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Para PQ's 1 > 2018 from Toddler- Protozoology > Flashcards

2018 from Toddler- Protozoology Flashcards

1
Q

Trypanosoma spp. having undulating membrane:

A

T. brucei brucei

T. congolense

T. vivax- has inconspicuous undulating membrane

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2
Q

Stages of Tryponosoma spp. having undulating membrane

A

Trypomastigote

Epimastigote

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3
Q

Which trypanosome stage is intracellular?

A

Amastigote

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4
Q

Which has flagellum, but no undulating membrane?

A

Promastigote

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5
Q

Which does not have flagellum?

A

Amastigote

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6
Q

Which phenotype of trypanosomes has the kinetoplast anteriorly next to the nucleus, and is also provided with short undulating membrane?

A

Epimastigote

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7
Q

Which cells do Trypanosomes invade?

A

WBC’s and macrophages

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8
Q

Trypanosoma found in old world and new world

A

Trypanosoma vivax (south america only)

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9
Q

For how long does Trypanosoma have…?

A

Many years

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10
Q

Salivaria vs. Stercocaira; which occur in South America?

A

Both, these are the trypanosomes group

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11
Q

What is the size range of trypanosomes?

A

8-39um

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12
Q

Name of the cutaneous inflammation after an infection / infiltration with Trypanosoma:

A

Chancre

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13
Q

Nagana is caused by:

A

T. vivax, congolense and brucei

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14
Q

Spp. not effected by Nagana

A

Wild animals- have reservoir role and certain breeds of cattle (N’Dama and zebu are resistant)

Ru, Eq, Sus and Car are all infected!

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15
Q

Which is the largest among the causative agents of Nagana?

A

T. brucei brucei (15-39um)

Sidenote: the smallest is congolense!

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16
Q

Which Trypomastigote has a large undulating membrane?

A

T. brucei brucei

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17
Q

What is the most frequent cause of death in Nagana?

A

Congestive heart failure

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18
Q

Which region of Africa does the acute, more rapid form of sleeping sickness (T. rhodensiense) occur?

A

Eastern

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19
Q

Trypanosoma evansi causes:

A

Mal de caderas/ Surra

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20
Q

The causative agent of Surra (mal de caderas):

A

Has broad host spectrum- horse, dog, camel, elephant, humans

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21
Q

Which host has asymptomatic Trypanosoma evansi infection?

A

Cattle

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22
Q

Surra caused by which parasite?

A

T. evansi

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23
Q

Surra is found where in the world?

A

North africa

Asia

Central and south america

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24
Q

The vector of T. brucei evansi plays a role as:

A

Mechanical vector

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25
Q

Mal de Caderas symptoms:

A

Edema of the limbs

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26
Q

Which animal has asymptomatic T.brucei evansi infection

A

Cattle

Water pig

(since these are reservoirs)

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27
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi causes

A

Chaga’s disease

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28
Q

The amastigote of Trypanosoma cruzi occurs?

A

In mesenchymal cells
Amastigote (mesenchymal cells) – Infected cells rupture, disintegrating amasitgotes elicit an inflammatory response - Epimastigote – Trpomastigote (infect new cells and tissues, muscle, nerves)

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29
Q

How can dogs be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Eating bugs

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30
Q

Which phenotype is not characteristic of Trypanosoma cruszi?

A

Promastigote

See amastigote, epimastigote, and (in the blood stream) trypomastigote.

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31
Q

Which has the biggest kinetoplast or soma from the 4 Trypanosoma?

A

T. cruzi

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32
Q

How can the kissing bugs inoculate Trypanosoma cruzi in a host?

A

With their faeces

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33
Q

Trypanosoma brucei equiperdum causes:

A

Dourine (exanthema coitale paralyticum)

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34
Q

Which trypanosoma species causes asymptomatic infection in dogs?

A

T. equiperdum (does not infect dogs)

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35
Q

Which species does the causative agent of Dourine belong to?

A

T. brucei

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36
Q

In scientific terms, what is a dollar spot?

A

Urticaria

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37
Q

Which ocular problem does Dourine not cause?

A

Nystagmus (strabism)

Lacrimation

Mydriasis

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38
Q

Dourine has been found where in the EU in the last 10 years?

A

Italy

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39
Q

What is the main sign seen towards the end of Dourine?

A

Paralysis, mainly in the hindlimbs

Genitlas– skin– nerves

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40
Q

Geographic locations and symptoms of following Trypanosoma diseases:

A

Nagana: Central Africa, south of the Sahara region - Haemorrhages on mucosal surfaces, inflammatory-necrotic changes, death due to congestive heart failure

Sleeping Sickness: Africa - Leptomeningitis followed by cerebritis

Surra / Mal de caderas: EU, North Africa, Asia, Central and South America - Oedema, neurological (Horse) and ocular (Dog) signs, etc.

Chagas’ disease: South and Central America - “mega signs” like cardiomegaly, mega-oesophagus, megacolon

Dourine: Third world countries, Italy - “dollar spots” Genitals – Skin – Nerves

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41
Q

Which of the following is detected by Giemsa staining of blood smear? MCQ

A

Theileria

Trypanosoma

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42
Q

What type of biological vector does Salivaria-type Trypanosoma have?

A

Biological vector: Glossinia spp (tsetse flies)

Mechanical vector- stomoxys and tabanus spp (blood sucking flies)

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43
Q

Which phenotype/form is possible for the pathogenesis of Leishmania?

A

Amastigote

Amastigote in the host: IC in macrophages

Promastigote in the vector: sandfly

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44
Q

Incubation period of Leishmania?

A

Several years

After incubation of 3 mnths to 7 yrs- chronic outcome!

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45
Q

Leishmaniosis vector is:

A

Sandfly (Phlebotomus)

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46
Q

How can host be infected by Leishmania?

A

Female sand-fly. Vector disease via biting

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47
Q

Leishmania transmission can be:

A

All!

Vector borne

Transplacental

Sandfly

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48
Q

What is/are characteristic of pathogenesis of leishmaniosis? (MCQ)

A

MPS killing amastigotes

Hyperglobinaemia

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49
Q

Visceral form of Leishmania?

A

Distended intestines

Melena

Conjunctiva problems

Hyperaemic spleen

PU/PD

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50
Q

Symptoms of Leishmaniosis

A

Cutaneous form – Hair loss, hyper-keratosis, desquamation, seborrhoea, small papules, ulcers, crusts, excessive long clawa (onychogryphosis)

Visceral form – Lymph nodes spleen and liver enlarge, fever, anaemia, emaciation, muscle atrophy, ataxia, somnolence, lethargy, anorexia, vomit, diarrhoea, cachexia, PU, PD, ocular signs, rhinitis, coughing, epistaxis, melena

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51
Q

Cause of death in Leishmania?

A

Renal insufficiency/ failure

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52
Q

Which country lacks autochthonous cases (indigenous, native) of Leishmaniosis?

A

Germany

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53
Q

What is the approximate size of Giardia:

A

Trophozoite – 11-17 um

Cyst - 10-20um

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54
Q

How do humans get giardia?

A

Swimming

Contam drinking water

Washing food with water

Surfaces

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55
Q

How do chickens get Giardiasis?

A

Infection per os

Infected water

Water-brone infection

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56
Q

Where can we find Giardia extra-intestinally?

A

Bile and pancreatic ducts, liver and pancreas

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57
Q

Giardia cyst location?

A

Infectious form is in the environment

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58
Q

Giardia trophozoite location?

A

Vegetative form so in the host! intestine, bile duct, pancreatic duct

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59
Q

Which Giardia duodenalis occurs in dog?

A

Genotype A,B,C,D

*note: genotypes A-G exist

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60
Q

Difference between Trichomonas and Tritrichomonas?

A

Trichomonas: have 4 flagella and are found in birds

Tritrichomonas have 3 flagellas and are found in cattle

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61
Q

If the following are present, more susceptible to Trichomonas: MCQ

A

Vit A def

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62
Q

How do pigeons acquire Trichomonas?

A

Young pigeons (squabs) via feeding on regurgitated feed

Pigeons via kissing or from contam drinking water

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63
Q

Age when bulls are susceptible to Trichomonas spp.:

A

Above 3 years

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64
Q

How does Trichomonas gallinae reach the liver in birds?

A

From navel
Hepatic form – Through navel of squabs into the liver – Greyish-yellow, pea-sized necrotic foci

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65
Q

Geographical region with Tritrichomonas problems?

A

Certain states of America (e.g. Florida, Nevada, California, etc.)

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66
Q

How does Tritrichomonas foetus live in the genital tract?

A

Epi-cellularly

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67
Q

Which can be found in earthworms?

A

Histomonas meleagridis- Heterakis earthworms as a transport host

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68
Q

Predisposing factor of Histomonosis

A

Turkeys kept together with chickesn (they are asymptomatic carriers, frequently infected with Hertakis

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69
Q

Patho of liver of histomonas

A

Dry cut surface

Characteristic, greyish-yellow, circular, deep/sunken, necrotic foci 1-2cm or more in diameter. The border of the lesions shows sharp demarcation, and the dry-cut surface shows concentric structures due to expanding necrosis of the hepatocytes on the periphery. Pathognomic lesions!

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70
Q

Characteristics of Histomonosis disease in birds?

A

Cyanosis of the head

Weakness

wing drop

Drowsiness

Yellow Dx

Death within days

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71
Q

Which clinical sign is not characteristic of turkey Histomonosis?

A

Head cyanosis!!!!!!

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72
Q

Entamoeba histoyltica morphology

A

4 nuceli, 8-20 um

Trophozoite=amoeboid form, in mucosa and tissues, ring-shaped nucleus, karysomes (endosome), RBC’s in cytoplasm, mitsome instead of mitcochondria, pseudopodia for movement!

Cyst= round (don’t confuse with Giradia which is oval), 4 nuclei, blunt chromatidal bars

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73
Q

Which of the following is/are characteristic of Entamoeba histolytica trophoziotes? MCQ

A

Eccentric endosome

Phagocytised RBC’s

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74
Q

What causes anosomia (loss of smell?)

A

Entamoeba histolytica

*note can also be caused by pneumonyssoides caninum

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75
Q

Where does the skin abscess of Entamoeba come from?

A

Abscesses in the liver- peritonitis and pleuritis (if the abscesses rupture)

On skin: Erythma, alopecia, hyperkeratosis (desquamation)

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76
Q

Acanthamoebosis

A

Free-living

Soil inhabitant

Opportunistic amoebae

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77
Q

Chronic granulomatosus encephalitis is caused by:

A

Acanthamoeba castellani

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78
Q

What is chronic granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) in humans caused by?

A

Acantomoeba castellani

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79
Q

How can a dog become infected with Acanthamoeba castellani?

A

Dog: from water! contact with still water, through skin lesion. Opportunistic if distemper infection

Horse: via inhalation, through skin lesions

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80
Q

Naegleriosis

A

10-12 um, rounded Trophozoite Biflagellar form Cyst

< 20 um, with a single amoebostome
Swim large distances in water
10-12 um, uni-nucleated, round, ostiolum (tiny opening for excystation)

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81
Q

What is shape and size of Naegleria cyst?

A

Uni-nucleated

Osteolum

Rounded

10-12um

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82
Q

What is the form Naegleria fowleri does not have?

A

Provided with one flagellum

(N. fowleri has biflagellar form)

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83
Q

What is the acute primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans caused by?

A

Naegleria fowleri

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84
Q

What is true for infection with Amoeba? (?)

A

Large nucleus

LArge cyst

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85
Q

What is apicomplexa?

A

Obligatory IC parasite

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86
Q

Detection of Klossiella:

A

Sporocysts – Urine:Sodium hydrogencarbonate. Centrifuge. Examine sediment. Sporoblasts – Basophil staining, bilaminar membrane projections on the surface.

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87
Q

What belongs to Alveolata (meaning ‘with cavities’, group of protists)

A

Apicomplexa

Ciliophora

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88
Q

Where does the merozoite develop?

A

Inside schizont

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89
Q

Which statement is not true for the development of Eimeria species?

A

Schizogony occurs in gametogony

True: Schizogony is initiated epithelially or sub-epithelially. Sporulated oocysts are more resistant than unsporulated ones. Occurrence of meronts with few merozoites is not characteristic.

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90
Q

Pre-disposing factors to Eimeria:

A

Young-age

Intesive keeping

Insufficient nutrition- lack of vits and protein

Poor hygiene

Deep litter

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91
Q

Which Eimeria species occurs extra-intestinally?

A

E. ninakohyakimovae in Goats’ lymph nodes and gall bladder

E. danoilovi in Ducks. Lesions in cerebellum.

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92
Q

Difference between Isospora and Eimeria spp.?

A

Only Eimeria has cap, micropyle and residual bodies

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93
Q

Different Eimeria spp asking for most pathogenic stage

A

E. tenella- 2nd schizont

E. brunetti, E. necatrix- 2nd schizogony

E. brunetti-2nd schizogony, 3rd gametogony

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94
Q

How many Eimeria sp cause Haem lesions in small intestine of chicken?

A

3

Necatrix, maxima, brunetti

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95
Q

How many Eimeria spp. cause haemorrhagic or fibrinous lesions in the caeca?

A

2

E. tenella and brunetti

96
Q

Which Eimeria in the small intestine does not cause haemorrhages?

A

Not E. acervulina nor E. mitis

97
Q

What Eimeria causes haemorrhagic or fibrinous lesions in the caeca?

A

E. brunetti

98
Q

Which Eimeria spp. in chicken is:

A

Highly pathogenic: tenella and necatrix

Moderately pathogenic: maxima

Less pathogenic: acervulina, mitis

99
Q

Which Eimeria causes ladder-like white bands?

A

E. acervulina

100
Q

Eimeria acervulina location:

A

Duodenum (heavier infection extending to the jejunum)

101
Q

Which Eimeria spp. is complimentary to E. acervulina? (?)

A

E. mitis maybe, since both cause sub-clinical signs in chicken (less pathogenic)

102
Q

Location of Eimeria tenella: MCQ

A

Caecum
Epithelial cells – Lymphocytes – Macrophages – Crypt epithelium

103
Q

Location of Eimeria maxima: MCQ

A

Jejunum

(occasionally in the duodenum and ileum)

104
Q

Which Eimeria sp./spp. cause(s) typically coagulation necrosis?

A

E. brunetti

105
Q

Which Eimeria sp./spp. have 6-7 day pre-patent period?

A

tenella and necatric

(brunetti and maxima have a 5 day PP)

106
Q

Which is most probably not found in chicken

A

E. duodenalis, E. flavescens

107
Q

No neurological symptoms?

A

Eimeria of turkey

In other birds could cause cerebellar lesions

108
Q

Which Eimeria species does not occur behind the small intestine?

A

E. meleagridis

109
Q

Which turkey coccidium is at most forward?

A

E. meleagrimitis (jejunum, duodenum and ileum)

110
Q

The most pathogenic turkey coccidium?

A

E. adenoides

gallopavonis

meleagrimitis

(Not pathogenic is E meleagridis)

111
Q

Which one is not found in turkey?

A

E. duodenalis (found in pheasants)

112
Q

Which one causes catarrhal haemorrhagic inflammation in Pheasant?

A

E. colchici

113
Q

Where does Eimeria labbeana and E. columbarum develop?

A

Pigeon, middle of the small intestine

114
Q

Goose kidney coccidium?

A

E. truncata

115
Q

Eimeria kotlani is in which species?

A

Goose- intestinal coccidiosis (also, E nocens and anseris)

116
Q

Which coccidia has 4 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites in each?

A

Wenyonella philiplevinei (coccidiosis of duck)

117
Q

How many Eimeria spp. does not cause haemorrhages in the small intestine?

A

One! E. anatis NO haem

Haemorrhages in Ducks (3) – Tyzzeria perniciosia, E. danailovi, Wenyonella philiplevinei

118
Q
A
119
Q

Coccidiosis of horse

A

E. leuckarti- small intestine

120
Q

What characteristic lesion of Horse coccidiosis in small intestine?

A

Catarrhal- inflamm changes

121
Q

What type of oocyst is E.leuckarti?

A

80um, piriform

Thick dark brown wall and large micropyle

122
Q

Which Eimeria spp. is highly pathogenic in cattle?

A

E. zuernii and bovis

123
Q

Which Eimeria sp. may have a high pathogenicity similar to E. zuernii? (?)

A

E. alabamensis

According to notes:

zuernii— bovis

alabamensis– aubernensis

ellipsoidalis (least)

124
Q

Which Eimeria species occurs in Goat?

A

E. ninakohlyakimovae (occurs extra-intestinally)

125
Q

Liver coccidiosis of rabbits

A

E. stiedai

126
Q

Where does E. flavescens occur

A

In the caecum

127
Q

Which of the following is correct?

A

E. irresidua- in the jejunum

128
Q

Rabbit coccidiosis

A

SI: intestinalis, magna, irresidua

LI: flavescens, piriformis

129
Q

Coccidiosis of pig

A

E. deblicki

E. polita

E. scabra

E. spinosa (non-pathogenic)

Isospora suis (pathogenic)

Therefore both eimeria and isospora can cause coccidiosis in Sus

130
Q

What is not characteristic during Pig coccidiosis?

A

Haem enteritis

131
Q

Where are the lesions caused by Isospora suis mostly situated?

A

Jejunum

132
Q

Which genus has sporulated oocysts with 2 sporocysts?

A

Isospora

Sporulated isospora have 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites

Wall does not have a micropyle

No residual or stieda body!

133
Q

Coccidiosis of dogs

A

Isospora canis, ohioensis and burrowsi

134
Q

Coccidiosis of cats

A

Isopspora felis and rivolta

135
Q

Difference between Isospora and Eimeria?

A

Only the eimeria has cap, micropyle and residual body (differ in the sporulated types as well? eimeria 4 sporocysts, isopora only 2)

136
Q

If Eimeria oocysts are recognised in Dog faeces, then: (?)

A

Belong to the dog as host, no patho significance!

Pseudoparasites

137
Q

If Dog passes Eimeria in faeces (are detectable):

A

Not diagnostic!

The coccidia could be from consumed prey animals (e.g rodents)

138
Q

Dog coccidiosis:

A

Host specific

Homoxenous parasites (with paratenic host only)

139
Q

Which species does not have Eimeria spp.?

A

Carnivores– have isospora

140
Q

Locations of Crypto species

A

C. parvum: SI- rodents, Ru, humans

C.muris: Abomasum/stomach: rodents, rabbits, Ru, Car, Humans

C. andersoni: Abomasum and stomach of Ru and humans

141
Q

Which genus has sporulated oocysts with 4 free sporozoites?

A

Crypto

142
Q

Which genus has sporulated oocysts without sporocysts?

A

Crypto

143
Q

Size of Cryptosporidiosis oocyst?

A

5-6, 5-8 um in mammals

144
Q

Crpyosporidium infection:

A

Per os: mainly with water

Aerogen: coughing, dust or spray

145
Q

Which form of Cryptosporidiosis has the most severe outcome in mammals?

A

C. parvum due to apoptosis

146
Q

Crypt parvum are more likely in…

A

Immunocompromised animals (opportunism)

Giardia (concurrent infection)

147
Q

Cryptosporidium andersoni in:

A

Gastric glands of bovine abomasum

In older calves

148
Q

Which Cryptosporidium sp./spp. occur(s) frequently in post-weaned or older calves? (MCQ)

A

bovis

ryanae

andersoni

149
Q

Which is not characteristic of Avian cryptosporidiosis?

A

Hepatic!

Characteristic: resp, intesinal and renal

150
Q

Cryptosporidium baileyi not in: (location and host)

A

In chicken! location depends on route of infection

151
Q

In which location will Cryptosporidium baileyi not establish?

A

Stomach

152
Q

Which form of Cryptosporidiosis has the most severe outcome in Broilers?

A

Resp form

153
Q

In which host does Toxoplasmosis play a large role in abortion?

A

Sheep! Mid gestation

154
Q

Which are the routes of infection of Toxoplasma?

A

Oral- meat containing cysts/sporulated oocysts

Galactogenic

Transplacental

Parenteral

155
Q

What kind of meat do humans get Toxoplasma from?

A

Venison, lamb and pork mainly

156
Q

What are potential consequences of Neosporosis in dogs? MCQ

A

(potential paralysis in dogs and abortion in cattle)

Poly-radiculo-neuritis- this is asc paralysis

Dysphagia

Dermatitis

157
Q

When does Neospora caninum cause abortion?

A

Cows – Abortion between 3rd-7th month of gestation (early foetal death may entail resorption, later causes mummification, autolysis)

Due to tachyzoites (parasitaemia) of the mother. Neospora is a cause of paralysis in dog and abortion in cattle.

158
Q

What is the characteristic gestation period of Neosporosis related abortion in cows? (intermediate host)

A

4-6 months

159
Q

Neospora hughesi causes:

A

Equine protozoal myelmoencephalitis (EPM)

160
Q

Who does Hammondiosis affect?

A

Final host: carnivores!!

heydorni and triffitae in dog, fox, coyote and hammondi in cats

IH: Ru, guinea pigs, mice, deer, dogs (prey species)

161
Q

Clinical signs of Hammondia spp.:

A

H. hammondi - Only in intermediate host. Depression, anorexia, myocarditis, death in mouse, rat. Final host no symptoms.

H. heydorni - No clinical signs.

162
Q

Hammondiosis causes symptoms in what?

A

Dog and cat

Usually subclinical in cats

heydorni can cause Dx in immunocomprmised dogs

163
Q

Which species is related to pathological signs in Hammondia?

A

Mouse- depression, anorexia, myositis, myocarditis, death

164
Q

Besnoitia species are:

A

Obligatory heteroxenous!

Cause elephant skin disease

165
Q

Besnoitia species are:

A

South west to east

166
Q

Besnoitia vector:

A

Tabanus and stomoxys!! they are mehcanical vectors and spreas the cystozoites

167
Q

Where does the Besnoitia cyst occur?

A

Pathognomic in the sclera!!!

168
Q

Which statement is not true for Besnoitia besnoiti?

A

It ́s most important intermediate host is the cat. (Intermediate host is cattle, wild ruminants).

True: It can be transmitted by vectors. The cyst is visible to the naked eye. Develops in the endothel.

169
Q

Which domestic animals have zoonotic Sarcocystis sp./spp.?

A

Pig and cattle

Pig: S. sulhominis

Cattle: S. hominis

170
Q

Ruminants Sarcocystiosis pathogenesis:

A

Dalmeny disease

General haem diathesis

171
Q

Haemogregarines characteristics:

A

Micro and macro gamonts develop next to eachother

172
Q

In Klossiella there is:

A

Free sporocyst to discharge via urine

Sporocyst with 10-15 sporozoites in it

173
Q

Which animal is pathogenically affected by Klosseliosis?

A

horse- K.equi

Mouse- K. muris

174
Q

Hepatozoon host:

A

Dog, fox, jackal (cat)

175
Q

True for hepatozoon

A

Oocyst develops in ticks

Biological vectors are hard ticks- usually rhipicephalus sanguines

176
Q

Hepatozoon americanum develops in which tissue?

A

in muscles (myocardium)

177
Q

Specific for Hepatozoon americanum:

A

Schizonts with multilamellar wall (onion like)

178
Q

What is the last developmental stage in Hepatozoon canis of dog?

A

Gamont (appear in the blood 5 weeks PI)

179
Q

Location of Hepatozoon canis:

A

Neutrophils, granulocytes and WBC’s

180
Q

What is characteristic of Hepatozoon canis oocysts?

A

Very large, visible to the naked eye

0.3-1mm

181
Q

Which infective form is in the tick of hepatozoon canis

A

Oocyst

182
Q

How can canine Hepatozoonosis be diagnosed?

A

Finding gamonts in the blood (elliptical gamonts in WBC’c, mainly neutrophils)

183
Q

Haemosporinds

A

Heteroxenous parasites

Fertilized zygotes is motile

No sporocyst, conoid

184
Q

Which malaria is crescent shaped?

A

Malaria falciparum- its gametes have crescent or banana shape

185
Q

Which stage is missing in Plasmodium?

A

No syzgium nor sporocyst

186
Q

What cells are infected with pasmodium

A

MPS

RBC’s

Lymphocytes

Liver cells

187
Q

In plasmodium spescies, where does the primary exo-erythrocytic schizogony take place?

A

Mammals- in liver parenchymal cells

Birds: MPS of skin, then various organs

188
Q

Plasmodium- where does endo-erythrocytic merogony take place

A

in RBCs within PV, continuing repeatedly and synchronising

189
Q

Which Plasmodium causes the appearance of Schüffner dots in red blood cells?

A

P. ovale and P. vivax

190
Q

Which Plasmodium species is not pathogenic to humans?

A

P. simium

Humans: falciparum, vivax, malariae, ovale

191
Q

What is the most important biological vector of Plasmodium gallinaceum (chicken)?

A

Culex/cullicoides for birds

Anopheles for mammals

192
Q

Which isn’t a characteristic of Haemoproteosis?

A

Lung emphysema!

Does cause lung edema, haem on the heart and megalo-schizonts on the heart

193
Q

Where does Haemoproetus develop?

A

In the vector for 1-2 weeks (in the endothel)

194
Q

Vectors of Haemoproteus spp.?

A

Mechanical vectors!

Forest flies: hippboscidae

Biting midges: Cullicoides

195
Q

Where does the first schizogony of Haemoproteus spp. take place?

A

In endothelial cells

196
Q

Haemoproteus can be detected:

A

Pigmented gamonts in RBC’s! first sausage shaped, then encircling the nucleus

*infects birds- remember birds RBC contains nucleus!

197
Q

Which is correct for Haemoproteus?

A

Sausage shaped gamonts nect to the nucleus (remeber this infects birds and bird RBC has a nucleus!)

198
Q

Which Leucocytozoon species occurs in chicken?

A

L. caulleryi

199
Q

Which are the vectors of Leucocytozoon species?

A

Mechanical (BB)

Biting midges (Cullicoides sp)

Blackflies (Simulidae)

200
Q

Leucocytozoon first schizogony takes place where?

A

Liver parenchymal cells!

Depending on species can occur in the spleen and other organs too)

201
Q

Which is absent from the lifecycle of Leucocytozoon species?

A

Sporokinete

202
Q

Which is the location of Leucocyotzoon sp. don’t usually cause any haemorrhage, necrosis?

A

Mucus membranes!

Cause haem and necrosis in: Lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, gall bladder, ovary, oviduct and muscles

203
Q

Piroplasmosis characteristics:

A

Heteroxenous

No oocysts, conoid (together with Haemosporinids called “Aconidisada”)

204
Q

Breed predisposition to Babesia in Dogs

A

Spaniel

Also- Doberman, Pekingese, Yorkshire terrier, Irish setter

More resistant: Beagle, fox terrier

Sub-clinical: German Shepherds

205
Q

Transmission of Babesia

A

Via ticks

206
Q

Which ticks are vectors of large babesia species

A

Eq: Dermacentor marginatus

Bo: Boophilus sp and Haemaphysalis punctuata

Ca: Dermacentor reticularis

207
Q

Babesia canis transmitted by Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus?

A

False: D. reticularus only!!

208
Q

Which genus/ genera include(s) tick sp./spp. that is/are vectors of large babesiosis? MCQ

A

Haemaphysalis

Dermacentor

209
Q

What transmits horse Babesia?

A

B. caballi’s vector is Dermacentor marginatus

210
Q

Mode of Babesia transmission:

A

Trans-ovarial (female)

Intrasstadial (male)

Transtadial

211
Q

Which is the vector of the zoonotic European Babesiosis?

A

Ixodes ricinus

The zoonotic babesia= B. divergans

212
Q

Can humans get Babesia from dogs?

A

False

213
Q

Babesia incubation period:

A

4-21 days

214
Q

What is the incubation period of canine Babesiosis?

A

5-20 days

215
Q

Form of Theileria that occurs in RBC’s

A

Piroplasm!

NB to note that both theileria and babesia have piroplasms (these are merozoites in the shape of crosses)

216
Q

What is not characteristic of equine Theileriosis? (Theileria equi, formerly Babesia equi)

A

Do not see neuro signs (does this mean that you see neuro signs?)

True: haemoglobinuria, haem, melena and pre-natal infection

217
Q

Which Theileria spp. is pathogenic?

A

T. equi in horses

T. annulata in cattle

T. parva. lawrencei and hirei

218
Q

Which is not in South America?

A

Theileria parva (in East Africa) and Babesia microti (in North America and Europe)

219
Q

First schizogony of Cytauxzoon felis occurs in:

A

MPS cells (RES, mainly macrophages)

220
Q

Vectors of Cytauxzoonosis?

A

Dermacentor variabilis

Amblyomma americanum

221
Q

Which genus does the vector of Cytauxzoon felis belong to?

A

Amblyomma

222
Q

What is primarily responsible for the pathogenic effect of Cytauxzoon felis?

A

Occlusion of blood vessels by schizonts

223
Q

Balantidium coli:

A

Vegetative form 50-150 um (ovoid, vestibulum, cytostome) Cyst 40-60 um (spherical, thick-walled)

(related spp. Buxtonella sulcate; cattle)

224
Q

What is Blastocytosis similar to?

A

Genetic diversity of Blastocytis hominis is similar to cryptosporidium genus

225
Q

How does Blastocysta infect?

A

Opportunistic parasite in humans- when change of diet that influences the gut flora. Non-invasive

InfectionL fecal or oral route or waterborne

226
Q

Into which larger taxonomical category do Blastocystis spp. belong to?

A

Stramenophila protist

227
Q

Which is in Alveolate group?

A

Meaning “with cavities”

e.g apicomplexa, cilliates etc…

228
Q

Microspora

A

homo-xenous, obligate IC parasites

No mitochondria

In the spore: One polar body, spiral duct and sporoplasm

Genera: Encephalitozoon, Enterocytozoon (hu), Nosema (bee)

229
Q

What is the approximate size of Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores?

A

2um (1.5-2 um)

230
Q

In what can Encephalitozoon spores be found? MCQ

A

Urine

Kidney tubular cells

Brain

Kidney

231
Q

Staining Encephalitozoon cuniculi:

A

ZN

India ink

232
Q

It is more a fox symptom than a dog in case of Encephalitozoonosis:

A

Thickened arterial wall, small diameter

233
Q

Which clinical sign is not characteristic of Encephalitozoonosis?

A

Posterior paralysis

Effects the kindye and brain- expect neuro, ocular and renal signs

234
Q

What is characteristic effect of the pathology of Encephalitozoonosis?

A

Chronic interstital nephritis

235
Q

How can infection with Encephalitozoon cuniculi be aquired?

A

Prenatally

Horizontal: urine, prey animals or eater

Vertical: trans-placental

236
Q

Representatives of which orders are primarily affected by Encephalitozoon cuniculi?

A

Lagomorpha, Carnivora

Para PQ's 1 (5 decks)

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