2018 from Toddler- Protozoology Flashcards
1
Q
Trypanosoma spp. having undulating membrane:
A
T. brucei brucei
T. congolense
T. vivax- has inconspicuous undulating membrane
2
Q
Stages of Tryponosoma spp. having undulating membrane
A
Trypomastigote
Epimastigote
3
Q
Which trypanosome stage is intracellular?
A
Amastigote
4
Q
Which has flagellum, but no undulating membrane?
A
Promastigote
5
Q
Which does not have flagellum?
A
Amastigote
6
Q
Which phenotype of trypanosomes has the kinetoplast anteriorly next to the nucleus, and is also provided with short undulating membrane?
A
Epimastigote
7
Q
Which cells do Trypanosomes invade?
A
WBC’s and macrophages
8
Q
Trypanosoma found in old world and new world
A
Trypanosoma vivax (south america only)
9
Q
For how long does Trypanosoma have…?
A
Many years
10
Q
Salivaria vs. Stercocaira; which occur in South America?
A
Both, these are the trypanosomes group
11
Q
What is the size range of trypanosomes?
A
8-39um
12
Q
Name of the cutaneous inflammation after an infection / infiltration with Trypanosoma:
A
Chancre
13
Q
Nagana is caused by:
A
T. vivax, congolense and brucei
14
Q
Spp. not effected by Nagana
A
Wild animals- have reservoir role and certain breeds of cattle (N’Dama and zebu are resistant)
Ru, Eq, Sus and Car are all infected!
15
Q
Which is the largest among the causative agents of Nagana?
A
T. brucei brucei (15-39um)
Sidenote: the smallest is congolense!
16
Q
Which Trypomastigote has a large undulating membrane?
A
T. brucei brucei
17
Q
What is the most frequent cause of death in Nagana?
A
Congestive heart failure
18
Q
Which region of Africa does the acute, more rapid form of sleeping sickness (T. rhodensiense) occur?
A
Eastern
19
Q
Trypanosoma evansi causes:
A
Mal de caderas/ Surra
20
Q
The causative agent of Surra (mal de caderas):
A
Has broad host spectrum- horse, dog, camel, elephant, humans
21
Q
Which host has asymptomatic Trypanosoma evansi infection?
A
Cattle
22
Q
Surra caused by which parasite?
A
T. evansi
23
Q
Surra is found where in the world?
A
North africa
Asia
Central and south america
24
Q
The vector of T. brucei evansi plays a role as:
A
Mechanical vector
25
Mal de Caderas symptoms:
Edema of the limbs
26
Which animal has asymptomatic T.brucei evansi infection
Cattle
Water pig
(since these are reservoirs)
27
Trypanosoma cruzi causes
Chaga's disease
28
The amastigote of Trypanosoma cruzi occurs?
In mesenchymal cells
Amastigote (mesenchymal cells) – Infected cells rupture, disintegrating amasitgotes elicit an inflammatory response - Epimastigote – Trpomastigote (infect new cells and tissues, muscle, nerves)
29
How can dogs be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi?
Eating bugs
30
Which phenotype is not characteristic of Trypanosoma cruszi?
Promastigote
## Footnote
See amastigote, epimastigote, and (in the blood stream) trypomastigote.
31
Which has the biggest kinetoplast or soma from the 4 Trypanosoma?
T. cruzi
32
How can the kissing bugs inoculate Trypanosoma cruzi in a host?
With their faeces
33
Trypanosoma brucei equiperdum causes:
Dourine (exanthema coitale paralyticum)
34
Which trypanosoma species causes asymptomatic infection in dogs?
T. equiperdum (does not infect dogs)
35
Which species does the causative agent of Dourine belong to?
T. brucei
36
In scientific terms, what is a dollar spot?
Urticaria
37
Which ocular problem does Dourine not cause?
Nystagmus (strabism)
Lacrimation
Mydriasis
38
Dourine has been found where in the EU in the last 10 years?
Italy
39
What is the main sign seen towards the end of Dourine?
Paralysis, mainly in the hindlimbs
Genitlas-- skin-- nerves
40
Geographic locations and symptoms of following Trypanosoma diseases:
Nagana: Central Africa, south of the Sahara region - Haemorrhages on mucosal surfaces, inflammatory-necrotic changes, death due to congestive heart failure
Sleeping Sickness: Africa - Leptomeningitis followed by cerebritis
Surra / Mal de caderas: EU, North Africa, Asia, Central and South America - Oedema, neurological (Horse) and ocular (Dog) signs, etc.
Chagas’ disease: South and Central America - “mega signs” like cardiomegaly, mega-oesophagus, megacolon
Dourine: Third world countries, Italy - “dollar spots” Genitals – Skin – Nerves
41
Which of the following is detected by Giemsa staining of blood smear? MCQ
Theileria
Trypanosoma
42
What type of biological vector does Salivaria-type Trypanosoma have?
Biological vector: Glossinia spp (tsetse flies)
Mechanical vector- stomoxys and tabanus spp (blood sucking flies)
43
Which phenotype/form is possible for the pathogenesis of Leishmania?
Amastigote
Amastigote in the host: IC in macrophages
Promastigote in the vector: sandfly
44
Incubation period of Leishmania?
Several years
After incubation of 3 mnths to 7 yrs- chronic outcome!
45
Leishmaniosis vector is:
Sandfly (Phlebotomus)
46
How can host be infected by Leishmania?
Female sand-fly. Vector disease via biting
47
Leishmania transmission can be:
All!
Vector borne
Transplacental
Sandfly
48
What is/are characteristic of pathogenesis of leishmaniosis? (MCQ)
MPS killing amastigotes
Hyperglobinaemia
49
Visceral form of Leishmania?
Distended intestines
Melena
Conjunctiva problems
Hyperaemic spleen
PU/PD
50
Symptoms of Leishmaniosis
Cutaneous form – Hair loss, hyper-keratosis, desquamation, seborrhoea, small papules, ulcers, crusts, excessive long clawa (onychogryphosis)
Visceral form – Lymph nodes spleen and liver enlarge, fever, anaemia, emaciation, muscle atrophy, ataxia, somnolence, lethargy, anorexia, vomit, diarrhoea, cachexia, PU, PD, ocular signs, rhinitis, coughing, epistaxis, melena
51
Cause of death in Leishmania?
Renal insufficiency/ failure
52
Which country lacks autochthonous cases (indigenous, native) of Leishmaniosis?
Germany
53
What is the approximate size of Giardia:
Trophozoite – 11-17 um
Cyst - 10-20um
54
How do humans get giardia?
Swimming
Contam drinking water
Washing food with water
Surfaces
55
How do chickens get Giardiasis?
Infection per os
Infected water
Water-brone infection
56
Where can we find Giardia extra-intestinally?
Bile and pancreatic ducts, liver and pancreas
57
Giardia cyst location?
Infectious form is in the environment
58
Giardia trophozoite location?
Vegetative form so in the host! intestine, bile duct, pancreatic duct
59
Which Giardia duodenalis occurs in dog?
Genotype A,B,C,D
\*note: genotypes A-G exist
60
Difference between Trichomonas and Tritrichomonas?
Trichomonas: have 4 flagella and are found in birds
Tritrichomonas have 3 flagellas and are found in cattle
61
If the following are present, more susceptible to Trichomonas: MCQ
Vit A def
62
How do pigeons acquire Trichomonas?
Young pigeons (squabs) via feeding on regurgitated feed
Pigeons via kissing or from contam drinking water
63
Age when bulls are susceptible to Trichomonas spp.:
Above 3 years
64
How does Trichomonas gallinae reach the liver in birds?
From navel
Hepatic form – Through navel of squabs into the liver – Greyish-yellow, pea-sized necrotic foci
65
Geographical region with Tritrichomonas problems?
Certain states of America (e.g. Florida, Nevada, California, etc.)
66
How does Tritrichomonas foetus live in the genital tract?
Epi-cellularly
67
Which can be found in earthworms?
Histomonas meleagridis- Heterakis earthworms as a transport host
68
Predisposing factor of Histomonosis
Turkeys kept together with chickesn (they are asymptomatic carriers, frequently infected with Hertakis
69
Patho of liver of histomonas
Dry cut surface
Characteristic, greyish-yellow, circular, deep/sunken, necrotic foci 1-2cm or more in diameter. The border of the lesions shows sharp demarcation, and the dry-cut surface shows concentric structures due to expanding necrosis of the hepatocytes on the periphery. Pathognomic lesions!
70
Characteristics of Histomonosis disease in *birds?*
Cyanosis of the head
Weakness
wing drop
Drowsiness
Yellow Dx
Death within days
71
Which clinical sign is not characteristic of turkey Histomonosis?
Head cyanosis!!!!!!
72
Entamoeba histoyltica morphology
4 nuceli, 8-20 um
Trophozoite=amoeboid form, in mucosa and tissues, ring-shaped nucleus, karysomes (endosome), RBC's in cytoplasm, mitsome instead of mitcochondria, pseudopodia for movement!
Cyst= round (don't confuse with Giradia which is oval), 4 nuclei, blunt chromatidal bars
73
Which of the following is/are characteristic of Entamoeba histolytica trophoziotes? MCQ
Eccentric endosome
Phagocytised RBC's
74
What causes anosomia (loss of smell?)
Entamoeba histolytica
\*note can also be caused by pneumonyssoides caninum
75
Where does the skin abscess of Entamoeba come from?
Abscesses in the liver- peritonitis and pleuritis (if the abscesses rupture)
On skin: Erythma, alopecia, hyperkeratosis (desquamation)
76
Acanthamoebosis
Free-living
Soil inhabitant
Opportunistic amoebae
77
Chronic granulomatosus encephalitis is caused by:
Acanthamoeba castellani
78
What is chronic granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) in humans caused by?
Acantomoeba castellani
79
How can a dog become infected with Acanthamoeba castellani?
Dog: from water! contact with still water, through skin lesion. Opportunistic if distemper infection
Horse: via inhalation, through skin lesions
80
Naegleriosis
10-12 um, rounded Trophozoite Biflagellar form Cyst
\< 20 um, with a single amoebostome
Swim large distances in water
10-12 um, uni-nucleated, round, ostiolum (tiny opening for excystation)
81
What is shape and size of Naegleria cyst?
Uni-nucleated
Osteolum
Rounded
10-12um
82
What is the form Naegleria fowleri does not have?
Provided with one flagellum
| (N. fowleri has biflagellar form)
83
What is the acute primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans caused by?
Naegleria fowleri
84
What is true for infection with Amoeba? (?)
Large nucleus
LArge cyst
85
What is apicomplexa?
Obligatory IC parasite
86
Detection of Klossiella:
Sporocysts – Urine:Sodium hydrogencarbonate. Centrifuge. Examine sediment. Sporoblasts – Basophil staining, bilaminar membrane projections on the surface.
87
What belongs to Alveolata (meaning ‘with cavities’, group of protists)
Apicomplexa
Ciliophora
88
Where does the merozoite develop?
Inside schizont
89
Which statement is not true for the development of Eimeria species?
Schizogony occurs in gametogony
True: Schizogony is initiated epithelially or sub-epithelially. Sporulated oocysts are more resistant than unsporulated ones. Occurrence of meronts with few merozoites is not characteristic.
90
Pre-disposing factors to Eimeria:
Young-age
Intesive keeping
Insufficient nutrition- lack of vits and protein
Poor hygiene
Deep litter
91
Which Eimeria species occurs extra-intestinally?
E. ninakohyakimovae in Goats’ lymph nodes and gall bladder
E. danoilovi in Ducks. Lesions in cerebellum.
92
Difference between Isospora and Eimeria spp.?
Only Eimeria has cap, micropyle and residual bodies
93
Different Eimeria spp asking for most pathogenic stage
E. tenella- 2nd schizont
E. brunetti, E. necatrix- 2nd schizogony
E. brunetti-2nd schizogony, 3rd gametogony
94
How many Eimeria sp cause Haem lesions in small intestine of chicken?
3
Necatrix, maxima, brunetti
95
How many Eimeria spp. cause haemorrhagic or fibrinous lesions in the caeca?
2
E. tenella and brunetti
96
Which Eimeria in the small intestine does not cause haemorrhages?
Not E. acervulina nor E. mitis
97
What Eimeria causes haemorrhagic or fibrinous lesions in the caeca?
E. brunetti
98
Which Eimeria spp. in chicken is:
Highly pathogenic: tenella and necatrix
Moderately pathogenic: maxima
Less pathogenic: acervulina, mitis
99
Which Eimeria causes ladder-like white bands?
E. acervulina
100
Eimeria acervulina location:
Duodenum (heavier infection extending to the jejunum)
101
Which Eimeria spp. is complimentary to E. acervulina? (?)
E. mitis maybe, since both cause sub-clinical signs in chicken (less pathogenic)
102
Location of Eimeria tenella: MCQ
Caecum
Epithelial cells – Lymphocytes – Macrophages – Crypt epithelium
103
Location of Eimeria maxima: MCQ
Jejunum
(occasionally in the duodenum and ileum)
104
Which Eimeria sp./spp. cause(s) typically coagulation necrosis?
E. brunetti
105
Which Eimeria sp./spp. have 6-7 day pre-patent period?
tenella and necatric
| (brunetti and maxima have a 5 day PP)
106
Which is most probably not found in chicken
E. duodenalis, E. flavescens
107
No neurological symptoms?
Eimeria of turkey
In other birds could cause cerebellar lesions
108
Which Eimeria species does not occur behind the small intestine?
E. meleagridis
109
Which turkey coccidium is at most forward?
E. meleagrimitis (jejunum, duodenum and ileum)
110
The most pathogenic turkey coccidium?
E. adenoides
gallopavonis
meleagrimitis
(Not pathogenic is E meleagridis)
111
Which one is not found in turkey?
E. duodenalis (found in pheasants)
112
Which one causes catarrhal haemorrhagic inflammation in Pheasant?
E. colchici
113
Where does Eimeria labbeana and E. columbarum develop?
Pigeon, middle of the small intestine
114
Goose kidney coccidium?
E. truncata
115
Eimeria kotlani is in which species?
Goose- intestinal coccidiosis (also, E nocens and anseris)
116
Which coccidia has 4 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites in each?
Wenyonella philiplevinei (coccidiosis of duck)
117
How many Eimeria spp. does not cause haemorrhages in the small intestine?
One! E. anatis NO haem
## Footnote
Haemorrhages in Ducks (3) – Tyzzeria perniciosia, E. danailovi, Wenyonella philiplevinei
118
119
Coccidiosis of horse
E. leuckarti- small intestine
120
What characteristic lesion of Horse coccidiosis in small intestine?
Catarrhal- inflamm changes
121
What type of oocyst is E.leuckarti?
80um, piriform
Thick dark brown wall and large micropyle
122
Which Eimeria spp. is highly pathogenic in cattle?
E. zuernii and bovis
123
Which Eimeria sp. may have a high pathogenicity similar to E. zuernii? (?)
E. alabamensis
According to notes:
zuernii--- bovis
alabamensis-- aubernensis
ellipsoidalis (least)
124
Which Eimeria species occurs in Goat?
E. ninakohlyakimovae (occurs extra-intestinally)
125
Liver coccidiosis of rabbits
E. stiedai
126
Where does E. flavescens occur
In the caecum
127
Which of the following is correct?
E. irresidua- in the jejunum
128
Rabbit coccidiosis
SI: intestinalis, magna, irresidua
LI: flavescens, piriformis
129
Coccidiosis of pig
E. deblicki
E. polita
E. scabra
E. spinosa (non-pathogenic)
**Isospora suis (pathogenic)**
Therefore both eimeria and isospora can cause coccidiosis in Sus
130
What is not characteristic during Pig coccidiosis?
Haem enteritis
131
Where are the lesions caused by Isospora suis mostly situated?
Jejunum
132
Which genus has sporulated oocysts with 2 sporocysts?
Isospora
Sporulated isospora have 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites
Wall does not have a micropyle
No residual or stieda body!
133
Coccidiosis of dogs
Isospora canis, ohioensis and burrowsi
134
Coccidiosis of cats
Isopspora felis and rivolta
135
Difference between Isospora and Eimeria?
Only the eimeria has cap, micropyle and residual body (differ in the sporulated types as well? eimeria 4 sporocysts, isopora only 2)
136
If Eimeria oocysts are recognised in Dog faeces, then: (?)
Belong to the dog as host, no patho significance!
Pseudoparasites
137
If Dog passes Eimeria in faeces (are detectable):
Not diagnostic!
The coccidia could be from consumed prey animals (e.g rodents)
138
Dog coccidiosis:
Host specific
Homoxenous parasites (with paratenic host only)
139
Which species does not have Eimeria spp.?
Carnivores-- have isospora
140
Locations of Crypto species
C. parvum: SI- rodents, Ru, humans
C.muris: Abomasum/stomach: rodents, rabbits, Ru, Car, Humans
C. andersoni: Abomasum and stomach of Ru and humans
141
Which genus has sporulated oocysts with 4 free sporozoites?
Crypto
142
Which genus has sporulated oocysts without sporocysts?
Crypto
143
Size of Cryptosporidiosis oocyst?
5-6, 5-8 um in mammals
144
Crpyosporidium infection:
Per os: mainly with water
Aerogen: coughing, dust or spray
145
Which form of Cryptosporidiosis has the most severe outcome in mammals?
C. parvum due to apoptosis
146
Crypt parvum are more likely in...
Immunocompromised animals (opportunism)
Giardia (concurrent infection)
147
Cryptosporidium andersoni in:
Gastric glands of bovine abomasum
In older calves
148
Which Cryptosporidium sp./spp. occur(s) frequently in post-weaned or older calves? (MCQ)
bovis
ryanae
andersoni
149
Which is not characteristic of Avian cryptosporidiosis?
Hepatic!
Characteristic: resp, intesinal and renal
150
Cryptosporidium baileyi not in: (location and host)
In chicken! location depends on route of infection
151
In which location will Cryptosporidium baileyi not establish?
Stomach
152
Which form of Cryptosporidiosis has the most severe outcome in Broilers?
Resp form
153
In which host does Toxoplasmosis play a large role in abortion?
Sheep! Mid gestation
154
Which are the routes of infection of Toxoplasma?
Oral- meat containing cysts/sporulated oocysts
Galactogenic
Transplacental
Parenteral
155
What kind of meat do humans get Toxoplasma from?
Venison, lamb and pork mainly
156
What are potential consequences of Neosporosis in dogs? MCQ
(potential paralysis in dogs and abortion in cattle)
Poly-radiculo-neuritis- this is asc paralysis
Dysphagia
Dermatitis
157
When does Neospora caninum cause abortion?
Cows – Abortion between 3rd-7th month of gestation (early foetal death may entail resorption, later causes mummification, autolysis)
Due to tachyzoites (parasitaemia) of the mother. Neospora is a cause of paralysis in dog and abortion in cattle.
158
What is the characteristic gestation period of Neosporosis related abortion in cows? (intermediate host)
4-6 months
159
Neospora hughesi causes:
Equine protozoal myelmoencephalitis (EPM)
160
Who does Hammondiosis affect?
Final host: carnivores!!
heydorni and triffitae in dog, fox, coyote and hammondi in cats
IH: Ru, guinea pigs, mice, deer, dogs (prey species)
161
Clinical signs of Hammondia spp.:
H. hammondi - Only in intermediate host. Depression, anorexia, myocarditis, death in mouse, rat. Final host no symptoms.
H. heydorni - No clinical signs.
162
Hammondiosis causes symptoms in what?
Dog and cat
Usually subclinical in cats
heydorni can cause Dx in immunocomprmised dogs
163
Which species is related to pathological signs in Hammondia?
Mouse- depression, anorexia, myositis, myocarditis, death
164
Besnoitia species are:
Obligatory heteroxenous!
Cause elephant skin disease
165
Besnoitia species are:
South west to east
166
Besnoitia vector:
Tabanus and stomoxys!! they are mehcanical vectors and spreas the cystozoites
167
Where does the Besnoitia cyst occur?
Pathognomic in the sclera!!!
168
Which statement is not true for Besnoitia besnoiti?
It ́s most important intermediate host is the cat. (Intermediate host is cattle, wild ruminants).
True: It can be transmitted by vectors. The cyst is visible to the naked eye. Develops in the endothel.
169
Which domestic animals have zoonotic Sarcocystis sp./spp.?
Pig and cattle
Pig: S. sulhominis
Cattle: S. hominis
170
Ruminants Sarcocystiosis pathogenesis:
Dalmeny disease
General haem diathesis
171
Haemogregarines characteristics:
Micro and macro gamonts develop next to eachother
172
In Klossiella there is:
Free sporocyst to discharge via urine
Sporocyst with 10-15 sporozoites in it
173
Which animal is pathogenically affected by Klosseliosis?
horse- K.equi
Mouse- K. muris
174
Hepatozoon host:
Dog, fox, jackal (cat)
175
True for hepatozoon
Oocyst develops in ticks
Biological vectors are hard ticks- usually rhipicephalus sanguines
176
Hepatozoon americanum develops in which tissue?
in muscles (myocardium)
177
Specific for Hepatozoon americanum:
Schizonts with multilamellar wall (onion like)
178
What is the last developmental stage in Hepatozoon canis of dog?
Gamont (appear in the blood 5 weeks PI)
179
Location of Hepatozoon canis:
Neutrophils, granulocytes and WBC's
180
What is characteristic of Hepatozoon canis oocysts?
Very large, visible to the naked eye
0.3-1mm
181
Which infective form is in the tick of hepatozoon canis
Oocyst
182
How can canine Hepatozoonosis be diagnosed?
Finding gamonts in the blood (elliptical gamonts in WBC'c, mainly neutrophils)
183
Haemosporinds
Heteroxenous parasites
Fertilized zygotes is motile
No sporocyst, conoid
184
Which malaria is crescent shaped?
Malaria falciparum- its gametes have crescent or banana shape
185
Which stage is missing in Plasmodium?
No syzgium nor sporocyst
186
What cells are infected with pasmodium
MPS
RBC's
Lymphocytes
Liver cells
187
In plasmodium spescies, where does the primary exo-erythrocytic schizogony take place?
Mammals- in liver parenchymal cells
Birds: MPS of skin, then various organs
188
Plasmodium- where does endo-erythrocytic merogony take place
in RBCs within PV, continuing repeatedly and synchronising
189
Which Plasmodium causes the appearance of Schüffner dots in red blood cells?
P. ovale and P. vivax
190
Which Plasmodium species is not pathogenic to humans?
P. simium
Humans: falciparum, vivax, malariae, ovale
191
What is the most important biological vector of Plasmodium gallinaceum (chicken)?
Culex/cullicoides for birds
Anopheles for mammals
192
Which isn’t a characteristic of Haemoproteosis?
Lung emphysema!
Does cause lung edema, haem on the heart and megalo-schizonts on the heart
193
Where does Haemoproetus develop?
In the vector for 1-2 weeks (in the endothel)
194
Vectors of Haemoproteus spp.?
Mechanical vectors!
Forest flies: hippboscidae
Biting midges: Cullicoides
195
Where does the first schizogony of Haemoproteus spp. take place?
In endothelial cells
196
Haemoproteus can be detected:
Pigmented gamonts in RBC's! first sausage shaped, then encircling the nucleus
\*infects birds- remember birds RBC contains nucleus!
197
Which is correct for Haemoproteus?
Sausage shaped gamonts nect to the nucleus (remeber this infects birds and bird RBC has a nucleus!)
198
Which Leucocytozoon species occurs in chicken?
L. caulleryi
199
Which are the vectors of Leucocytozoon species?
Mechanical (BB)
Biting midges (Cullicoides sp)
Blackflies (Simulidae)
200
Leucocytozoon first schizogony takes place where?
Liver parenchymal cells!
Depending on species can occur in the spleen and other organs too)
201
Which is absent from the lifecycle of Leucocytozoon species?
Sporokinete
202
Which is the location of Leucocyotzoon sp. don’t usually cause any haemorrhage, necrosis?
Mucus membranes!
Cause haem and necrosis in: Lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, gall bladder, ovary, oviduct and muscles
203
Piroplasmosis characteristics:
Heteroxenous
No oocysts, conoid (together with Haemosporinids called "Aconidisada")
204
Breed predisposition to Babesia in Dogs
Spaniel
Also- Doberman, Pekingese, Yorkshire terrier, Irish setter
More resistant: Beagle, fox terrier
Sub-clinical: German Shepherds
205
Transmission of Babesia
Via ticks
206
Which ticks are vectors of large babesia species
Eq: Dermacentor marginatus
Bo: Boophilus sp and Haemaphysalis punctuata
Ca: Dermacentor reticularis
207
Babesia canis transmitted by Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus?
False: D. reticularus only!!
208
Which genus/ genera include(s) tick sp./spp. that is/are vectors of large babesiosis? MCQ
Haemaphysalis
Dermacentor
209
What transmits horse Babesia?
B. caballi's vector is Dermacentor marginatus
210
Mode of Babesia transmission:
Trans-ovarial (female)
Intrasstadial (male)
Transtadial
211
Which is the vector of the zoonotic European Babesiosis?
Ixodes ricinus
The zoonotic babesia= B. divergans
212
Can humans get Babesia from dogs?
False
213
Babesia incubation period:
4-21 days
214
What is the incubation period of canine Babesiosis?
5-20 days
215
Form of Theileria that occurs in RBC's
Piroplasm!
NB to note that both theileria and babesia have piroplasms (these are merozoites in the shape of crosses)
216
What is not characteristic of equine Theileriosis? (Theileria equi, formerly Babesia equi)
Do not see neuro signs (does this mean that you see neuro signs?)
True: haemoglobinuria, haem, melena and pre-natal infection
217
Which Theileria spp. is pathogenic?
T. equi in horses
T. annulata in cattle
T. parva. lawrencei and hirei
218
Which is not in South America?
Theileria parva (in East Africa) and Babesia microti (in North America and Europe)
219
First schizogony of Cytauxzoon felis occurs in:
MPS cells (RES, mainly macrophages)
220
Vectors of Cytauxzoonosis?
Dermacentor variabilis
Amblyomma americanum
221
Which genus does the vector of Cytauxzoon felis belong to?
Amblyomma
222
What is primarily responsible for the pathogenic effect of Cytauxzoon felis?
Occlusion of blood vessels by schizonts
223
Balantidium coli:
Vegetative form 50-150 um (ovoid, vestibulum, cytostome) Cyst 40-60 um (spherical, thick-walled)
| (related spp. Buxtonella sulcate; cattle)
224
What is Blastocytosis similar to?
Genetic diversity of Blastocytis hominis is similar to cryptosporidium genus
225
How does Blastocysta infect?
Opportunistic parasite in humans- when change of diet that influences the gut flora. Non-invasive
InfectionL fecal or oral route or waterborne
226
Into which larger taxonomical category do Blastocystis spp. belong to?
Stramenophila protist
227
Which is in Alveolate group?
Meaning "with cavities"
e.g apicomplexa, cilliates etc...
228
Microspora
homo-xenous, obligate IC parasites
No mitochondria
In the spore: One polar body, spiral duct and sporoplasm
Genera: Encephalitozoon, Enterocytozoon (hu), Nosema (bee)
229
What is the approximate size of Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores?
2um (1.5-2 um)
230
In what can Encephalitozoon spores be found? MCQ
Urine
Kidney tubular cells
Brain
Kidney
231
Staining Encephalitozoon cuniculi:
ZN
India ink
232
It is more a fox symptom than a dog in case of Encephalitozoonosis:
Thickened arterial wall, small diameter
233
Which clinical sign is not characteristic of Encephalitozoonosis?
Posterior paralysis
Effects the kindye and brain- expect neuro, ocular and renal signs
234
What is characteristic effect of the pathology of Encephalitozoonosis?
Chronic interstital nephritis
235
How can infection with Encephalitozoon cuniculi be aquired?
Prenatally
Horizontal: urine, prey animals or eater
Vertical: trans-placental
236
Representatives of which orders are primarily affected by Encephalitozoon cuniculi?
Lagomorpha, Carnivora
