need for antimicrobial stewardship programs in veterinary medicine.
Proportion of prescribed antimicrobials decreased significantly (74 –> 59%). Proportion of prescriptions in complete agreement with guidelines increased (48–>60%) and in disagreement decreased (38 –>24%.
Often prescribed for acute diarrhea most common if hemorrhagic. Lower proportion of inappropriate abx for HD (65% –> 36%).
Prescription of fluoroquinolones decreased for UTI (29 –>14%).
Prescription of abx for resp infection decreased significantly (54 –> 31%).
Evaluation of changes in the epidemiology of leptospirosis in dogs after introduction of a quadrivalent antileptospiral vaccine in a highly endemic area
The introduction of L4 was associated with a marked decrease in dogs with leptospirosis and AKI in Switzerland. Use of the L4 vaccine was associated with significantly decreased odds of disease.
Decrease in cases per year
Increase in control cases
Decrease L2 and increase in L4 vax.
Odds ratio for vax dogs to be diagnosed with lepto 0.11 for L4 and 2.08 for L2
Obstructive fibrinous tracheal pseudomembrane in a cat
1.5y FS cat presented with acute signs of respiratory distress 5 weeks after undergoing tracheal intubation. Rads revealed a marked, segmental, tracheal narrowing. A hard, 5-cm-long, white-yellowish tissue was identified and removed from the trachea, with subsequent resolution of CS and rad changes. Microscopically consisted of fibrin and lytic neutrophils, interspaced with optically empty cavities and a few remains of talcum powder and hair shafts. Consequently, a diagnosis of obstructive fibrinous tracheal pseudomembrane (OFTP) was made.
Current and emerging concepts in biological and analytical variation applied in clinical practice
Biological variation refers to variability in measurand concentration or activity around a homeostatic set point. Knowledge of biological and analytical variation can be used to facilitate interpretation of patient clinicopathologic data and is particularly useful for interpreting serial patient data and data at or near reference limits or clinical decision thresholds.
Symptomatic partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in a kitten
3mo FI DSH presented with syncope and tachypnea. Cardiac auscultation normal. TXR - mild generalized heart enlargement with bronchointerstitial pattern.
Echo - tubular structures near left atrium.
Identified persistent left cranial vena cava with unroofed coronary sinus was suspected.
CT showed the right cranial, right caudal and left caudal pulmonary veins draining into the coronary sinus and flowing into the right atrium.
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) was diagnosed.
Treated with diuretics, died 2mos later.
Polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis in English bulldogs
English bulldogs disproportionally develop an expansion of small B-cells, which has been interpreted as B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BCLL). However, clonality testing in these cases has often not been supportive of neoplasia.
58/83 had polyclonal expansion
median age 6.8
74% male
median lymphocyte count 22,400
low expression of class 2 MHC and CD25
splenomegaly / masses in 57%
lymphadenopathy 11%
hyperglobulinemia 71% - IgA +- IgM
Polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis in English bulldogs is characterized by low B-cell class II MHC and CD25 expression, splenomegaly and hyperglobulinemia consisting of increased IgA ± IgM. We hypothesize that this syndrome has a genetic basis.
Effects of surgery on free and total 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in dogs
This study reveals the difficulties of assessing vitamin D status in dogs following elective surgery.
median 25(OH)D significantly declined immediately after surgery before increasing to become nonsignificantly different from concentrations before surgery @ d60
median free 25(OH)D significantly increased immediately after before declining to become nonsignificantly different from concentrations before surgery at d60
Reactive oxygen species, glutathione, and vitamin E concentrations in dogs with hemolytic or nonhemolytic anemia
Oxidative stress is present in anemic dogs. Derangements in biomarkers of oxidative stress are different in dogs with hemolytic anemia and nonhemolytic anemia.
all anemic dogs - significantly lower median RBC hemolysate GSH
hemolytic dogs- significantly higher median plasma GSH than non hemolytic
ROS detectable in all samples but no difference in ROS or vit E between groups.
Developmental stages in microbiota, bile acids, and clostridial species in healthy puppies
Fecal microbiota, fecal bile acids, and clostridium altered in GI disease in adults.
Puppies up to 5-6wk had
- increased dysbiosis
- increased C. diff
- decreased C. hiranonis
- decreased secondary bile acid concentrations
Secondary bile acids and C. hiranonis correlated positively.
The increase in secondary bile acids and simultaneous decrease of C. difficile and C. perfringens after 5 to 6 weeks of age warrants further investigation into regulatory impacts that secondary bile acids could have on clostridial species in dogs.
Correlation of thyroid hormone measurements with thyroid stimulating hormone stimulation test results in radioiodine-treated cats
Assessed the effects of non-critical illness on TSH stimulation test in euthyroid and hypothyroid cats.
Non-critical illness did not affect the tT4 following TSH stimulation in euthyroid or RAI hypothyroid cats.
85% RAI hypothyroid cats - high TSH
14% RAI euthyroid cats - high TSH
88% RAI hypothyroid cats low fT4
The veterinary-specific chemiluminescent fT4 immunoassay and canine-specific TSH immunoassay can be used to aid in the diagnosis of iatrogenic hypothyroidism in cats.
Acute on chronic kidney disease in dogs: Etiology, clinical and clinicopathologic findings, prognostic markers, and survival
Short-term outcome of dogs with ACKD is comparable to those with AKI but long-term prognosis is guarded. The IRIS AKI grade at presentation is a prognostic indicator of short-term outcome.
Clinical Signs
- anorexia 84%
- lethargy 77%
- vomiting 55%
- diarrhea 37%
Etiology
- inflammatory 30%
- pyelo 15%
- ischemic 7%
- other 3%
- unknown 45%
Median hosp = 5d
Longer in survivors
Mortality rate 35%
IRIS AKI grade associated with short term survival, etiology was not
RR, CK, Creat associated with short term outcome
MST 105d
Etiology and creat at discharge not predictors of long term survival
Prevalence and risk factors for atrial fibrillation in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease
Atrial fibrillation is an uncommon complication of MMVD and is significantly associated with the more advanced stage of the disease, increased LA dimension and body weight, and decreased FS.
Prevalence 2.7%
MBD, male, advanced stage, left sided enlargement, FS, PH = significantly associated with development of Afib
Association between vitamin D metabolites, vitamin D binding protein, and proteinuria in dogs
Dogs with PLN have decreased serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites.
Urine 25(OH)D-to-creatinine ratio and UPC are correlated in PLN dogs.
Lower concentration of all vitamin D metabolites.
Metabolites positively correlated with albumin and negatively with UPC
Urine vit D to creat ratio was negatively correlated with albumin and positively with UPC =
High vitD:Cr = low albumin and higher UPC.
In people, proteinuria associated with hypovitaminosis D
Serum vitamin D binding protein concentration positively correlated with albumin
Retrospective evaluation of the safety and tolerability of pimobendan in cats with obstructive vs nonobstructive cardiomyopathy
Pimobendan is well tolerated in cats with cardiomyopathy and CHF, regardless of the presence of OTO.
OTO - younger, more likely to have a heart murmur, more likely to have pulmonary edema, less likely to have pleural effusion
Adverse effects 4.6% = 12 cats
- 11 cats with non-obstructive
- 1 cat OTO
- discontinued due to adverse effects in 4 (3 vs. 1)
Most commonly anorexia, vomiting
Acute adverse hemodynamic effects not detected.
Effect of a low-fat diet on serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and lipoprotein profiles in Miniature Schnauzers with hypertriglyceridemia
The study diet was effective in reducing serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and correcting lipoprotein profiles in MS with hypertriglyceridemia.
samples collected 2 and 3 months after diet change
The association of bacteriuria with survival and disease progression in cats with azotemic chronic kidney disease
When treated with antibiotics, positive urine cultures in cats with CKD do not affect disease progression or survival time.
No difference between negative, single, or multiple positive cultures.
No difference in the frequency of CKD progression between true UTI, subclinical bacteriuria, or negative culture .
Lyophilized platelets versus cryopreserved platelets for management of bleeding in thrombocytopenic dogs: A multicenter randomized clinical trial
A novel trehalose-stabilized canine lyophilized platelet product appears to be logistically superior and is clinically non-inferior to DMSO-stabilized canine cryopreserved platelets for management of bleeding in thrombocytopenic dogs.
LP
- superior for change in DOGiBAT score at 1h post transfusion
- non-inferior for change in DOGiBAT at 24h post transfusion
- non-inferior for change in platelet count / need for more blood / survival to discharge
- superior for change in HCT 1h post transfusion
- non-inferior for change in HCT 24h post transfusion
- superior in few 1h post parameters, not worse in all the rest
Aventriculi associated with holoprosencephaly in a dog
10mo MN MBD - poorly controlled seizures
MRI - complete absence of the lateral and third ventricles, mesencephalic aqueduct
Lack of contiguous ventricular system
Histopath showed vestigial ventricles with hypoplastic choroid plexus, atresia of the third ventricle, fused thalami = lobar holoprosencephaly
Congenital malformation
Aventriculi = ventricles didn’t form
Holoprosencephaly forebrain does not divide into two hemispheres
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in drug-resistant idiopathic epilepsy of dogs: A noninvasive neurostimulation technique
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation may be a safe adjunctive treatment option for dogs with drug-resistant IE, but large-scale studies are needed to establish firm conclusions
No adverse effects
Monthly seizure frequency and monthly seizure day frequency decreased in the active groups.
cluster seizures did not change significantly
effects lasted for 4months
Magnetization transfer and diffusion tensor imaging in dogs with intervertebral disk herniation
Mean diffusivity and axial diffusivity could serve as surrogates of severity of spinal cord injury and are complementary to the clinical exam in dogs with thoracolumbar IVDH.
quantitative MRI of the spinal cord obtained at area of compression
- compared measurements between different neurologic grades
chronic myelopathy - higher mean + radial diffusivity and lower MTR and fractional anisotropy
Left ventricular M-mode prediction intervals in 7651 dogs: Population-wide and selected breed-specific values
heart dimensions influences by body weight and breed
study reinforces the value of BW-dependent prediction intervals for cardiac dimensions in dogs.
PIs are valid for most non-sighthound breeds, but not the sighthound breeds
= Sighthounds deviate from intervals
- Newfoundland deviated most
- Most sighthounds had greater cardiac dimensions except Irish Wolfhound
Risk factors for enterococcal bacteriuria in dogs: A retrospective study
Humans - enterococcus UTI associated with u-cath induced inflammation
history of recurrent bacteriuria significantly more common in Enterococcus cases than e. coli controls
Co-morbidities associated with enterococcus UTI
- lower urinary tract anatomic abnormalities = odds ratio 2.94
- urolithiasis
- LUT neoplasia
If the identified risk factors promote Enterococcus spp. colonization in dogs via induced LUT inflammation similar to people then bacteriuria could be a sentinel for LUT inflammation.
Glycemic variability in newly diagnosed diabetic cats treated with the glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue exenatide extended release
The combination of EER, insulin, and a low-carbohydrate diet might be advantageous in the treatment of newly diagnosed diabetic cats.
In humans, adding GLP-1 analogue reduces glycemic variability
With EER - GV lower at 6,10,16 weeks compared to week 1 and placebo week 6 and 10.
Remission had a lower GV than those without remission at week 6.
Serum thyroxine and thyrotropin concentrations decrease with severity of nonthyroidal illness in cats and predict 30-day survival outcome
Cats with non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) commonly develop low serum T4, T3, and TSH concentrations, the prevalence and extent of which increases with disease severity.
Lower t3, t4, and tsh concentrations in the cats that died. No difference in free t4.
Serum T4 and TSH predicted survival.
Consider evaluating thyroid function in cats with severe NTIS, because doing so could help determine probability of successful treatment responses before investing considerable time, effort, and finances in addressing the underlying disease.
Clinical outcomes in dogs with localized splenic histiocytic sarcoma treated with splenectomy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy
Histiocytic sarcoma in dogs can manifest as a localized form in the spleen. Dogs with localized splenic HS treated with surgery ± chemotherapy can experience survival times over a year.
MST 427d
12 dogs adjuvant chemo / 2 did not
36% developed metastatic disease
11 dogs died of disease, 1 unrelated, 2 alive at final follow up.
Localized splenic disease has longer survival times.
Hemophagocytic - worst survival time - 4weeks
Disseminated - 11wks / 78d
Localized - 1y / 398d
With disseminated - spleen commonly involved
Localized - most commonly pulmonary and periarticular
Chemo - lomustine / doxo
Planar and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging in dogs with thyroid tumors: 68 cases
SPECT imaging is a viable imaging technique to screen for thoracic metastasis and wider use of SPECT imaging is recommended in dogs with thyroid neoplasia.
SPECT could improve detection of metastatic disease vs. TXR
Heterogenous uptake 73%
Uptake increased in 56%
Well delineated 55%
Association between
-hormone status and uptake pattern
–> heterogenous in euthyroid
- hormone status and tumor circumscription
–> well circumscribed in hypo and hyperthyroid
Epidemiology of recurrent seizure disorders and epilepsy in cats under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom
Less common than in dogs, RSD and epilepsy still comprise an important disorder group in the UK cat population. Aging is a significant risk factor for these disorders in cats.
1y prevalence 0.16%
25% epilepsy - 0.04 prevalence
Age increased odds of recurrent seizure disorder
Breed, sex, neuter, BW not associated with RSD
3-6y = 3.32x higher odds of epilepsy than <3
Insured more likely to be diagnosed with epilepsy than noninsured.
Early caregiver burden in owners of pets with suspected cancer: Owner psychosocial outcomes, communication behavior, and treatment factors
Caregiver burden is similar in owners of pets with cancer and owners of pets with other diseases. Burden is present in the earliest stages of disease. Major correlates of burden = life-disruptive treatments and schedules
Caregive burden = higher stress, symptoms of depression, lower quality of life
ltrasonographic assessment of abdominal aortic elasticity in hypertensive dogs
Systemic hypertension - increase in arterial blood pressure
Chronic leads to increase in aortic stiffness.
Measuring elasticity useful for estimating stiffness in humans.
Ultrasonographic Ao elasticity assessment was feasible to compare HT and NT dogs.
Results indicated that K (caudal to left renal artery) _AoSt and I (cranial to external iliac) _AoSt indices can be used to assess SH-related Ao stiffness, especially when indirect BP measurements are inconsistent or inaccurate.
Both measurements in hypertensive dogs were lower than normotensive dogs.
Only K_AoST influenced by age.
Efficacy of adding ramipril (VAsotop) to the combination of furosemide (Lasix) and pimobendan (VEtmedin) in dogs with mitral valve degeneration: The VALVE trial
Study effects of adding ACEi to combo of pimo/furosemide
Addition of the ACEI ramipril to pimobendan and furosemide did not have any beneficial effect on survival time in dogs with CHF secondary to MMVD.
Triple therapy did not extend survival time.
87% reached endpoint
median to endpoint 214d
Hyperlipasemia in critically ill dogs with and without acute pancreatitis: Prevalence, underlying diseases, predictors, and outcome
Seen in humans without evidence of AP and associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
DGGR increased >3x URI at admission in 16% of dogs.
32% had AP.
Other conditions - renal, endocrine, immune mediated, upper airway.
Predictors of hyperlipasemia
- glucocorticoid admin
- vomiting / abdominal pain
- age
- bilirubin
- creat
- decreased HCT
23% hyperlipasemia in dogs with repeat measurements
17% AP
- development in hospital diseases: renal, immune mediated
Predictors of developing
- hemodialysis
- increased bilirubin and creat
- decreased hct
Associated with longer hospitalizations and mortality
Significant DGGR-hyperlipasemia is frequent in critically ill dogs and associated with a variety of nonpancreatic conditions and negative outcome.
Development and internal validation of a prediction tool to aid the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome in dogs attending primary-care practice
Tool developed with good predictive performance.
Predictor variables - sex, breed, age, PD, vomiting, potbelly/hepatomegaly, alopecia, pruritus, ALKP, USG.
Assessment of urinary 15-F2-isoprostanes in dogs with urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder and other lower urinary tract diseases
Urinary F2-isoprostanes are not useful for the detection of UC in dogs.
Urinary diseases higher isoprostanes compared to controls although similar in dogs with cancer vs other.
Cancer - higher measures of proteinuria, hematuria, and epithelial cells on UA.
Precision medicine identifies a pathogenic variant of the ITGA2B gene responsible for Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia in a cat
Male cat presenting with epistaxis, bladder hemorrhage, and secondary UO after cysto = bleeding disorder
Impairment in platelet aggregation in response to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and AA (arachidonic acid) compared to control.
Expression of integrin allbB3 absent.
homozygous frameshift variant in the integrin subunit allb gene not detected in control.
ITGA2B varriant
Risk factors for adverse events occurring after recovery from stereotactic brain biopsy in dogs with primary intracranial neoplasia
Stereotactic brain biopsy (SBB) allows for histopathologic diagnosis of brain tumors. Adverse events (AE) occur in 5 to 29% of dogs after SBB, but risk factors associated with developing AE are poorly described.
AE - 27%
Transient in 88%
Most resolve within 1 week.
Cases more likely to have T2 weighted heterogneous tumors and lower platelet counts.
Dogs with gradient echo signal voids on baseline imaging more likely to have hemorrhage after biopsy (88%).
PLT count ideally > 185,000 minimize risk.
Intracranial hemorrhage after biopsy can have important clinical implications, as this was observed in 88% of dogs with AE.
Prospective evaluation of the lymph node proteome in dogs with multicentric lymphoma supplemented with sulforaphane
Epigenetic changes linked to pathogenesis in humans and dogs and poor prognosis in humans.
Sulforaphane (SFN) - epigenetic targeting compound
Goal to examine supplementation of SFN on lymph node proteome of dogs.
No clinical response and no adverse events attributed to SFN.
For individual dogs, the expression of up to 650 proteins changed by at least 2-fold (range, 2-100) after supplementation with SFN.
14 proteins downregulated
10 upregulated
Proteins and gene sets impacted by SFN were commonly involved in immunity, response to oxidative stress, gene transcription, apoptosis, protein transport, maturation and ubiquitination.
SFN associated with major changes in the proteome of neoplastic lymphocytes in dogs.
Prevalence of seizures in dogs and cats with idiopathic internal hydrocephalus and seizure prevalence after implantation of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt
Seizure prevalence in pets with internal hydrocephalus = 1.7%
Seizures were not observed in the 2y period after surgery to implant ventriculoperitoneal shunt.
Seizure prevalence in dogs and cats diagnosed with hydrocephalus internus is low. Seizures in association with VPS do not seem to be a complication of the procedure.
Toxicosis with grapes or raisins causing acute kidney injury and neurological signs in dogs
Toxicosis –> severe AKI (grade 4 or 5)
73% had neurologic signs = forebrain, cerebellar, or vestibular
Neuro signs not associated with severity of azotemia or presence of hypertension.
53% survived (8 dogs)
5 experienced neurologic recovery
Cause of death unrelated to neuro signs.
- Severe forebrain, cerebellar, or vestibular signs may occur
- early clinical picture.
- reversible functional brain injury specific to GRT
- unrelated to uremia.
An artificial neural network-based model to predict chronic kidney disease in aged cats
model generated that identified cats in the general population ≥7 years of age that are at risk of developing CKD within 12 months.
- recommend further testing and frequent monitoring in these pets
- predictions were based on single visits using common clinical variables.
Accuracy 88%
Sensitivity 87%
Specificity 70%
PPV 53%
NPV 92%
Alternate decision threshold increased specificity and PPV but decreased sensitivity and NPV.
Protease inhibitors, inflammatory markers, and their association with outcome in dogs with naturally occurring acute pancreatitis
Acute panc = protease activation, inhibitor depletion, and inflammatory mediator secretion
Systemic inflammation with AP = increased inflammatory mediator concentrations,
correlating with cPLI and CRP concentrations.
Hypoantithrombinemia is associated with death.
Serum concentrations of α2AP (a2 antiplasmin activity) and α1PI (a1 proteinase inhibitor) are less useful prognostic markers.
The CAPS (canine acute pancreatitis severity score) is a useful prognostic marker in dogs with AP.
Mortality rate 19%
Antithrombin activity lower
CRP, IL6, TNFa higher
a2-macroglobulin not reliably detected
IL2, IL8, a1PI, a2AP did not differ between groups
cPLI, CRP, IL6 = POSITIVELY correlated
higher CAPS scores = decreased ATA, increased CPLI, CRP, IL6
The effect of combined carprofen and omeprazole administration on gastrointestinal permeability and inflammation in dogs
Omeprazole prophylaxis induces fecal dysbiosis and increases intestinal inflammatory markers when coadministered with carprofen to otherwise healthy dogs with no other risk factors for GI bleeding.
Co-admin significantly increased fecal calprotectin and DI compared to baseline or carprofen alone!!!!
Fecal calprotectin concentrations differed between treatments.
Dysbiosis index differed.
Serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and plasma iohexol did not differ.
The ultrasonographic medullary “rim sign” (MRS) versus medullary “band sign” in cats and their association with renal disease
MRS = hyperechoic line in renal medulla
MRS had 2 distinct aspects
- thin hyperechoic band with well defined margins (MRS LINE) = 59%
- thick hyperechoic band with ill defined margins (MRS BAND) = 74%
MRS line more frequent in cats WITHOUT kidney disease
MRS band more frequent in cats WITH kidney disease
A thick hyperechoic ill-defined band (for which the term medullary band sign is proposed) was more frequently associated with KD, whereas a thin hyperechoic well-defined line (true MRS) may be seen in cats with or without KD.
Comparative analysis of the effect of PO administered acid suppressants on gastric pH in healthy cats
Orally administered esomeprazole might be a superior acid suppressant in cats compared to PO lansoprazole or dexlansoprazole.
Esomeprazole only drug that achieved goals defined for people for the treatment of duodenal ulceration by day 4.
lansoprazole lower mean percentage time of intragastric pH greater than 3 and mean pH than did dexlansoprazole or esomeprazole.
Lansoprazole worse than other two.
No significant differences between dexlansoprazole or esomeprazole.
Neutrophil extracellular traps in stored canine red blood cell units
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) = webs of DNA and citrullinated histones extruded from activated neutrophils
NETs can cause TRALI
NETosis occurs in stored canine non-leukoreduced RBC units, and is attenuated by leukoreduction before storage.
NETs might be mediators of transfusion reactions.
Markers of NETs increased during RBC storage and were higher in NLR vs. LR units.
Effects of metronidazole on the fecal microbiome and metabolome in healthy dogs
minimum 4-week effect of metronidazole on fecal microbiome and metabolome
USE WITH CAUTION
Metro changes microbiome composition
- decreased richness
- decrease fusobacteria
- did NOT fully resolve after 4 weeks
- DI increased
- increased fecal total lactate
- decreased fecal bile acids
Bile duct obstruction associated with pancreatitis in 46 dogs
Results in prolonged illness
May improve clinically despite biochemical evidence of progression of EHBDO
79% survived
94% of survivors - medical management alone
time from onset CS to increase in bilirubin = 7d
to peak bilirubin = 8d
to initial decline = 15d
onset CS to outcome = 13
median bile duct dilation at time of diagnosis and peak bilirubin were not different between survivors and non-survivors
Biomarker changes with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
For cats with HCM and equivalent LA size and LV systolic function, those with SAM had higher NT-proBNP and cTnI concentrations than did those without SAM.
Presence of SAM considered when interpreting biomarker concentrations in cats with HCM.
In general linear models for both NT-proBNP and cTnI, the independent explanatory variables were SAM, congestive heart failure, maximal LV wall thickness, and LA size.
Efficacy of intramuscular hydroxocobalamin (OH-Cbl) supplementation in cats with cobalamin deficiency and gastrointestinal disease
OH-Cbl injection scheme appears efficacious for normalization of cellular Cbl deficiency in cats with gastrointestinal disease.
four 300mcg injections IM every 2 weeks
Humans - IM hydroxocobalamin superior to cyanocobalamin
clinical disease activity score decreased
serum cobalamin increased, then decreased into normal levels
methylmalonic acid (MMA) ultimately normalized in most cats
- in metabolism, methylmalonyl CoA –> succinylCoA via methylmalonyl mutase.
- in cobalamin deficient cats, decrease in mutase activity = increased MMA in serum
- measure MMA detects availability of cobalamin for cells and is test of choice to detect cobalamin deficiency in people
Low cobalamin = high MMA
Work, life, and the gender effect: Perspectives of ACVIM Diplomates in 2017. Part 2—The intersection of personal life and professional career
The intersection of personal and professional life differs between men and women in the ACVIM, which may create different needs, preferences, or barriers to work-life balance in the workforce.
Men more likely to be married and have children.
Women had or adopted children later than men.
Career stage more influential in planning then men.
People with children worked fewer hours.
Work, life, and the gender effect: Perspectives of ACVIM Diplomates in 2017. Part 1—Specialty demographics and measures of professional achievement
Specialization in the ACVIM is a satisfying and potentially profitable career. Despite a highly feminized workforce, significant gender-related imbalances are evident.
75% women and 25% men
Academia - worked more hours, less money
Women less likely to report full time job, practice ownership, or higher academic rank
20% lower income in women
83% satisfied or better with career
Outcome and treatments of dogs with aortic thrombosis: 100 cases (1997-2014)
Dogs with ATh have a poor prognosis, with nonambulatory dogs at the time of presentation having worse outcome. Although the presence of comorbid conditions associated with hypercoagulability is common, an underlying cause for ATh was not always identified.
35% non-ambulatory
27% acute
72% chronic
54% predisposing co-morbidity
23% multiple comorbidities
Co-morbidities
- PLN (32)
- neoplasia (22)
- corticosteroids (16)
- endocrine disease (13)
- infection (9)
Dogs with PLN had lower antithrombin activity.
Ambulation significantly correlated with survival to discharge.
Long-term clinical and magnetic resonance imaging follow-up of dogs with osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy
This study of dogs with OA-CSM did not identify clinical or MRI progression of lesions in the majority of dogs.
progression of articular process irregularities
- C3-4
- C6-7
significant decreases in vetebral canal and spinal cord areas
- C4-5
- C6-7
Clinical response to 2 protocols of aerosolized gentamicin in 46 dogs with Bordetella bronchiseptica infection (2012-2018)
Aerosolized delivery of gentamicin seems effective for inducing clinical cure in Bb infection. Clinical response appears better using undiluted 5% solution, particularly in the subgroup of dogs having less than 1000 cells/μL in lavage.
aerosolized gentamicin for greater than 10mins q12 for greater than 3 weeks using 4mg/kg
- diluted vs undiluted
cure - absence of cough persisting at least a week after treatment interuption
cure at 3-4 weeks (first check) more frequent with undiluted solution and dogs that had less than 1000cells/uL
A deletion of IDUA exon 10 in a family of Golden Retriever dogs with an attenuated form of mucopolysaccharidosis type I
Mucopolysaccharidosis type 1 = lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of enzyme a-L-iduronidase
= accumulation of dermatan and heparan sulfates
- leads to multiorgan dysfunction.
Analysis of the genotype/phenotype correlation in this dog family suggests that dogs with MPS-I could have a less severe phenotype than humans, even in the presence of severe mutations. Treatment with pentosan polyphosphate should be considered in dogs with MPS-I as it improves clinical signs.
Euthanasia at 4.5y
Deletion of IDUA exon 10 in a family of golden retriever dogs
homozygous
Risk factors associated with progressive increases in serum creatinine concentrations in cats with cancer receiving doxorubicin
CKD present in 41% cats receiving doxorubicin in this study
34% of those cats developed an increase in creat (more than 0.3)
14% had increase greater than 50% of baseline
mean time to increase was 119d
mean 2.8 doses administered
neutropenia or anemia with chemo and number of radiation therapy treatments under anesthesia were risk factors for creat increase
single agent doxo had higher risk of increase in creat than cats receiving CHOP
Progressive increases in serum creatinine concentration from baseline were common in cats receiving doxorubicin and associated risk factors were identified (neutropenia, anemia, anesthetic radiation events).
Vestibular disease in dogs under UK primary veterinary care: Epidemiology and clinical management
Strong breed dispositions for VD.
Prevalence 8 per 10k dogs
age @ dx = 12.68y
Breeds:
Frenchies (OR: 9.25)
Bulldogs (OR 6.53)
King Charles Spaniel (OR: 4.96)
CKCS (OR: 3.56)
Springer Spaniel (OR: 3.37)
Low referral rates for VD. (3.6%)
Presenting signs
- head tilt 70%
- nystagmus 68%
- ataxia 65%
Tx
- antiemetics
43%
- glucocorticoids 33%
- abx 25%
- propentofylline 25%
Improvement in 42% cases after median of 4d.
Echocardiographic predictors of first onset of atrial fibrillation in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease
Absolute cardiac diameters (left atrial diameter and left ventricular internal diameter in diastole) and Left Atrial Speckle Tracking Echocardiography (in particular, Peak Atrial Longitudinal Strain) are useful echocardiographic predictors for the development of AF in dogs with MMVD.
PALS greater than or equal to 28% predicted AF
- sensitivity 80%
- specificity 65%
Efficacy of oral torasemide in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease and new onset congestive heart failure: The CARPODIEM study
Torasemide was noninferior to furosemide as first line PO treatment for new onset CHF caused by DMVD.
Torasemide significantly decreased risk of cardiac-related death or premature study withdrawal for cardiac reasons compared to furosemide.
Torasemide
= longer time to endpoint
= less than half as likely to experience death, euthanasia, or premature study withdrawal
Long-term outcome of Miniature Schnauzers with genetically confirmed demyelinating polyneuropathy: 12 cases
Demyelinating polyneuropathy of Miniature Schnauzers tends to remain stable over the long term leading to a good prognosis with preventive feeding measures and symptomatic treatment to control aspiration pneumonia.
- focally folded myelin sheaths
- similar to charcot-marie-tooth disease
- genetic variant of MTRM13/SBF2
- homozygous
CS
- Regurgitation with megaesophagus
- Aphonic bark
+/- neuromuscular weakness
age of onset 3-18mos
clinical presentation 4-96mos
Symptomatic tx
- elevating head
- antacids
- prokinetics
- bethanechol
- sildenafil
- mirtaz
Clinical signs do not resolve / change
Aspiration is a risk
Clinical assessment of heartworm-infected Beagles treated with a combination of imidacloprid/moxidectin (advantage multi) and doxycycline, or untreated
aka slow kill
protocol well tolerated with no clinically relevant adverse effects
ALT and ALKP significantly higher in treated group
HW disease on imaging observed in both groups - no significant differences
Fewer heartworms in treated dogs
Mean pulmonary aterial thrombus score was significantly higher in treated group.
Studies show slow kill shows 95.9% efficacy in eliminating sexually mature adult heartworms after 10mos and microfilariae within 21d — different study, same dogs
Traumatic skull fractures in dogs and cats: A comparative analysis of neurological and computed tomographic features
Traumatic skull fracture distribution and patterns are different between dogs and cats.
Cranial vault fractures were associated with neurological deficits and worse survival. Especially with depressed fractures.
Cranial vault factures fragmented and displaced - more likely death
TSF alone should not be considered a negative prognostic factor because most affected animals (85%) survived the first week.
dogs
- cranial vault
cats
- face and base of cranium
- multiple fractures
Facial region - less likely to have neurologic signs
Acquired factor V inhibitors after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a dog
Stem cell transplant for B-cell lymphoma
acquired circulating factor 5 inhibitors resulting in clinical bleeding
immunosuppression required for treatment to stop hemorrhage
Utility of radiographic measurements to predict echocardiographic left heart enlargement in dogs with preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease
Vertebral heart size greater than 11.7 identified dogs with left heart enlargement on echo.
Vertebral heart size less than 10.8 excluded dogs with left heart enlargement on echoc.
Large percent of dogs had VHS values intermediate to these cut points.
Evaluation of cross-linked gelatin as a bulking agent for the management of urinary sphincter mechanism incompetence in female dogs
VetFoam is an apparently safe, effective novel bulking agent, which can be used as an alternative for the management of USMI.
22 injection procedures in 15 dogs
5 dogs needed more than one procedure
age 9y
median continence score increased compared to before
continence
- 13/15 dogs (87%) after first procedure
- 7/7 (100%) after second procedure
91% procedures resulted in high continence scores at first follow up
Median duration of continence 11.1 months
1 dog developed self limiting stranguria, pollakiuria, tenesmus
Colorectal basidiobolomycosis in a dog
7y MN Frenchie presenting for chronic large intestinal enteropathy
colonic mass and thickened rectal mucosa
eosinophilic proctitis
large, irregularly shaped hyphae GMS and PAS positive
Basidiobolus ranarum
Itraconazole, terbinafine, pred tx
CS and sonographic lesions absent after 6 wees
Tx discontinued @ 15 weeks by owner
Three weeks later - acute collapse, euth
metastatic islet cell carcinoma
grossly unremarkable rectal tissue but histopath showed fungal lesions
Hypertension, retinopathy, and acute kidney injury in dogs: A prospective study
SH common in dogs with AKI.
SH might be associated with fluid overload which is associated with non-survival.
Monitoring for SH and FO.
Prevalence SH 75%
56% severe = greater than 180
16% hypertensive retinopathy
77% urine protein creatinine ratio greater than 0.5
42% had fluid overload at some point
No association between SH and IRIS AKI grade, oligo/anuria, survival to discharge, duration of hosp, or proteinuria.
Fluid overload at presentation were more likely to be hypertensive at admission.
Dogs that did not survive were more likely to have fluid overload.
Genetic and environmental risk for lymphoma in boxer dogs
humans - non-hodgkin lymphoma associated with environmental chemical exposures and risk is enhanced by genetic variants in glutathione s-transferases (GST) enzymes
hypothesized that boxers (risk breed) would have a higher prevalence of GST variants and greater accumulated DNA damage.
endogenous DNA damage did not differ between boxers and non-boxers
Boxers with lymphoma more likely to live within 10miles of nuclear power plant and 2 miles of chemical supplier or crematorium.
Lymphoma risk was not modulated by known canine GST variants.
Proximity to nuclear power plants, chemical suppliers, and crematoria were significant risk factors for lymphoma in this population of boxers. These results support the hypothesis that aggregate exposures to environmental chemicals and industrial waste may contribute to lymphoma risk in dogs.
Classification of myasthenia gravis and congenital myasthenic syndromes in dogs and cats
Myasthenia - impaired neuromuscular transmission
- acquired vs. congenital
Myasthenia gravis is an acquired autoimmune disorder with autoantibodies against the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle.
Congenital = clinical heterogenous
MG Presentation
- focal
- generalized
- acute fulminating
Sub-classified based on
- autoimmune disease mechanism
- thymoma
- thiourylene medication cats
- seronegativity
Congenital classification based on
- affected NMJ component
- mechanism of defect
- affected protein
- mutated gene responsible
Effect of prior general anesthesia or sedation and antiseizure drugs on the diagnostic utility of wireless video electroencephalography in dogs
determine effects of sedation, general anesthesia, or anti-seizure drugs on ambulatory wireless video electroencephalography (AEEG) used to discriminate epileptic seizures from non-epileptic episodes
Sedation/GA and concurrent ASD administration were not identified as confounding factors for decreasing AEEG diagnostic capability nor did they delay the time to first abnormality. A 4-hour minimal recording period is recommended.
AEEG diagnostic in 60% of dogs
including 49% of sedation/GA dogs and 68% of dogs that received neither
AEEG diagnostic in in 51% of seizure dogs and 66% untreated.
95% of dogs had at least 1 abnormality within 277 minutes.
Autologous cancer cell vaccination, adoptive T-cell transfer, and interleukin-2 administration results in long-term survival for companion dogs with osteosarcoma
This immunotherapy protocol without cytotoxic chemotherapy is safe and tolerable. Compared to historical amputation reports, survival was notably prolonged in this group of patients.
Autologous cancer cell vaccinations administered
Leukopheresis
MNC products stimulated ex vivo with T-cell activating agents.
Activated product tranfused and 5 SQ IL-2 injections were given q48h.
Monitored for 3 months .
Autologous cancer cell vaccine and activated cellular therapy products successfully generated.
median disease free interval 213d.
1 dog developed cutaneous metastasis which spontaneously resolved.
MST 415d
Five dogs survived longer than 730d.
Evaluation of nutrient content and caloric density in commercially available foods formulated for senior cats
evaluated nutrient concentrations in all senior cat foods met AAFCO values for adult maintenance.
Foods for senior cats had higher crude fiber content when compared to adult cat diets.
No significant differences in crude protein, crude fat, or mineral concentrations between adult and senior.
Foods marketed for senior cats are highly variable in their caloric density and nutrient content.
Except for crude fiber, are similar to foods for adult cats.
Veterinarians should avoid broad recommendations regarding commercially available foods for senior cats, and dietary recommendations should reflect the patient’s individual needs.
Reproducibility of echocardiographic indices of left atrial size in dogs with subclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease
LA/Ao was the least reproducible and most dependent on operator.
Linear measurements exhibited less within day, between day, and inter-operator variability than did volume measurements.
LA/Ao - greater variability than other linear measurements
Clinicopathologic characteristics, pathology, and prognosis of 77 dogs with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Most dogs with FSGS = female (62%)
Commonly hypertensive
Azotemia, severe hypoalbuminemia, ascites or edema observed infrequently.
Albumin (<2) and creatinine (>2.1) associated with shorter survival.
Incidence of FSGS among all dogs biopsied for proteinuria 26%.
At time of bx, medians
- creat 1.2
- alb 2.8
- SBP 153
- UPC 5.9
MST after bx 258d
Upper digestive tract abnormalities in dogs with chronic idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis (CILPR).
All dogs (25) had CLIPR.
22 dogs had endoscopic GI lesions.
13 dogs had GI signs.
Marked improvement in respiratory signs when treated for only GI signs.
Nasal and upper digestive tract abnormalities coexist in some dogs with CILPR.
Lack of standardized therapeutic protocols suggests caution when interpreting improvement in nasal clinical signs.
Prevalence and risk factors associated with systemic hypertension in dogs with spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism
SH common with HAC. Recommend routinely assessing BP, especially if thrombocytosis, proteinura, or hypokalemia are present.
Prevalence of SH 82%
Severe SH 46%
All dogs with thrombocytosis had SH.
PLT count >438 was 100% specific and 61% sensitive.
Mean K levels lower in hypertensive dogs.
UPC > 0.5 had higher SBP than without proteinuria.
Concurrent DM - reduced risk of SH
Ultrasonographic features and prevalence of presumed gastric wall edema in dogs with hypoalbuminemia
Gastric wall edema is a common finding in dogs with hypoalbuminemia.
- prevalence 21%
- mean gastric wall thickness 10mm
- preserved mucosa, thickened submucosa
Diffuse wall thickening in 3 dogs.
all dogs had effusion
Albumin concentrations did not correlate with the gastric wall thickness.
Suspected congenital hyperinsulinism in a Shiba Inu dog
Case report
3mo ME Shiba presenting for evaluation of seizures
seizure frequency remained unchanged despite pheno and keppra.
markedly hypoglycemic during a seizure episode
insulin concentrations HIGH during hypoglycemia
Tx: frequent feedings and diazoxide
- drug blocks release of insulin from pancreas
d/c anti-seizure medications and remained seizure free until 3yo
seizures reoccurred @ 2x per year and after exertion
Glucose monitoring adjusted diazoxide dose
First report in vet medicine.
Relationship between ultrasonographically determined renal dimensions and International Renal Interest Society stages in cats with chronic kidney disease
Decreased renal cortical thickness is observed in cats with loss of renal function. Measurement of cortical thickness using ultrasonography could be a useful method to evaluate the progression of CKD in cats.
cortical thickness decreased in all groups and negatively correlated with disease severity.
- stronger linear correlation with the reciprocal of serum creatinine
Left kidney 4.7mm cutoff
- sensitivity 90%
- specificity 94.7%
Right kidney cutoff 4.5mm
- sensitivity 83.8%
- specificity 94.7%
Prevalence and characterization of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs with signs of chronic gastrointestinal disease: A multicenter study
The prevalence of HA among dogs with chronic SGD is higher than in the general population. Based on these results, testing adrenal function should be performed as a standard screening test in dogs with chronic SGD to differentiate between HA and chronic enteropathies.
151 dogs with signs of GI disease
cortisol
- <3 53%
- <2 28%
- <1 6% (9 dogs)
6/151 dogs = Addison’s
prevalence 4%
(versus prevalence of 0.06 to 0.28% general population)
no difference in history, PE, or labs between dogs with HA vs. without.
electrolyte abnormalities not noted
4/6 dogs with HA - melena or hematochezia
Common addison’s breed
- Portuguese water dogs
- standard poodles
- bearded collies
- cairn terriers
- cocker spaniels
Genetic predisposition
- nova scotia duck tolling retriever
- leonberger
- pomeranian
Highest prevalence in great pyrenees = 9.7%
Primary HA - slowly progressive immune mediated destruction and consecutive atrophy of adrenal cortex
CS
- anorexia 89%
- vomiting 72%
- weight loss 42%
- diarrhea 35%
Application of therapeutic plasma exchange in dogs with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
Case report.
Application of centrifugal TPE in 4 dogs with IMT.
All dogs with severe hemorrhage requiring 1+ transfusions, unresponsive to therapy, or both.
3 sequential centrifugal TPE session.
4.0-4.9 plasma volumes exchanged per dog.
3 dogs - TPE improvement in clinical manifestations of bleeding and PLT count in combo with immunosuppressive drugs.
1 dog euth.
TPE safe and may be useful.
Amyloid-beta plasma and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in aged dogs with cognitive dysfunction syndrome
Cognitive dysfunction syndrome - progressive neurodegenerative disease
quantify Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptides in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to investigate their contribution to CCDS.
total AB42/40 discriminated between mildly cognitively impaired and unimpaired.
CSF AB42 higher in unimpared than mildly impaired.
CSF AB42 levels correlated with CP fragment.
Plasma bound AB42 higher in mildly impaired compared to other aged dogs.
Conclusion
- Aβ should be determined in all of the 3 plasma fractions (TP, FP, CP).
- In the clinical approach, TPAβ42/40 could be used as an efficient preselection tool for the aged canine population targeting dogs with mild cognitive impairment.
Ambulatory electrocardiography and serum cardiac troponin I measurement in 21 dogs envenomated by the European adder (Vipera berus)
Myocardial cell injury, reflected by increased cTnI concentrations and Ventricular Arrhythmias (VA), is common after V berus envenomation in dogs. Prolonged electrocardiography monitoring is advised, particularly where cTnI is increased.
57% developed arrhythmias
- all ventricular
29% severe complex VA
81% increased cTnI
developed arrhythmias - higher cTnI at 12h, 24h, 36h.
snake bite severity score was not associated with arrhythmia grade.
Vitamin D status in cats with cardiomyopathy
Cat age negatively related to vitamin D status.
Summation vitaminD lower in CM cats compared to normal cats both before and after accounting for age.
25(OH)D3 Concentrations became non-significant between groups after age was included.
Summation vitamin D was positively related to survival time and fractional shortening.
Negatively related to left atrial enlargement severity (before and after age). = lower vitD, more enlargement
25(OH)D3 alone, survival time and FS remained significant after including age.
Conclusions:
- Age had an important (negative) relationship to vitamin D status.
- After accounting for age, summation vitD was lower in CM cats.
- Vitamin D status was related positively to survival time and FS, but negatively to LAE severity.
Decline in prevalence of congenital sensorineural deafness in Dalmatian dogs in the United Kingdom
Most common type of deafness in Dalmatian dogs = congenital sensorineural deafness
decrease in prevalence and genetic risk = due to selective breeding for hearing dogs
prevalence CSD 18%
- 13% unilateral
- 4% bilateral
Heritability 0.3, significantly greater than 0.
Genetic correlations between CSD and blue irises (positive) and pigmented head patch (negative).
Avoided breeding with the 4 to 5% of animals with highest genetic risk.
Randomized controlled clinical study evaluating the efficacy and safety of intratumoral treatment of canine mast cell tumors with tigilanol tiglate (EBC-46)
Stelfonta is efficacious and well tolerated, providing a new option for the local treatment of MCTs in dogs.
Single treatment 75% complete response by 28d.
No recurrence 93% of dogs by 84d.
Dogs that did not achieve CR first time, did with second treatment.
Overall CR 88%
Wound formation after tumor slough and wound size relative to tumor volume strongly associated with efficacy.
Side effects - low grade and transient
Detection of silent reflux events by nuclear scintigraphy in healthy dogs
Reflux of variable magnitude detected in 12/12 dogs.
Recumbency did not affect.
Most reflux to the pharynx, then parts of esophagus (middle, proximal = distal).
Median reflux frequency = 2 events per 5 minutes.
Duration = 6s.
No detectable aspiration.
Nuclear scintigraphy can document reflux in dogs. Reflux, but not aspiration, is common in healthy dogs and must be considered when interpreting results in clinically affected dogs.
Laboratory assessment of trilostane treatment in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism
Testing does not consistently discriminate among adequate dosing (A), overdosing (O), or under-dosing (U).
No single variable or group of variables reliably discriminated A dogs from U dogs during trilostane treatment for PDH.
Trilostane suppresses serum cortisol concentrations within 1 hour of administration and it’s duration of action in most PDH dogs is less than 8 hours.
Ultrasonographic assessment of the effect of metoclopramide, erythromycin, and exenatide on solid-phase gastric emptying in healthy cats
Data on gastrointestinal motility-modifying drugs in cats is limited
Metoclopramide and erythromycin shorten gastric emptying times and increase the motility index of antral contractions. = prokinetic effect in healthy cats.
Exenatide = delays gastric emptying.
Assessment of serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and creatinine concentrations in hyperthyroid cats before and after a fixed dose of orally administered radioiodine
Discordant outcomes between SDMA and creatinine after radioiodine treatment in cats with hyperthyroidism suggest extrarenal factors may interfere with the reliability of SDMA to adequately reflect renal function. As a result, SDMA should not be interpreted in isolation in hyperthyroid cats treated with radioiodine.
mean SDMA concentration increased after tx
1/3 (21) cats had a decrease in SDMA
Creatinine decreased in 2 cats.
Correlation between SDMA and creat at T1 but not T0.
Poor agreement between SDMA and creat and CKD stage @ T1.
Survival characteristics and prognostic importance of echocardiographic measurements of right heart size and function in dogs with pulmonary hypertension
Right atrial area, RV function, and right heart failure offer clinically relevant prognostic information in dogs with PH.
– aka associated with shorter survival
Results support the quantitative assessment of right heart size and function in dogs with PH.
Enlarged of RA = 88%
Enlarged PA = 72%
Enlarged RV = 69%
1/3 cases had decreased RV function - quantified by TAPSE.
Decreased TAPSE significantly more common in dogs with PH not secondary to LHD.
MST similar across cause.
MST 192d
Palliative ventriculoperitoneal shunting in dogs with obstructive hydrocephalus caused by tumors affecting the third ventricle
Ventriculoperitoneal shunting is a rapid and effective treatment for patients with obstructive (hypertensive) hydrocephalus caused by tumors located within the third ventricle.
@ dx - all patients had acute and rapidly progressive intracranial CS
all dogs had homogeneously enhancing mass occupying 3rd ventricle causing obstructive hydrocephalus
VPS of most dilated lateral ventricle
Excellent clinical improvement noted after sx in all dogs.
3 patients required a second shunt in contralateral ventricle.
Evaluation of profibrotic gene transcription in renal tissues from cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease
Kidneys from cats with CKD had significantly higher transcript levels of HIF1A, MMP2, MMP7, MMP9, TIMP1, and TGFB1.
Lower levels of VEGFA.
MMP7 and TIMP1 positively associated with serum creatinine in cats with CKD.
MMP2, MMP7, TIMP1 positively associated with histologic score severity.
VEGFA negatively associated with histologic score severity.
Evaluation of the expression of the corresponding proteins in larger populations could identify therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in cats.
Long-term postoperative pain evaluation in dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation after hemilaminectomy
Mechanical sensory thresholds normalize by 6 months after surgery in most dogs with SCI. Approximately 15% of SCI dogs may develop chronic neuropathic pain. Improving long-term pain assessment of SCI dogs is important for offering treatment options and advising owners.
At incision site, mechanical sensory thresholds were lower for 42 days post-op, then not after. = pain initially, then resolves.
4/27 dogs had control site MST below reference range 1 year after surgery. = chronic neuropathic pain.
Evaluation of a 3-dimensional ultrasound device for noninvasive measurement of urinary bladder volume in dogs
Accurate, though imprecise quantification of bladder volume in dogs greater than 5.5kg.
Interuser variability.
mean urine volume varied by operator, device setting, and weight.
Man setting = near catheterized volumes
> 5.5kg - mean difference between man setting and catheterized measurements was not significantly different, regardless of operator.
Retrospective study of the diagnostic utility of Spec fPL in the assessment of 274 sick cats
> 5.3 = positive
<3.5 = negative
lower proportion of false positives than false negatives.
A positive Spec fPL result indicates that pancreatitis is a probable diagnosis, but the test cannot be used to rule the diagnosis out.
Bicavitary eosinophilic effusion in a dog with coccidioidomycosis
Presenting for vomiting and labored breathing.
Pleural and peritoneal effusion - neutrophilic inflammation with eosinophilic component
positive IgM and IgG titers
Tx with fluconazole 6mos
CS and effusions improved after 6wks
3 months after tx - bony lesion
Periventricular nodular heterotopia in a Chihuahua
Neuronal malformation
3mo FE Chihuahua presenting for epileptic seizures and abnormalities in gait and behavior.
Multifocal neurolocalization - forebrain and spinovestibular
MRI - multiple bilateral periventricular nodules and ventriculomegaly
Histology - periventricular nodules = neurons, fewer astrocytes, oligodendroglia
Migration disorder where neuronal cells fail to migrate normally during development
Heterotopia = ectopic neuron clusters
Gray matter heterotopia
- subcortical
- band
- periventricular
Antiviral treatment using the adenosine nucleoside analogue GS-441524 in cats with clinically diagnosed neurological feline infectious peritonitis
4 cases of neuro FIP treated with GS-441524 for 12 weeks.
All cats had positive response.
3 cats alive off treatment with normal PE
1 cat euthanized after relapses
May result in clearance and long term resolution of neuro FIP.
CNS doses may need to be higher.
Acute on chronic kidney disease in cats: Etiology, clinical and clinicopathologic findings, prognostic markers, and outcome
Clinical Signs
- anorexia 85%
- lethargy 60%
- weight loss 39%
- vomiting 27%
Etiologies
- ureteral obstruction 11%
- renal ischemia 9%
- pyelo 8%
- other 6%
- unknown 66%
Hospitalization longer in survivors (7d) vs non (3d).
Survival rate to discharge 58%
Age, creat, urea, P higher in non-survivors
pH lower in non-survivors
Phos associated with short term outcome
Survivors - MST 66d after discharge
Creat @ presentation and discharge associated with long term survival.
The short-term prognosis of ACKD is comparable to acute kidney injury, while the long-term prognosis is guarded.
Pharmacokinetics of multivesicular liposomal encapsulated cytarabine when administered subcutaneously in dogs
In healthy dogs, SC liposomal cytarabine administration at 50 mg/m2 results in measurable plasma cytarabine concentrations, is apparently safe and well tolerated, but does not result in prolonged cytotoxic plasma concentrations. Poor absorption of LC prevented establishment of a complete LC PK profile.
time to reach max plasma concentration 2h
plasma bioavailability 19.6 - 31.3%
PK profiles of free cytarabine SQ and IV admin differed when compared to lysosomal cytarabine.
Association between anesthesia duration and outcome in dogs with surgically treated acute severe spinal cord injury caused by thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation
indings support a negative association between increased duration of anesthesia and outcome in this group of dogs. However, the retrospective nature of the data does not imply a causal relationship.
61% dogs ambulatory within 1 year
38% dogs failed to recover
- 24% euth due to progressive myelomalacia
Anesthesia duration of dogs that were ambulatory within 1 year - 4 hrs
VERSUS
those that did not - 4.5hrs
significant negative association between duration of sx + total anesthesia time and ambulation at 1 year when controlling body weight and number of disk spaces operated on
More anesthesia / sx time = worse outcome
Brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings in a Beagle dog with genetically confirmed Lafora disease
Lafora disease - genetic autosomal recessive disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of polyglucosan inclusions (Lafora bodies).
- leads to neurologic dysfunsion — myoclonus epilepsy
Breeds:
- mini wire haired
- dachshunds
- bassets
- beagles
NHLRC1 gene mutation
Decreased amounts of NAA (n-acetyl-aspartate) and glutamate-glutamine complex.
Increased amounts of total choline and phosphoethanolamine relative to water and total creatine.
Abnormalities on 1HMRS (proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy) vs. conventional MRI.
Bartonella rochalimae, a newly recognized pathogen in dogs
Bartonella rochalimae
- documented in infectious endocarditis in dogs
–> 5/8 dogs in this study
other clinical syndromes
- seizures
- abx responsive lameness
- routine screening (subclinical)
Phenotypic characterization of paroxysmal dyskinesia in Maltese dogs
Paroxysmal dyskinesias (PDs) are a group of central nervous system diseases characterized by episodes of abnormal involuntary hyperkinetic movement without altered consciousness that increasingly have been recognized in dogs.
Episodes = sudden dystonia of more than 1 limb, generalized body tremors, preserved consciousness
age 5.4y
episode duration 4.5min
episode frequency variable
- most stress or exercise induced
Acetazolamide (diuretic) administration - 4/6 decrease in episode frequency
7 dogs fed gluten free diet - 6/7 became episode free
4 dogs - episodes stopped spontaneously
2 dogs - no tx, episodes continued at same frequency
Prognosis fair to good despite tx
Drugs reported in tx - acetazolamide, fluoxetine, clonazepam, diazepam, phenobarbital
Acetazolamide
- carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
- kaliuresis, diuresis, metabolic acidosis, lowers serum bicarbonate concentrations
- decreases brain lactate and pyruvate = brain acidosis and changes in intracellular and extracellular pH
- LEADS TO decreased neuronal excitability
Cytological and microbiological characteristics of middle ear effusions in brachycephalic dogs
effusions resulting in neurologic deficits = 38%
concurrent atopic dermatitis and otitis externa = 56%
neutrophils and macs on cytology
mucosa thickened
submucosa dilation in affected and unaffected
no bacterial growth 79%
21% bacterial growth - mostly Staph pseudintermedius
Cardiovascular-renal axis disorder and acute-phase proteins in cats with congestive heart failure caused by primary cardiomyopathy
CHF - inflammatory disease
Outcome may be determined by extent of inflammation and possibly amount of residual renal function.
All cardiorenal biomarkers (NT-proBNP, SDMA, creat, acute phase proteins - APP) were positively correlated and higher in CHF cats.
High NT-proBNP and SDMA were associated with poor clinical outcome.
CHF - higher leucine rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1, serum amyloid A, ceruloplasmin. These APP correlated positively with NT-proBNP and LA size.
Prognostic factors for CHF
- alpha-1-acid glycoprotein
- body weight
- LA:Ao
Validation and preliminary data from a health-related quality of life questionnaire for owners of dogs with cardiac disease
O QOL impacted by caring for dogs with cardiac disease. (50% impacted).
Caring for dogs either strengthened or had no impact on relationship with pet.
Histopathological findings and canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity in normal dogs and dogs with inflammatory and neoplastic diseases of the pancreas
High cPLI indicates serious acute pancreatitis but underlying pancreatic neoplasms should also be taken into consideration.
normal pancreas - 93% cPLI normal
- significantly lower than dogs with panc diseases
moderate / severe panc = 91% sensitive
most dogs with panc tumors had additional pancreatic inflammation and cPLI results increased in 10/12 dogs.
Management of polyethylene glycol solution aspiration using bronchoscopic lavage in a dog
Polyethylene glycol - used for colonoscopy prep
Aspiration progresses to pulmonary edema.
Aspiration treated with BAL
2y M Beagle aspirated a small amount, became hypoxic.
Bronchoscopy to lavage 5x over 45mins
Full recovery.
Evaluation of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) as an inflammatory and prognostic marker in dogs with acute pancreatitis
ADMA concentrations higher in dogs with acute panc vs. control.
ADMA associated with mortality.
AP higher admission ADMA vs. control.
CAPS >11 = higher ADMA.
Survivors had significant decrease in ADMA at first re-eval compared to admission.
Detection of congestive heart failure by Doppler echocardiography in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Ratio of peak velocirt of early diastolic transmitral flow to peak velocity of late diastolic transmitral flow
- LA:Ao
- diastolic functional class
- RR greater than 36brpm
- Ratio of the peak velocity of fused early and late transmitral flow velocities to the peak velocity of the fused early and late diastolic tissue Doppler waveforms
performed best for detecting CHF
doppler echo variables can be used to detect CHF in cats with HCM
Epileptic seizures triggered by eating in dogs
4 cases - triggered by eating
6 cases - eating and spontaneous
most common seizure type - focal evolving to generalized
9 dogs - IE
1 dog - glioma
Gliomas associated with eating associated epilepsy in people.
Heart murmurs in apparently healthy cats caused by iatrogenic dynamic right ventricular outflow tract obstruction
Pressure on chest in cats can induce narrowing of mid-right ventricular lumen causing blood flow turbulence in the absence of cardiac abnormalities.
Evaluate effect of pressure from ultrasound against chest during echo on RV outflow velocity and flow turbulence.
Outflow velocity increased from 1.05 to 1.94 during testing.
No correlation between RV outflow peak velocity and HR.
Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and associated heart murmur CAN BE INDUCED iatrogenically in apparently healthy cats by increasing pressure on the right chest wall with an ultrasound probe.
Circulating microRNA as biomarkers of canine mammary carcinoma in dogs
Circulating miRNAs are differentially expressed in dogs with mammary carcinoma. Serum miR-19b and miR-18a represent candidate biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, respectively.
serum miR-19b and miR-12a = significantly higher in carcinoma group
serum miR-18a higher in dogs with evidence of lymphatic invasion.
No significant association with miRNA and survival or inflammatory status
Clinical features and radiographic findings in cats with eosinophilic, neutrophilic, and mixed airway inflammation (2011-2018)
idiopathic airway disease in cats
- asthmatic = eosinophils
- bronchitic = neutrophils
49 cats
- eosinophilic = 23
- mixed = 14
- neutrophilic = 12
Cough = primary CS
no difference in duration of CS between groups = 5.5mos
RR/RE, CBC, rad interp did not differ between groups
Eosinophilic = younger, 4.4y
Neutrophilic = older, 8y
Mixed = 7.5y
Effect of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid on clinical scores, intestinal microbiome, and amoxicillin-resistant Escherichia coli in dogs with uncomplicated acute diarrhea
- No clinical benefit
- predisposes to amoxicillin resistant e. coli that can persist for as long as 3 weeks post tx
No ABX in dogs with diarrhea unless signs of sepsis
No difference in recovery between treated or controls.
1-6 days to normalized, median 2
No significant difference in dysbiosis index.
Urine hemojuvelin in cats with naturally occurring kidney disease
Biomarker for humans with CKD and AKI.
U-hemojuvelin and urine hemojuvelin to creatinine ratio (UHCR) potentially can serve as diagnostic indicators for a range of renal diseases in cats.
Significant differences between u-h and UHCR in control vs. renal disease cats.
Late IRIS stage had higher values.
Both correlated with BUN, creat, phos, low HCT, rbc, and albumin.
UHCR correlated with WBC.
A multicenter randomized controlled trial of medium-chain triglyceride dietary supplementation on epilepsy in dogs
Anti-seizure properties of medium chain triglyceride (MCT) dietary supplements compared to control.
Seizure frequency and seizure-day frequency lower when fed MCT.
2 dogs - seizure free
3 greater than 50% reduction
12 less than 50% reduction
11 no change
Evaluation of a collar-mounted accelerometer for detecting seizure activity in dogs
Generalized seizures in dogs can be detected with a collar-mounted accelerometer, but the overall sensitivity is low.
Sensitivity 18.6%
False detection rate of 0.096 per day
Individualized algorithm did not help.
QoL scores improved at study completion.
Correlated with change in weekly exercise.
Evaluation of novel serological markers and autoantibodies in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease
Seropositivity of canine immunoglobulins A against selected serologic markers in dogs appears promising in the detection and differentiation of IBD versus other acute GI conditions.
Antibody reactivity to Escherichia coli OmpC and canine autoantibodies against polymorphonuclear leukocytes (APMNA) displayed the highest single marker discriminating performance.
IBD 39-76% prevalence of seropositivity
Non-IBD / normal dogs prevalence 0-13%
OmpC = highest performer marker
Congenital protein C deficiency and thrombosis in a dog
4y Hungarian Vizsla
acute onset of ascites
RV thrombus
Tx clopidogrel
Resolution
Plasma protein C measured 2 and 6 weeks after = lower than expected
D/c clopidogrel, start rivaroxaban
No evidence of recurrent thrombus with 6mo follow up
Protein C = circulating vitamin K dependent protease
- produced by liver
- acts as anti-coagulant by inactivating factors 5a and 8a
Deficiencies –> venous thrombotic events
Hyperthyroidism is not a risk factor for subclinical bacteriuria in cats: A prospective cohort study
No clinical benefit in routine urine cultures in hyperthyroid cats without LUT signs.
Hyperthyroid cats - low prevalence of subclinical bacteriuria = 4.3%
Similar to euthyroid cats
Female - risk factor
Positive urine cultures more likely with dilute urine, pyuria, or microscopic bacteriuria.
Ehrlichia canis in dogs experimentally infected, treated, and then immune suppressed during the acute or subclinical phases
4-week course of doxycycline with or without imidocarb failed to show evidence of activation of E. canis infection after administration of pred + cyclo for 6 weeks.
3/7 dogs incidentally concurrently infected with anaplasma and babesia = treated with imidocarb
No recrudescence of any organism detected.
IFA titers for E. canis negative in 5/7 dogs after immunosuppression, negative in 5/5 6 months post protocol.
Assessment of postoperative adjuvant treatment using toceranib phosphate against adenocarcinoma in dogs
Palladia
Toceranib phosphate could prove to be a useful postoperative adjuvant treatment because of its modulation of the tumor microenvironment.
Time to Progression
- Palladia and surgery = 360d
- Surgery = 298d
VEGFR2 expression, Treg, and HIF-1a cells lower from one surgery to second if treated with surgery and palladia.
Extracellular vesicular microRNAs as potential biomarker for early detection of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity
UPregulation of miR-502 was detected before significant changes in cTnI concentrations or echocardiographic parameters.
Comparative repeatability of pancreatic lipase assays in the commercial and in-house laboratory environments
Commercial Spec cPL = highest repeatability
Vcheck cPL = significantly lower repeatability.
Both in-house assays evaluated may provide discrepant categorical results (“pancreatitis” versus “equivocal” versus “not pancreatitis”) for the same sample.
In-house pancreatic lipase concentrations may be lower than those determined by the Spec cPL assay.
Effects of clopidogrel and prednisone on platelet function in healthy dogs
Administration of clopidogrel/prednisone increases platelet dysfunction in healthy dogs.
Glucocorticoids - hypercoagulability
Compared to clopidogrel, dogs receiving prednisone/clopidogrel were 11 times more likely to have an excessive response.
Clopidogrel counteracts the glucocorticoid induced platelet reactivity and enhanced platelet dysfunction.
all dogs overcontrolled in combo group = excessive loss of platelet reactivity
clopidogrel alone - only 5 on day 14 and 2 on day 28 were overcontrolled
Synergism on platelet dysfunction
Incidence of postoperative complications and outcome of 48 dogs undergoing surgical management of insulinoma
Stage of disease and post-op hypoglycemia = associated with greater odds of relapse and decreased survival time
Post-op hyperglycemia = 33%
Post-op DM more common than previously reported (19%)
- no predictive factors for DM
MST 372d
stage 1 disease = longest survival time = 652d
stage 2 / 3 = 320d
Temporal changes in clinical and radiographic variables in dogs with preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease: The EPIC study
Dogs with MMVD and cardiomegaly experience the following changes when developing CHF:
- increase HR, RR, RRR, VHS
- decrease BW, rectal temp
Highest change = RR and RRR
= important to monitor at home
VHS increased earliest
Effect of feline characteristics on plasma N-terminal-prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide concentration and comparison of a point-of-care test and an ELISA test
Breed = no effect on plasma NT-proBNP concentrations
Higher in males than females
ELISA and POC test had similar sensitivity (73%) and specificity (98%) for detecting HCM.
Tests could detect all HCM cats with LAE
- could NOT detect all HCM withut LAE
Safety of percutaneous ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of adrenal lesions in dogs: Perception of the procedure by radiologists and presentation of 50 cases
Negative perception by radiologists
Minimally risky based on data
40/138 have performed FNA
Worries
- hypertensive crisis risk
— NOT noted as a complication
Complications
- hemorrhage
- ARDS - possibly from lar par
No relation between method of FNA/needle type and complications
Death rate 1%
Role of electrolyte abnormalities and unmeasured anions in the metabolic acid-base abnormalities in dogs with parvoviral enteritis
Acid-base changes are common and complex in dogs with parvo, and were easier to understand using a strong ion model paradigm.
Increases in unmeasured anions have not been documented in PE in dogs.
HH approach
31/44 acid base cases
- 16/31 mixed
–> metabolic acidosis with respiratory acidosis most common
FS approach
36/42 = metabolic changes
VDM strong ion model
28/44 acid base cases
Major contributors - hyponatremia, hypochloremia, Atot acidosis due to elevated globulins and increased UA.
Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic evaluation of North American Irish Wolfhounds
Afib common in this group
- 8.9% prevalence rate
- occurs with (55%) or without cardiac disease
Irish wolfhound cardiomyopathy (IWCM) = left chamber enlargement but minimally decreased ejection phase indices
- prevalence 1.8%
Afib and male = risk factor for development of IWCM
Renin-angiotensin aldosterone profile before and after angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor administration in dogs with angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism occurs in dogs
- gene polymorphism did not alter baseline RAAS activity
- aldosterone breakthrough occured in some dogs = non-angiotensin mediated aldosterone production
–> 55% in polymorphism positive (PP)
–> 38% in polymorphism negative (PN)
aldosterone higher in PP dogs
- supports the use of aldosterone receptor antagonists with ACEi when RAAS inhibition is needed
RAAS pathway suppressed and alternative RAAS pathway enhanced with enalapril administration
Transurethral cystoscopy in dogs with recurrent urinary tract infections: Retrospective study (2011-2018)
recurrent UTIs occurred more frequently in spayed female dogs
mean age 3.8y
majority F and S
Breeds
- labs
- aussies
- min schnauz
Hooded vulva 33/48
Cystoscopic abnormalities
- mucosal edema
- vestibulovaginal septal remnant
- lymphoid follicles
- short urethra
- ectopic ureter
Urine culture positive in 13/49 @ cystoscopy
Bladder wall edema and ulceration most common histopath finding
Differentiation of lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteropathy (LPE) and small cell lymphoma (SCL) in cats using histology-guided mass spectrometry
Reliable technique for differentiating LPE from SCL
Sensitivity 87%
Specificity 92%
Accuracy 89%
Clonality testing worse
sens 86%
spec 33%
acc 62%
Eltrombopag treatment of a dog with idiopathic aplastic pancytopenia
Idiopathic alplastic pancytopenia
- uncommon
- pancytopenia with immune mediated etiology
- small percent respond to immunosuppression
- mortality 80%
Eltrombopag = thrombopoietin receptor agonist
- addition improves response rate in humans
–> overall 94%
–> complete 58%
Complete remission achieved adding eltrombopag to immunosuppression
- able to sustain remission after stopping meds
Accuracy of a magnetic resonance imaging-based 3D printed stereotactic brain biopsy device in dogs
this system achieved an application accuracy better than the accuracy of most current systems.
Renal expression and urinary excretion of liver-type fatty acid-binding protein in cats with renal disease
Liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) is a biomarker for early detection of renal disease in humans.
L-FABP = cytotoxic oxidation product secreted from proximal tubules under ischemia and oxidative stress.
Renal expression occurs in cats.
Weak correlation between L-FABP and current renal biomarkers (Cr and SDMA).
Clinical-dosimetric relationship between lacrimal gland dose and keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs with sinonasal tumors treated with radiation therapy
Radiation for sinonasal tumors can cause KCS.
Incidence is associated with mean radiation dose received by ipsilateral lacrimal gland in humans.
20% developed KCS in this study.
developed at median 111d after 1st radiation.
Higher dose per fraction in eyes that got KCS
No eyes that received a dose less than 20Gy developed KCS.
- 71% developed with greater than 20Gy dose.
Contouring and applying dose constraint to reduce risk of KCS.
Effects of arginine and ornithine supplementation to a high-protein diet on selected cellular immune variables in adult cats
Possible immunomodulating properties of dietary arginine and ornithine in cats.
Number of phagocytic granulocytes linearly decreased with increasing dietary concentrations.
Multicenter retrospective evaluation of ileocecocolic perforations associated with diagnostic lower gastrointestinal endoscopy in dogs and cats
Endoscopic ICC perforation is not indicative of underlying disease.
Associated with good prognosis.
Delayed diagnosis can occur.
6 ileal
5 cecal
4 colonic perforations
survival to discharge 93%
78% survived >8 months
diagnosis delayed in 5 dogs
median 3d after endoscopy
- represented for
– inappetence
– lethargy
– abdominal pain
– retching
– syncope
Histopath did not identify lesions at perf site in any animal.
Detection and dynamics of anti-platelet antibodies (APA) in thrombocytopenic dogs with and without idiopathic immune thrombocytopenia
All primary ITP dogs were positive for APA.
20% thrombocytopenic non-ITP dogs positive for APA.
Melena @ presentation associated with decreased survival to discharge.
Persistence of APA not associated with response to tx.
Recurrence of AB associated with relapse (OR: 205).
No difference in percentage of APA or platelet count at initial dx in dogs that did vs. did not respond to treatment.
Serial APA monitoring may be beneficial in determining relapse of disease.
Concurrent use of rabacfosadine and L-asparaginase for relapsed or refractory multicentric lymphoma in dogs
Rabacfosadine = Tanovea
- good for naive and treated dogs with lymphoma
Concurrent use = efficacious and safe for treating relapsed lymphoma
AE - mild, no toxicoses noted
ORR 67%
41% complete response
median progression free survival time (MPFST) 63d
if CR - MPFST 144d.
Negative prognostic factors = failure to achieve CR
= previous elspar administration
Oxidative status of erythrocytes, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia in diabetic cats
DM
= increased protein oxidation
= reduced antioxidant defenses
Changes persist during treatment and remission
- mild improvement in protein oxidation
short term hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia does not cause oxidative stress.
Erythrocytes of DM cats
- higher median carbonyls
- lower cytoplasmic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)
Clinical characteristics of dogs with food-responsive protein-losing enteropathy
Dogs that respond to ultra low fat diet are diagnosed with food responsive PLE.
= favorable prognosis, longer survival times
- MST 432d
- 23/33 dogs responded to diet
Clinical scores (CCECAI) - could be helpful differentiating food from immunosuppressive responsive from non-responsive.
CCECAI significantly lower in food responsive than other groups.
Effects of oral administration of 5 immunosuppressive agents on activated T-cell cytokine expression in healthy dogs
Prednisone and cyclosporine both affected expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ
Both have the ability to influence results when utilizing pharmacodynamic monitoring of cyclosporine treatment.
Cyclosporine more suppressive than prednisone.
Mycophenolate, leuflonomide, azathioprine did not impact.
Urine cortisol-creatinine and protein-creatinine ratios in urine samples from healthy dogs collected at home and in hospital
UPC was not higher in samples collected at home vs. in hospital.
Higher urine cortisol creatinine ratio in hospital.
UCCr not associated with UPC.
Stress as estimated by UCCr did not impact proteinuria.
Travel time did not affect UPC or UCCr.
Associations among echocardiography, cardiac biomarkers, insulin metabolism, morphology, and inflammation in cats with asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Implications of insulin, IGF-1, and inflammation in cats with aHCM
- unclear whether physiologic or pathologic
aHCM
- higher BCS
- higher insulin
- higher NT-proBNP
- higher cTn-I
Association between NT-proBNP and
- max end diastolic interventricular septum thickness
- LA:Ao
- LA diameter
Association between cTn-1 and
- LA/Ao
- La max
Association between SAA and
- number of IVSd regions >6mm thickness
BW associated with IGF-1
BCS associated with insulin, glucose, and IGF-1
NT-proBNP higher in cats with LA remodeling.
SAA higher in cats with generalized hypertrophy.
Association of fecal sample collection technique and treatment history with Tritrichomonas foetus polymerase chain reaction test results in 1717 cats
Loop fecal samples better for PCR diagnosis. (versus colonic flush)
16% diagnosis T. foetus PCR.
No association between PCR test results and treatment history, tx type, or prior ronidazole tx.
After initial positive test, 21% treated with ronidazole had second positive test.
= tx failure rate
Effect of radiotherapy on freedom from seizures in dogs with brain tumors
Longer period of seizure freedom and longer survival time in dogs treated with radiotherapy compared to medical treatment.
Mean 24mo seizure freedom vs. 1.7mo
mean 34.6m survival vs. 6.2mo
Recurrence of seizures noted before death in all dogs
Perceptions and attitudes of Small Animal Internal Medicine specialists toward the publication requirement for board certification
A majority of SAIM Diplomates favored the retention of the publication requirement in some form.
- 85%
Helps understanding the scientific process
CredPubs were cited at rates similar to control articles.
Comparative analysis of the effect of IV administered acid suppressants on gastric pH in dogs
Famotidine CRI and esomeprazole might be superior acid suppressants compared to standard doses of pantoprazole for the first 72 hours of treatment.
Significant increases in mean pH, MPT >3, and MPT >4 for all froups.
Only esomeprazole and famotidine CRI achieved human goals.
Comparison of 2 assays for measuring serum total thyroxine concentration in dogs and cats
MTT4 - standard assay
No gold standard for serum total t4 measurement
study to assess CTT4 and ITT4 vs. MTT4
Differences in CTT4 and MTT4 results affect interpretation at higher serum TT4 concentrations. The ITT4 proportional bias will underestimate serum TT4 concentrations in dogs and cats, compared to MTT4.
Serial TT4 measurements should be done using the same assay.
Serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and lipoprotein profiles in dogs with naturally occurring pancreatitis and healthy control dogs
Most dogs with pancreatitis (>70%) had triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations within normal limits.
Small percent had hypertriglyceridemia and/or hypercholesterolemia = mild elevations
Differences in lipoprotein profiles between dogs with panc vs. healthy.
Pancreatitis
= higher low density lipoprotein fractions (LDL)
= lower triglyceride rich lipoproteins
= lower high density lipoprotein fractions (HDL)
Significant difference in triglyceride concentrations between panc vs healthy.
No significant difference in cholesterol concentrations between panc vs. healthy.
Thoracolumbar meningeal fibrosis in pugs
Meningeal fibrosis with associated focal spinal cord destruction and neighboring vertebral column lesions were common findings in pugs with long-standing thoracolumbar myelopathy.
Age 7y
Affected pugs = progressive disease, incontinent
Circumferential meningeal fibrosis with concomitant focal, malacic destruction of the neuroparenchyma in TL spine in 24/30 pugs.
Vertebral lesions accompany.
Lymphohistiocytic inflammation in 43%.
Comparison of immediate versus delayed streak plate inoculation on urine bacterial culture and susceptibility testing in dogs and cats
Transport to lab takes time.
If stored and transported appropriately, immediate pre-plating of urine culture is unnecessary in most cases.
Agreement between plating methods 0.884.
71% discrepant results had no clinical impact.
35% of midstream catch had discrepant results. 8% clinical impact.
8.6% of cysto had discrepant results but 41% had clinical impact.
Postencephalitic epilepsy (PEE) in dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown origin: Clinical features, risk factors, and long-term outcome
Seizures with MUO = shorter survival times.
PEE - seizures occurring after encephalitis
23% developed PEE in this study.
21% = drug resistant
PEE = younger
Risk - presence of acute symptomatic seizures and MRI lesions in the hippocampus.
Dogs with MUO and seizures at the early stage of the disease (ASS) seem to be at a higher risk of developing PEE.
Platelet aggregometry testing during aspirin or clopidogrel treatment and measurement of clopidogrel metabolite concentrations in dogs with protein-losing nephropathy
Platelet aggregometry -objective method to evaluate response to clopidogrel or aspirin tx.
PLN dogs appear to metabolize clopidogrel similarly to healthy dogs.
Clopidogrel > aspirin
Clopidogrel - platelet aggregometry differed at all time points for ADP, not for any AA time point.
Asprin - no differences at any time point for ADP or AA.
Prognostic value of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and serum concentrations of acute phase proteins, cholesterol, and total thyroxine in cats with panleukopenia (FPV)
tT4 at hospital admission = prognostic value in cats with FPV infection.
Cutoff value of 0.82ug/dL for tT4 for discriminating survivors from non-survivors.
- sens 74%
- spec 83%
Age, neuter status, SAA, haptoglobin, cholesterol, presence of SIRS did not have prognostic value.
Evaluation of toceranib for treatment of apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma in dogs
Palladia effective in treating AGASACA in dogs.
Studied palladia alone, palladia + sx, palladia + chemo, palladia + sx + chemo
OVERALL
- Median progression free survival time = 313d
- Overall survival time = 827d
Clinical benefit from palladia 69%
- 21% partial response
- 48% stable disease
Dogs responding to palladia = significantly prolonged progression free survival and overall survival.
Hypercalcemia = negative prognostic factor.
Bacterial infection before and after stent placement in dogs with tracheal collapse syndrome
Tracheal stent placement does not increase the overall rate of pathogenic bacterial infection in dogs with tracheal collapse and can decrease the rate of subsequent pathogenic infections in geriatric dogs and dogs with TTC that require tracheal stenting. Airway culture and cytology should be performed in all dogs undergoing tracheal stent placement.
No difference in positive bacterial cultures before or after stent placement.
Increased geriatric and traditional-type collapse (TTC) dogs had positive cultures BEFORE stent placement compared to young and malformation type collapse.
52% reduction in bacterial infection in geriatrics.
56% reduction in bacterial infection in TTC
Risk factors for infection in geriatric dogs
- hx of pneuminia
- cardiac disease
Risk factors for infection in young
- hepatomegaly
Serum procalcitonin concentrations in dogs with induced endotoxemia
Procalcitonin = human biomarker for sepsis.
Likely to be clinically useful in dogs with sepsis.
Admin LPS = decrease BP and increase temp, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy.
- Significantly increased procalcitonin compared to baseline in 2h after LPS injection.
- Remained significantly increased for 12h
- return to baseline @ 48h
No significant differences in placebo at any time points.
Comparison of cerebellomedullary and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid analysis in dogs with neurological disease
Brain or cervical spine = benefit from both CM and lumbar cisterns
TL myelopathy = CM not helpful.
Characteristics associated with bacterial growth in urine in 451 proteinuric dogs (2008-2018)
Urine culture not necessary in evaluation of all proteinuric dogs.
Proportion of proteinuric dogs with inactive sediment but yet bacterial growth = low.
Active urine sediment or lower urinary tract disease should prompt cultures for proteinuric dogs.
6.7% bacterial growth in urine.
- 60% of these cases had active sediment
Bacterial growth associated with pyuria, bacteriuria, and lower urinary tract disease.
- using these markers to dictate culture, only 1.8% of bacterial growth would be undetected in proteinuric dogs
Association between abdominal ultrasound findings, the specific canine pancreatic lipase assay, clinical severity indices, and clinical diagnosis in dogs with pancreatitis
AUS alone not good for pancreatitis. Poor indicator of severity.
AUS weakly correlated with spec cPL.
AUS moderately correlated with clinical diagnosis.
Pancreatic size, echogenicity, and mesenteric echogenicity correlated with diagnosis.
Change in AUS not correlated with spec cPL or diagnosis changes.
Panc enlargement, echogenicity, OR mesentery echogenicity
- sens 89%
- spec 43%
= more true positive, higher likelihood of incorrectly diagnosing
All three criteria
- sens 43%
- spec 93%
= less true positives, higher likelihood of correctly diagnosing
Measurement of preprandial and postprandial urine calcium to creatinine ratios in male Miniature Schnauzers with and without urolithiasis
Urolith-forming male Miniature Schnauzers have excessive calciuresis, and the postprandial sampling time up to 8 hours is not critical. This simple urine measurement has potential as a marker of CaOx disease.
Urolith formers had higher mean UCa to Cre over 8 hours.
Cutoff value 0.06
- sensitivity 56%
- specificity 93%
=
Clinicopathological characteristics of histiocytic sarcoma affecting the central nervous system in dogs
Corgi and shetland sheepdogs - predisposed to primary CNS HS = inflammatory CSF.
High TNCC and neoplastic cells may be seen in CSF.
Prognosis poor.
CNS HS
- bernese
- golden
- rotties
- corgi
- shetland sheepdogs
Rotties = exclusively disseminated
Marked CSF inflammation supportive of primary rather than disseminated.
Neoplastic cells in 52% of dogs.
Increased N:L ratio in all groups compared to controls but not among tumor subtypes.
Definitive tx = improved survival
Serum D-lactate concentrations in dogs with parvoviral enteritis
Serum D-lactate higher in dogs with parvo comapred to control.
Doesn’t seem clinically relevant.
No relationship between lactate and markers of CPV disease severity, acid base status or outcome.
Lactate decreased over first 4d of treatment.
Hospitalized for less than 4d = lower lactate at admission
A retrospective study of vector-borne disease prevalence in dogs with proteinuria: Southeastern United States
Exposure to canine vector borne disease was found in proteinuric dogs
- especially Rickettsia (19%), Ehrlichia (12%), and B. burgdorferi (9%)
34% exposed to at least 1 CVBD.
Exposure lower when tested in spring or autumn.
Exposure higher in intact dogs, dogs with lower albumin, and dogs with higher creat.
