2020-02-08 update (all subjects) Flashcards
What is the doppler equation for frequence given relative velocity v between source and detector?
Δf/f = -v/c Thus, the frequency shift Δf depends inversely on the speed of the wave in the medium in which it propagates, c
during activation of the sympathetic nervous system blood flow is directed towards the ?
brain and skeletal muscles
What types of amino acide residues are most likely to participate in dimerization?
nonpolar, because they are not engaged with interaction with water, so are free to bind
Are bile salts acid or basic?
basic
What is the difference between K and Q?
Q is the reaction quotient and expresses the relative ratio of products to reactants at a given instant. Whereas, K is the equilibrium constant and expresses the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium (when delta G=0). Use ΔG= ∆G°+ RTlnQ when the system is not at equilibrium
Do prokaryotes have membrane-linked carbohydrates or sterol-type molecules?
no
What is osmosis direction based on?
total number of molecules dissolved in solution (so multiply the molarity by the number of ions the molecule dissolves into)
Why does an action potential when the membrane potential is +35mV even though the extracellular concentration of sodium is still higher than the sodium concentration inside the cell?
It has to do with charge, the cell becomes more positive than the extracellular fluid and thus electrostatic forces repel cations and prevent more sodium from entering the cell
Do cotransporters have to move both molecules in the same direction?
Yes
How do proteins know which direction to travel through the nuclear pore complex?
- Proetins or macromolecules bind to Ran, which enters the nucleus in its GDP state and exits in its GTP state 2. they have specific sequences that signal for nuclear import or export
Where are lysosomes formed?
They are formed by budding off the golgi apparatus
What is the difference between Kinesins and Dyneins?
Kinesins attach to vesicles and travel towards the + end of microtubules which extend toward the cell membrane from microtubule organizing centers (like the centriole) (the + ends are where the dimers rapidly add to the existing strucutre)
Epithelial tissues are linked by?
intermediate filaments (specifically keratin)
What provides structural support for the nuclear membrane?
lamins which are composed of intermediate filaments
Cell movement relies on the continuous reorganization of?
actin filaments (also known as microfilaments)
displacement and velocity are?
vectors, while distance and speed are scalars
time in flight during projectile motion is determined by?
only the vertical components of motion
The focal length is ?
half the radius of curvature. Always, whether it’s a mirror or lens. r=2f and P=1/f
What is an in group?
Anyone with whom a person feels a sense of belonging
What are the warmth and competence scale labels?
high competence: admiration v envy and low competence:pity/paternalism v contempt
What is identity shift?
When a person’s sense of internal harmony is disrupted when exposed to external conflict or the threat of rejection. THe person resolves this disruption by conforming to the expectations of the group.
What components of the self are adressed in impression management theory?
- the authentic self- who the person actually is, including both negative and positive aspects 2.the ideal self-who the person wants to be 3. the tactical self-that which is used to manipulate or when trying to market ourselves by conforming to expectations
What is sensory bias/sensory exploitation?
an organism can gain mating opportunities by exploiting a preference that is already desirable in a non-mating context, classic example: guppy fish have a natural prefernce for shiny orange objects because they resemble orange fruit that they eat, because of this orange fish are mated with more often even though the preference is evolutionarily neutral
What is momentum?
mass(velocity)
How to solve the problem where a mass is held by two strings and you are given the tension of one and they both form 2 triangles:
know that the horizontal components are in equilibria, so you can use that to calculate the tension
What is impulse?
The product of force and time
At the top of the loop what is the magnitude of the normal force?
zero
What do microtubuoles need to be able to do to properly position chromosomes during metaphase?
Assemble and dissassemble
What is a Robertsonian translocation?
Robertsonian translocation (ROB) is a chromosomal abnormality wherein a certain type of a chromosome becomes attached to another. It is the most common form of chromosomal translocation in humans
What are cyclins and Cdks?
They promote the cell cycle
After the mbryo first undergoes division into a blastula, or a hollow ball of cells, ____ occurs where the cells migrate inwards to create a ball in the hollow space.
gastrulation
After implantation of the fertilized egg, ___ is released. This hormone mimics LH to stimulate high levels of estrogen and progesterone. Similarly it is the drop in estrogen and progesterone which causes a new cycle to begin.
hCG
How many cells does the zygote have?
one
What is pattern formation?
Pattern formation is the developmental process by which cells acquire different identities, depending on their relative spatial positions within the embryo.
What is a morphogen gradient?
Morphogen gradients pattern developing tissues.
(A) Theoretical morphogen gradient. A gradient of a signalling molecule within tissue provides positional information, instructing cells to adopt distinct cell fates, according to the concentration of signal to which they are exposed.
What is intercalation?
cell-cell intercalation is a process that occurs throughout animal development in which neighbouring cells exchange places. Intercalation can occur within a single plane (for example, mediolateral), or between adjacent planes (radial) and has multiple roles during gastrulation and organogenesis.
What is molality?
moles of solute/kilograms of solvent
What is normality?
moles/liters of solution
Are the activation energies of foreward and reverse reactions the same?
no
Where does bile production occur?
the liver
When compounds end in -oate what does it look like?
Its a carboxylic acid with a missing H and thus it has a negative charge
Kinetics depends on?
temperature and concentration of products v reactants
Look up and aldol condensation reaction
link: https://www.google.com/search?q=aldol+condensation&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS707US707&sxsrf=ACYBGNR1EpaFYQbNI14c79n7yMgdFt5DMA:1580753213719&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjP0p_O_LXnAhWclXIEHW39BksQ_AUoAXoECA8QAw&biw=1707&bih=838&dpr=1.13#imgrc=2AZdIkFuUNOVmM:
Are CO2 (which is a product of glycolysis) and acetyl-coA unique to glycolysis or anarobic respiration?
CO2 is produced in both while acetyl-coA is unique to anarobic respiration
What is the enzyme responsible for changing PEP to pyruvate during the last step of glycolysis?
pyruvate kinase
Fatty acids are boken down in the mitochondria then the resulting acetyl-coA is then directly used in?
the citric acid cycle
If the electron stansport chain gets stuck because ATP synthase stoppos working then what will happen to the proton gradient?
it will ramina the same, no more protons will be pumped and no ATP synthase will be working to relieve it
What are the subunits in ATP synthase and what do they do?
alpha and beta-outside the intermembrane space (in the matrix) and facilitate the ADP->ATP, c-are embedded in membrane and spin, gamma-channel through which protons flow from the intermembrane space into the matrix
What are the irreversible steps of gluconeogenesis?
Gluconeogenesis must overcome the
three irreversible glycolytic steps. The enzymes
used to achieve this are glucose 6-phosphatase,
fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, PEP carboxykinase
and pyruvate carboxylase
Keq is not affected by a change in pressure but is affected by a change in ___?
temperature
What is Kp?
Kp is partial pressure equilibrium
What are not included in equilibrium constants?
solids and pure liquids are never
included in equilibrium constants
What is molar solutbility?
molar solubility is defined as the moles of a substance that can dissolve in one liter of solution. This value correlates to Ksp, and since Mg(OH)2 and Mn(OH)2 dissociate into the same number of ions, we can compare their Ksp values directly
Can the common ion effect alter Ksp?
Neither changes in ion concentration nor the common ion effect can actually alter the Ksp of a compound.
How do you take the square root of scientific notation?
the square root of the coefficient, then cut the
exponent in half.
What enzyme catalyzes the first step of glycolysis and what enzyme overcomes this step during glucconeogenesis?
glycolysis-hexokinase/gluconeogenesis-glucose-6-phosphatase
What are the two phases of the pentose-5-phosphate pathway?
Oxidative phase: it generates NADPH.
Non-oxidative phase: synthesize pentose-phosphate and other phosphate monosaccharides.
What does fatty acid oxidation yield?
Dehydrogenation of the fatty acid yields
a molecule each of FADH2 and NADH, while
cleavage of the structure produces acetylCoA. These products are then utilized in other metabolic pathways. FADH2 and NADH are used
in the electron transport chain, while acetyl-CoA
is fed into the Krebs cycle.
How does protein kinase A regulate fatty acid metabolism?
Protein kinase A is an important enzyme for the regulation and control of fatty acid metabolism. Signaling molecules such as glucagon, epinephrine, and norepinephrine activate this kinase through binding to G proteincoupled receptors, an action that produces cyclic AMP. Activated protein kinase A phosphorylates hormone-sensitive lipase, which is the enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing stores of fat.
What is ammonia (NH3) a byproduct of and how does it get excreted?
ammonia is the byproduct of amino acid metabolism. Ammonia
is converted into the body’s most prevalent
nitrogen-containing compound, urea. (NH3 is converted to CH4N2O)
Why are some amino acids termed essential?
because the body cannot make them so they must be ingested through eating proteins
What is an oxyacid?
Since this substance dissolves to generate an acidic solution, the bond between O and H in the structural formula NO2OH breaks when the substance dissolves, making it an oxyacid.
Squalene is produced in the human body as a precursor to which important class of compounds?
steroid hormones
The principal quantum number is a measure of which of the following?
the principal quantum number n is most closely associated with the potential energy of the electron. Since potential energy is proportional to the square of the distance of two oppositely charged particles by Coulomb’s Law, it is also true that n is associated with the radial “size” of the electron cloud.
What formula do you use to measute the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of something by a certain amount?
q = mCΔT, where m is the mass and C is the specific heat T
From Ohm’s Law, current and resistance are inversely proportional, thus
If the temperature T increases by a factor of 673/293 ≅ 2.3, the resistance R will increase by the same amount
What is Archimedes Principle?
according to Archimedes’ Principle, the ratio of the density of an object to the density of the fluid it is submersed in is equal to the ratio of the weight of the object in air to the difference of submersed weight and weight in air.
What is a venule?
a very small vein, especially one collecting blood from the capillaries
reciprocal regulation of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis in the liver
Idk how to inset this image: https://image.slidesharecdn.com/glycolysisandgluconeogenesis-120306020050-phpapp01/95/glycolysis-and-gluconeogenesis-31-728.jpg?cb=1494842496
When there is no oxygen, what does pyruvate get transformed into directly?
when uses lactic acid fermentation: lactic acid-3C (uses NADH) when produces ethanol: but first an acetaldehyde intermediate (whose generation produces Co2), acetaldehyde-2C is then transformed into ethanol-2C using 1 NADH
What germ layer is the mouth lining made from?
the lining of the mouth is derived from an invagination of ectoderm
What germ layer are most of the epithelial tissues in the body derived from?
endoderm, ex. bronchi, bladder, stomach
What is organizational change?
based on the basic definition of an organization as a group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted action to achieve a common purpose. The passage identifies the development of the pediatric subspecialty of child abuse pediatrics, which is an example of a change within pediatrics as an organization.
What is Spearman’s idea of general intelligence?
Charles Spearman first described the existence of general intelligence in 1904. According to Spearman, this g factor was responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests. Spearman noted that while people certainly could and often did excel in certain areas, people who did well in one area tended also to do well in other areas. For example, a person who does well on a verbal test would probably also do well on other tests.
Those who hold this view believe that intelligence can be measured and expressed by a single number, such as an IQ score. The idea is that this underlying general intelligence influences performance on all cognitive tasks.
What is Galton’s idea of hereditary genius?
Galton’s belief in the hereditary nature of intelligence led him to the idea that society should encourage superior individuals to procreate, while those with lesser mental abilities should be discouraged from doing so, a concept for which he coined the term “ eugenics,”
What is Binet’s idea of mental age?
Mental age, intelligence test score, expressed as the chronological age for which a given level of performance is average or typical. An individual’s mental age is then divided by his chronological age and multiplied by 100, yielding an intelligence quotient (IQ). Thus, a subject whose mental and chronological ages are identical has an IQ of 100, or average intelligence. However, if a 10-year-old has a mental age of 13, his IQ is 130, well above average.
What is the difference between the I and the me according to Mead?
the “I” is the spontaneous and autonomous part of the self, according to Mead’s theory of identity. The “me” is the part of the self that is formed in interaction with others and with the general social environment.
WHat is social constructionism?
Social constructionism observes how the interactions of individuals with their society and the world around them gives meaning to otherwise worthless things and creates the reality of the society
What is the average weight of an amino acid?
110 Da
What is the difference between uracil and thymine structurally?
thymine has an extra CH3 group
Kw =
[H+][OH-]
pKw=
pH+pOH
How to find Km in a Linweaver-Burke plot?
Plot of 1/Vo versus 1/[S], The answer to this question is D because the value of 1/[S] when 1/Vo is zero (the x-intercept of the Lineweaver–Burk plot) is –1/KM
How is V0 related to Vmax of an enzyme?
Vo = (Vmax[S])/(KM + [S])
How many OH groups does glycerol have?
3
How many bands would result if a homodimer were run through an SDS page gel?
1 because even though the dimer would break apart, they would be the same weight so there would only be one band
What does a K>1 and a K<1 mean?
K>1 means that there is a greater concentration of products than reactions at equilibrium (aka that products are favored)- and K<1 means that reactants are favored
How do you determine which way anionic species flow across the salt bridge ?
basically since reduction happens at the cathode, a surplus of electrons will build up there, so then anions flow from the cathode beaker to the anode beaker to that too much negative charge build up at the cathode because that buildup of negative charge will stop the flow of electrons and cause a premature halt
What is ln(1) and what is ln(0)?
ln(1)=0 because anything to the zero exponent is one, ln(0) doesn’t exist
The lof of what will produce a negative number?
fraction
What is hybrid vigor or heterosis?
a recessive gene that is dangerous (or even fatal) in
homozygotes can persist due to the advantage of
being heterozygous, ex sickle cell
What is the difference between penetrance and expressitivity?
penetrance-how many people with the gene show the phenotype aka 50% of the people with the BRCA1 gene get breast cancer so the penetrance is 50% (also penetrance is a propotion of the individuals with the phenotypic presentation of the genotype), expressivity-different individuals with the same genotype express it in diffferent ways (have different phenotypes) like mice with RR genotype show both white and black fur even though the genotype encodes for black fur
Penetrance v expressivity
penetrace-Are they expressing it? expressitivity-How are they expressing it? (like does it result in blue or purple eyes)
What types of gasses are used in gas chromatography?
Inert gasses like nitrogen or helium
what is the pressure of an object submerged a certain depth in a fluid (also known as gauge pressure)
gauge pressure is calculated using the equation P = ρgy, where ρ denotes the density of the fluid and y refers to the depth of the object
If the electric field at a particular point is known, the force a charge q experiences when it is placed at that point is given by :
F=qE (charge times the strength of the electric field)
the same amount of ____ goes through resistors in series
current
right hand rule is used for ______ charges
POSITIVE!!!! so flip if it is a negative charge aka electron
Pyruvate kinase v pyruvate decarboxylase?
carboxylase= gluconeogenesis
Kinase=last step of glycolysis
Cultural v social reproduction
Cultural reproduction is the transmission of existing cultural values and norms from generation to generation.[1] Cultural reproduction refers to the mechanisms by which continuity of cultural experience is sustained across time. Cultural reproduction often results in social reproduction, or the process of transferring aspects of society (such as class) from generation to generation.[2]
______is the enzyme that turns pyruvate into acetyl CoA and is the mediating link between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
pyruvate dehydrogenase
what is the enzyme that catalyzes the final step of glcolysis
pyruvate kinase
What are the differences between myoglobin and hemoglobin?
myoglobin only binds one oxygen, has a higher oxygen affinity, and is found in muscle
does the R or T state of hemoglobin binding have a tighter binding affinity for oxygen?
R
Carbonic anhydrase is a metalloenzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water. The active site of this enzyme contains a ____molecule
zinc
Activation of suppressor T cells triggers production of a cytokine cocktail that
inactivates other immune cells, including the cytotoxic T cells and NK cells that are vital for tumor elimination.
what is anaphalaxis
a heightened immune response to everything
