2020-03-03 Update (All Subjects) Flashcards
What is the relatrionship between amplitude and intensity of a wave
I~A^2
WHat is the density of water?
1000kg/m^3 or 1kg/L
What is the bouyant force?
Fb = ρVg V is simply
the object’s volume but remember ρ represents the density of the fluid
What is the difference between habituation and sensory sensitization?
Habituation involves a decrease in
the magnitude of the response after repeated
exposures to the same stimulus. A classic
example of habituation involves hearing loud or
initially bothersome noises. After being subject
to the noise for a period of time, a normal person
learns to ignore it and eventually does not
even notice the stimulus while sensory adaptation has to do with whether the sensory neurons are firing at all, rather than if the stimulus is registered by the brain, in sensory adaptation a neuron
responds less to a certain stimulus over time,
and in the future may not fire at all. Sensory
adaptation is distinct from habituation, a form of
nonassociative learning.
What is the gauge pressure (P) at a certain depth (y) below the top of a container filled with liquid?
P = ρgy remember when using SI units such as pascals, make the density of water 1000 kg/m^3
What is the kinetic energy of moving fluid?
½ ρv2, remember to use 1000kg/m^3 for the density of water
What is ataxia?
impairment in an individual’s ability to learn language
Does cholesterol help buffer membrane fluidity at high or low temperatures?
both, sterol molecules generally prevent high and low temperatures from adversely affecting the fluidity of cell membranes
In the sodium-potassium pump are both ions pumped against their concentration gradients?
yes
Is flagellin found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella?
No, flagellin is only found in prokaryotes while eukaryotes have microtubules in their flagella
What is the value of K in Coulomb’s law?
Coulomb’s law F=kQq/(r^2) and k=1/4πε
What is an electron-volt (eV)?
the energy required to move an electron through a 1.0V potential, It can also be found by using the formula V(electric potential)= U/q and solving for U in units of eV
What is the force generated by an electric field on a charge?
F=Eq
What is the magnetic force formula?
F=qvB
Do magnetic fields do work or particles moving perpendiclarly to them?
No, Magnetic fields act perpendicularly
to the velocity of a charged particle. Therefore,
according to W = Fdcosθ, they perform no work.
The amount of time that it takes a capacitor to reach 63% of its final charge is known as the
time constant, which is equal to
RC
WHat is the voltage at the negative terminal in a battery, aka the end of the circuit after any resistors before the wire reaches the battery?
zero
What is the formula relating wire length and area with resistance?
on R = ρL/A, where ρ is the resistivity of the metal, L is the length of the element, and A is the cross-sectional area, so basically as area increases resistivity decreases and as length increases resisitivity increases
_____ is constant through the series elements of a circuit?
current (I)-so basically you know that the resistors in a circuit can be made to be in series and you know that the current is uniform throughout (also know that current is NOT uniform along the branches in parallee)
How do you calculate the voltage drop across a segment of a circuit?
we must first find the equivalent
resistance of the circuit as a whole, then you calculate the resistance of the segment you are looking at, and then with these two pieces if info you know Voltage will drop across a circuit element in proportion to its fraction of total resistance.
What is AC current?
AC current reverses its polarity at a constant rate; in other words, it goes from 120 V to -120 V in a sine-wave pattern. Since it spends identical amounts of time with a negative and a positive voltage, the average EMF of an AC current is zero. For this reason, this type of current is generally measured as an RMS (root mean square) value instead.
What are the units for magnetic field?
Teslas
What are the units for capacitance?
Farad
The lowe the bulk modulus is, the slower/faster sounds moves through it?
slower, the higher the bulk modulus value is, the more incompressible it is
Each 10-dB increase reflects a _____ increase in intensity
tenfold, In other words, to
produce a sound of 13 dB, you would need 10
3-dB speakers. To make a sound measured at 23
dB, you would need 100, and to make a 33-dB
sound, you would need 1000.
How to calulate index of refraction if you know how much the velocity of light slows down when going through a substance?
v=c/n
A mirror or lens with a negative focal length must be ____
diverging, For a lens, that is
concave; for a mirror, it is convex.
Because the image produced is on
the same side as the object, it is termed ____
virtual (This is true for lenses only; if the image were on
the same side as the object in a mirror, it would
be real.)
We can assume the lines coming into a lens/mirror are parallel by making the assumption that?
the object is far away
How do you calculate stuff when there are two lenses?
apply the thin lens equation and calculate the image projected by the first lens, then use this image as the object for the second lens
In order to determine the total
magnification of a system of lenses, simply ____
multiply the individual magnifications
All nuclei weigh less than the sum
of their component protons and neutrons, a
phenomenon known as?
mass defect. When subatomic particles come together to form a
nucleus, some of their mass is converted into
energy. You can calculate this relationship using
the famous equation E = mc^2 to calculate how much energy is lost when the nucleus comes together
What is senescence?
the condition or process of deterioration with age, loss of a cell’s power of divisiona and growth
What does isomeric mean?
Having the same chemical composition and molecular weight; having the same number of atoms of each kind in the molecule
What is flashbulb memory?
A flashbulb memory is a highly detailed, exceptionally vivid ‘snapshot’ of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) news was heard
What is eidetic memory?
(more commonly called photographic memory) is an ability to recall an image from memory after seeing it only once, with high precision for a brief time after exposure, without using a mnemonic device.
What is a lyase?
In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking (an “elimination” reaction) of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis (a “substitution” reaction) and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure
What is an imprinted gene?
Imprinted genes are genes whose expression is determined by the parent that contributed them. Imprinted genes violate the usual rule of inheritance that both alleles in a heterozygote are equally expressed
What types of cells are specialized for secretion?
epithelial cells (specifically in the lungs)
What does the electrical force on a charged particle depend on?
only the particle’s charge and the the strength of the magnetic field, NOT the speed of the particle
What is the force on a charge in an electric field? And from that how do you determine the acceleration of the particle due to the electric field?
The force on the charge is qE and force is also ma. Setting qE = ma and solving for acceleration
What is the formula for the number of possible peptides that contain one each of n amino acids?
n! (n factorial). For n = 3 (a tripeptide), n! = 3! = 3 × 2 × 1 = 6
What is the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?
acetylcholine
Do schizophrenia, schizoid personality disorder and schizotypal personality disorder all present with eccentric or disjointed patterns kof throughts or beliefs and abnormal perceptions of the significance of ordinary events?
No, schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder are similar, but schizoid personality disorder is characterized by a feeling of separation, coldness, and apathy towards others and is not associated with the listed symptoms
What does the congnitive component of an attitude contain?
The cognitive component of this
man’s attitude includes factors such as memories, impressions, beliefs, knowledge and thoughts
Social cognitive theory claims…
that individuals learn attitudes and behaviors by observing those of others
How do you calculate the formal charge of a molecule?
The formal charge is calculated by
adding the number of nonbonding electrons and
half of the number of bonding electrons, then
subtracting that value from the total number of valence electrons for each atom
What is taq polymerase?
Taq polymerase has a bacterial origin and is used in PCR, not natural human cells
What is the role of the sigma factor in RNA polymerase?
Sigma factors are initiation factors that enable RNA polymerase to bind to promoter sequences. This is necessary for the initiation of RNA synthesis. Sigma factors are highly specific, and any given RNA polymerase holoenzyme is associated with a single sigma factor.
Does RNA polymerase reauire a helicase?
no, it has an innate ability to unwind DNA
Which histone protein is associated with the sealing off of the DNA as it enters and exits the nucleosome?
H1- H1 is the component of the
nucleosome that is positioned outside of the main
histone “bead” structure. This protein holds DNA
in place as it enters and exits the wound region of
the nucleosome. H1 also provides stability to the
structure.
WHa is negative control of DNA expression?
Negative control involves the binding
of a repressor to block transcription, while positive
control includes an activator protein that binds and
stimulates transcription.
What is the difference between inducible v represible control of DNA expression?
if an operon is “switched on” then it is inducoble, if it is switched off then it is repressible
WHat is the Sine-Dalgarno sequence?
The Shine-Dalgarno sequence is the ribosomal binding site found exclusively in prokaryotic mRNA. Blocking this sequence would inhibit essential mRNA modifications in prokaryotes without disturbing eukaryotic cells.
RNA polymerase II is the enzyme responsible for RNA synthesis in___
eukaryotes
WHat is the TATA box?
a short sequence (TATAAAA) that functions as a basal promoter in eukaryotes.
Which amino acid has an R configuration when normally all other common residues have S configurations?
cystein
All common amino acids exist in their ____ forms.
L
Chiral centers are often carbon atoms, but can also exist around?
phosphorous or nitrogen
What is the formula for specific rotation?
specific rotation = (observed optical rotation) / (path
length * concentration).
Geometric v conformational isomers
A geometric isomer is a type of conformational isomer, a geometric isomer usually requires a double bond (cis v trans)
Are the physical properties of diasteromers the same or different?
Diastereomers, unlike enantiomers, exhibit different physical properties. This quality allows them to be separated fairly easily. In other words, while their solubilities, boiling points, and melting points are likely similar, they are not identical.
What is the difference between epimer and anomers?
Anomers are a subtype of epimer that differ only at the anomeric carbon (the carbon attached to two O’s in a cyclic sugar molecule). This is
true of the two sugars shown, as their anomeric hydroxyl groups point upward and downward,
respectively
Does H2 with Pd catalyst fully reduce an alkyne?
Yes, it reduces it to an alkane?
WHat is the Markovnikov product?
When an alkene is reacted with hydrobromic acid, the Markovnikov product typically forms. Since this product includes the halogen bound to the more substituted end of the bond, it tends to be especially stable. Radical reactions, particularly those initiated
What is general adaptation syndrome?
is a model of the body’s stress response that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. An individual enters the stage of exhaustion only after that individual has encountered the stressor for a prolonged period of time.
when writing an element in notation where there are two numbers to the left of the element name, Whisch number is on top?
the mass number is on top of the atomic number
What trend is N an exception for?
Electron affinity relates to an element’s desire to gain an electron. For the majority of elements, this quality increases as you move upwards and to the right on the periodic table. However, the nitrogen-containing group is an exception to this rule. Carbon has an electron configuration of [He]2s2 2p2 , so the addition of another electron would give carbon a half-filled p orbital and is thus highly favorable. Nitrogen, on the other hand, has an electron configuration of [He]2s2 2p3 . Addition of another electron would alter nitrogen’s half-filled valence state and produce a partially-filled orbital.
Therefore, nitrogen will have a lower electron
affinity than expected, making this choice more
likely than the others.
What is the direction of the atomic radius trend?
Atomic radius increases as you
move down and to the left along the periodic
table.
What is the Bohr model?
The model where distinct electron orbits encircle a positive nucleus
What is Hund’s rule?
It is the rule saying orbitals have to be fuilled up with one electron before a second can come in (you think about it when drawing the arrows for electrons, you draw them all going in one direction first then go back and fill in the other ones going in the opposite direction)
How many orbitals are in the D block?
5 (into which 10 electrons can fit)
For photoelectrons, the intensity of the incident ray determines
the _____
number, not the individual energies of the ejected photoelectrons
How do we know the relationship between the orbital drop and the frequency of the photoelectron emitted?
The Lyman
series (ultraviolet rays) involves any emission
in which the ground state of the electron is n
= 1. The Balmer series (visible rays) includes
emissions in which the final state is n = 2.
Finally, the Paschen series (infrared) contains
any emission with a final state of n = 3. Here,
the initial principal quantum number, or excited
state, does not matter when answering this
question.
How do you calculate the energyof the light emitted when an electron drops orbitals?
hf = R(1/n2final – 1/n2initial)
WHat is Boyle’s law?
P1V1 = P2V2
When do gasses behave most ideally?
low pressure and high temperature
Kinetic energy of a gas is dependent on what?
only the temperature of the gas
Graham’s law: what formula can be used to calculate the rate of diffusion of a gas in comparison to the rate of diffusion of another gas?
rate 1/rate 2=sqrt(molar mass 2)/sqrt(molar mass 1)
Freezing point depression can be calculated using:
Freezing point depression can be calculated using ΔTf = Kf mi, where kf is a constant, m is molality, and i is the Van’t Hoff factor, or number of dissolved particles per molecule.
What is the boiling point elevation formula?
Tfinal – Tinitial = (Kb)(mi)
What is the formula for osmotic pressure?
π = iMRT (note it increases as temperature increases)
What is misinformation effect?
the tendency for post-event information to interfere with the memory of the original event, can lead to innacurate memories and even the formation of false memories
Classical condition is part of what psychological approach?
behaviorist
Sound-induced vibrations depolarize hair cells of the cochlea by opening ion channels that are gated in what way?
mechanically, because the ion channels are mechanically gated
The intensity/energy of electromagnetic radiation shot at an element is directly proportional to?
the NUMBER of photons emitted
What is a cholineesterase blocker?
chemicals that prevent the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
What is the Tm (melting point) of a dsDNA strand?
When 50% of the DNA is denatured
WHat are sigma factors?
Necessary for transcription initiation in bacteria
What are the steps of translation?
initiation, elongation, translocation, and termination (translocation is when the ribosome continues onto the next codon)
WHat is the order of the sites in the ribosome suring translation?
APE-The P-site (for peptidyl) is the second binding site for tRNA in the ribosome. The other two sites are the A-site (aminoacyl), which is the first binding site in the ribosome, and the E-site (exit), the third. During protein translation, the P-site holds the tRNA which is linked to the growing polypeptide chain
The lower the pKb the ____ the base is
stronger
How is a ketal converted to a ketone?
you add a strong acid and water
_______ is the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis)
Glycogen phosphorylase
Are alpha or beta glycosidic bonds formed in humans?
alpha only
Can a teritiary alcohol be oxidized?
no, because it would have to break the C-C bond if it were to become a ketone
Are alcohols good leaving groups?
no, usually they need to be turned into water first
What is the rate-limiting step of an SN1 reaction?
formation of the carbocation, bc the positively charged molecule is inherently unstable
What are tosyl groups used for?
Tosyl groups are commonly added to protect particularly reactive substituents from side reactions during synthetic procedures.
dehydration reactions are facilitated by…
heat and acidic conditions
What is the ectoderm?
eyes, skin, ears, and gonads.
What is the endoderm?
GI tract and respiratory tract
What is the mesoderm?
musculoskeletal and circulatoru systems
What are examples of monoamines?
dopamine, serotonin,norepinephrine, and epinephrine
WHat are the characteristics of borderline personality disorder?
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a condition characterized by difficulties regulating emotion. This means that people who experience BPD feel emotions intensely and for extended periods of time, and it is harder for them to return to a stable baseline after an emotionally triggering event.
Humanistic theories emphasize a man’s drive for ______
self-actualization
What theory is often used as a model to explain drug addiction?
opponent-process theory- states that many human behaviors
have two opposing components. This can be used
with regard to emotional responses. For example,
a drug addict feels pleasure (the euphoria
associated with certain neurotransmitter) when
he takes the drug, but withdrawal (the lack of
these neurotransmitters, causing unhappiness) when he stops. Even more interestingly, the
opponent-process theory also relates to physical
symptoms. Since heroin is a depressant, the drug
addict’s body compensated by “speeding itself
up” after many instances of taking the drug,
with an increased heart rate, shaky muscles, etc.
While the addict did not notice this while he
was still on the substance, once he stopped, this
“opponent process” became the only thing he
experienced and caused withdrawal symptoms.
Attitudes tend to have the most predictable affects on behavior when they are ____
highly specific
What is the difference between consensus and consistency cues?
A consensus cue (how many other individuals
typically exhibit the behavior, or how accepted it
is in society) focuses on the
closeness of the behavior to that which is
typically expected by society. In other words,
when people act just like everyone around them,
we tend to attribute their behavior to situational
factors. However, when individuals deviate from
common social behavior, we use that deviation to
assess their personality. A consistency cue is how similar the person’s behavior is over time.
