2018 from Toddler- Helminthology Flashcards
1
Q
Parasites effecting the Cow’s eye:
A
Thelaziosis
Onchocercosis
2
Q
Eye disease in grazing Horse via nematodes:
A
- L3 of Draschia megastoma
- Adults of Thelazia lacrymalis
- Microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis
- Microfilariae of Setaria equine
3
Q
Skin surface migration in humans called:
A
Cutaneous larva migrans- hookworms, strong. stercorlais
***I think can also be caused by gasterophilus? G. intestinalis, G. haemorrhoidalis, and G. pecorum
4
Q
They belong to the phylum of Flatworms:
A
Trematodes (flukes) and Cestodes (tapeworms)
5
Q
Which is not related to the others?
A
Cercaria
Related: Procercoid, Plerocercoid, Cysticercoid
6
Q
What are platyhelminths?
A
Flatworms
7
Q
Developmental phases of Flukes:
A
Usually 5 stages – Egg - MI – SPO – RE – CE (- Adult)
8
Q
At least how many larval stages do the Flukes have?
A
5
9
Q
Which developmental form comes after Miracidium?
A
Sporocyst
10
Q
This larval stage follows the REdia stage:
A
Cercaria
11
Q
Larva leaving intermediate host:
A
CErcaria
12
Q
What occurs after Metacercariae?
A
Adult
13
Q
It can occur in the environment:
A
Metacercariae
14
Q
Which Flukes don’t occur in the intestines?
A
F. hepatica
D. dendriticum
Paramphistomum spp.
Fluke in the small intestine: A. alaria
15
Q
Trematode (Flukes) egg can be detected via:
A
FEC Faecal Egg Count in Paramphistomum – Chronic form, Dicrocoeliosis, Schistosoma
Acute form : Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum spp.
16
Q
Treatment for Rumen flukes
A
Acute (immature intestinal stages)- Niclosamid
Chronic form: Levamizole, Oxiclozanid- the adult forms are more difficult to remove
17
Q
Treatment for blood flukes and alaria flukes
A
Praziquantel
18
Q
What is not effective against Flukes?
A
Ivermectin
Effective: Triclbendazole, Alebdazole and Praziquantel
19
Q
This/ These animals has/ have low resistance against F. hepatica: MCQ
A
Rabbit, Sheep, Goat (also mouse, rat)
Delayed resistance – Humans
Early resistance – Horse, pig, dog, cat
20
Q
F. hepatica location:
A
Bile ducts- this is where they turn into adults
21
Q
Choose the right statement:
A
F. Magna can’t complete its life cycle in small ruminants
22
Q
In which species is F.magna incapsulated?
A
Deer, cattle – Flukes are encapsulated in the liver by host reaction and are less pathogenic
23
Q
Small ruminants’ fatal death can be caused by:
A
F. magna – In sheep and goats, worms may migrate constantly in the liver tissue causing traumatic hepatitis which is fatal – Affected sheep usually die within 6 months.
24
Q
Which species lives in a capsule in the liver?
A
F. magna
25
Which fluke causes caverns in the liver?
F. magna
26
It feeds through the body surface too: (?)
Fasciola gigantica (the large liver fluke)
27
What is not absolutely necessary in the life-cycle of the Rumen fluke?
2 intermediate hosts.
Rumen flukes have an indirect life cycle via freshwater OR amphibious snails as
intermediate hosts.
28
How can you diagnose acute Paramphistomosis?
Necropsy – microscopical examination (since no eggs in acute form, but can do FEC in chronic form)
29
What is the larval stage that develops in Dicroceolium in ants?
Metacervariae
30
Schistosoma, Dicrocoelium development:
MI → SPO1 → SPO2 → CE
31
How many intermediate hosts does Lanceolote fluke have?
2 intermediate hosts – Terrestrial snails and Ants
32
Dicrocoeliosis is:
Zoonotic
33
Schistostoma development
MI → SPO1 → SPO2 → CE
Eggs are spiny, contain Miracidium when passed out in urine or faeces.
Only Furocercaria as cercariae (infective stage)
34
Where in the world is S. mansoni found?
Tropical Africa and South America – Tropical and Sub-tropical zones
35
Which Schistoma species can be found in bladder?
Mansoni and haematobium
36
Blood fluke infects host by:
Penetrating skin – Cercariae penetrate skin, rash develops – Called schistosome or simmer’s itch.
* is the cercariae the furcocercariae with the forked tail?*
37
What is the name of the infective stage of Blood flukes:
Furocercariae
| Infection – Percutan or Per os
38
How do offspring of Blood flukes get out from final host?
Eggs
| Eggs are spiny, contain Miracidium when passed out in urine or faeces.
39
Which developmental stages of Blood fluke occur in snail?
Spor and Cer
40
Blood fluke infection from what?
Urine and faeces- contain eggs with miracidium
41
This parasite do not have metacercaria?
Blood-fluke
42
Number of intermediate hosts in Alaria alata?
2: snails and tadpoles
43
Alaria alata in Paratenic hosts:
Mesocercariae in lung eye of wild boar, pig, Po, humans
| Adults- in the SI
44
They belong to the phylum of Flatworms:
Trematodes (flukes) and cestodes (tapeworms)
45
Proglottids are produced by:
Cestoda
46
What is true about scolex in Cestoda only?
For attachment
47
They have no digestive tract:
Cestodes
48
Diphyllobothriosis does not occur in:
Sheep!
| It occurs in humans and animals eating fresh-water fish
49
Species not effected by Diphylobathrum latum?
Cattle (and sheep)
50
Life cycle of Diphyllobothrium:
Indirect life cycle: 2 intermediate hosts; Crustaceans and Freshwater fish
Egg – Coracdiudm (L1) – Procercoid (L2) in Curstaceans – Plerocercoid (L3) in Freshwater fish
51
Diphyllobothrium causes:
Anaemia
| Vit B12 def
52
How does Diphylobotrum latum infect?
Per os via fish intake
53
Meat borne infection of human is/are: MCQ
Diphylobotriosis Pork measle
54
What is inside the ovum of the Diphyllobotrium?
Zygote
55
Diphillobotrium have:
Yellow, oval egg with zygote inside.
56
The offspring of the Broad Tapeworm is shed by the host in which form?
Egg
57
Tapeworm of Ruminants:
Indirect life cycle
Intermediate host – Box mites (Oribatidae)
Eggs (with 6 hooked oncosphere) → Cysticercoid L2
58
Worm which looks like grains of cooked rice in faeces in Sheep:
Monezia expansa
59
Moniezia spp. FEC with flotation:
M. expansa – Triangular egg
| M. benedeni – Quadrangular egg
60
E. hyatidosus
In the liver, lung and bone marrow of the IH: Cattle, Eq, pig and human
E. granulosus in the final host: Dog
61
E. alveolaris
Found in the liver of the IH as hyatid cysts: rodents and humans
E. multilocularis in the FH: dogs, cats and red foxes
62
Which tapeworm has 3 segments
Echinococcus granulosus- this is the dwarf tapeworm of dogs
63
It ́s larvae are not hepatophilic:
Echinococcus granulosus
64
The infective stage of Echinoccocus granulosus is:
Hyatid cyst
65
Cystic echinococcosis / Hydatidosis / Hydatid disease:
One of the most important parasitic zoonoses.
Caused by Echinococcus hydatidosus, the infective L2 of E. granulosus.
Intermediate host include ruminants, equine, pig, humans.
66
Infective stage of Echinococcus granulosus in Humans
G1 and G2 from sheep
67
Dosage of Praziquantel against E. granulosus:
5mg/kg
68
Treatment against Echinococcus spp. in Dogs:
Praziquantel – 5 mg/kg
Epsiprantel – 7.5 mg/kg
100% efficacy against adults and immature forms!
69
Which echinococcus species has 5 segments
Echinococcus multilocularis- dwarf tapeworm of foxes
70
Ecchinococcus multilocularis can occur in humans:
NEVER!
E. multilocularis final host is dog (sometimes cat)
It's larva, E. alveolaris can be found in the liver of rodents and humans
71
Can Cat be infected with E. multilocularis?
True (rarely)
72
How many proglottids does Diphyllidium caninum have?
Many. In gravid segment, cocoon present (with 3-30 eggs)
73
Epidemiology – Occupational infection of Dogs:
Hunting dog: taenia pisiformis (since larvae located in rabbit and hare)
Butcher's dog: Taenia hydatigena, E.granulosus (since larvae located in ungulates)
Shepherds dog: taenia multiceps (since larvae located in Ru)
Dogs around pigs: E. granulosus (since larvae located in Sus)
74
Tapeworm of Eq:
Anaplocephalosis
75
Life cycle of Anoplochephala:
Indirect. Cysticercoid (L2) in box mites (Oribatid mites)
| In small and large intestine. A. perfoliata tend to congregate at ileo-caecal junction.
76
What do we diagnose with Proudman method (FEC type)?
Anoplochepala perfoliata
77
Moxidectin isn't good against:
Anoplocephala
Moxidectin only against Strongyloides
Praziquantel, Pyrantel embonate, Niclosamide against Horse tapeworm.
78
Which tapeworm spp. can cause auto-infection in humans?
1. )Taenia solium – via Cysticercus cellulosae (infective L2)
2. )Taenia saginata – via Cysticercus bovis (infective L2) 3.)Taenia asciatica
4. )Diphylobothrum latum
79
Found in the brain:
Cysticercus cellulosae in Human and pig brain, muscles, heart, eyes
80
Which domestic animal doesn’t have a specific Tapeworm species?
Swine
81
It occurs in vertebrate intermediate host:
Plerocercoid
82
Only one protoscolex develops from:
Strobilocercus
83
This larva is not able to reproduce asexually in the host:
Cysticercus
84
It can develop asexually:
Sporocyst
85
If meat infected:
Must be discarded immediately
86
Intermediate host of Taenia pisiformis?
Rabbit
87
What is found in muscle?
Cysticercus cervi
Coenurus serialis
Cysticercus cellulosae Cysticercus bovis
88
Which are hepatophilic (migrate in the liver parenchyma) MCQ
```
Taenia hydatigena (has infective L2 Cysticercus tenuicollis)
Taenia piriformis (has infective L2 Cysticercus piriformis)
```
89
The following statement is correct:
Hepatophilic tapeworm larva develops to L2
90
Which is not hepatophilic:
T. longicollis, E. granulosus
91
Bovine cysticercosis
Beef measles? bladder worm
| Caused by cysticercus bovis- the infective L2 of the tapeworm Taenia saginata
92
Carcass unfit for consumption:
If 2 or more living cysts are found at more than 1 inspected site.
93
Pork measles
Cystercus cellulosae- this is the infective L2 of the human pork tapeworm, Taenia solium
94
Larva of Taenia hydatigena:
Is hepatophilic
95
The intermediate hosts of T. pisiformis are:
Rabbit and hare
96
What is the host sp. of Taenia ovis?
Dog
97
Cysticercus tennuicollis is the L2 that develops to T. Ovis
False
98
Cysticercus ovis effects which organs?
Muscles and heart
99
Which one doesn’t occur in muscle?
Cysticercus pisiformis, C. tenuicollis
| Both occur in the liver and mesentery
100
How many protoscolices are in Cysticercus piriformis?
One
101
Tapeworm whose metacestode is C. cellulosae?
Taenia solium
102
Ecchinococcus hydatidiosus is L3:
False – It is L2 (infective stage)
103
Whats the name of tapeworm sp. of red foxes which causes severe infection in humans
Echinococcus multilocularis – Scientific name of fox tapeworm (Careful! E. alveolaris also as a choice, but this is the infective larva)
104
It occurs in invertebrate intermediate host:
Cysticercoid
105
‘Hepatitis cysticercosa’ caused by:
Cysticercus tenuicollis Cysticercus pisiformis
106
The infective stage of Taenia solium can develop in?
Humans and pigs
107
This infection can be detected by inspecting faeces with floatation method: MCQ
Sirocercosis
| Trichostrongylus
108
It lives in the large intestine of Ruminants: MCQ
Chabertia ovina – Colon and rectum
| Oesaphgstomum dentatum – Caecum and colon (Ruminants – Also ileum)
109
Which one has a smooth surface?
Toxascaris leonina
110
PE-2 of this/these species isn’t ascaroid type:
A. galli and T. leonina – Ascaridoid type
| A. suum adn P. equorum- Ascaroid type
111
Galactogenic infection related to what type migration?
Toxocaroid type
| Hypobiotic larvae – Prenatal (intra-uterine) and lactogenic routes of infection of new- born animals.
112
Which one has earthworm as intermediate host:
Other
Lungworms of Pig (Metastrongylus apri, M. pudendotectus, M. salmi)
Nematode of dog (Capillaria plica, C. annulata, C. caudinflata, C. bursata)
113
Hyostrongylus rubidus location:
Stomach – Gastric mucosa. Pigs
114
Hyostrongylus causes:
Larvae – Hypertrophic, ulcerative, acute gastritis – Blood in the gastric lumen
Adult Worms – Chronic catarrhal gastritis, gastric ulceration.
115
Hyostrongylus rubidus vs. Oesophagmatum. The eggs can be differentiated:
False
116
Oesophagstomum eggs (strongyle-type eggs) are hard to distinguish from:
Hysostrongylus eggs (stomach worm)
117
Hyostrongylus detection:
FEC – Strongyle type eggs – Not distinguishable from the eggs of Oesophagostomum. Necropsy – Red worms, mucosa of stomach is thickened, lenticular, flat nodules. Disease history
118
What is the infective stage of Amidostomosis?
L3 – Egg → L3 hatches, survives in shallow water
119
It occurs in the gizzard of ducks and birds:
Amidostomum anseris
120
What can be detected in living birds infected with Amidostomum spp.?
Eggs from faeces
121
How does Amidostomum infect?
Per os and Per cutan
| Infection orally with water. In goslings, by penetrating through the web.
122
Hosts of Ollulanosis:
Cat, wild cat, other felids. Occasionally dog, fox, pig.
123
How does the Cat get infected by Stomach worm?
Ingestion of vomit (containing L3?) Larvae do not pass out with the faeces
124
What is laid by the female Stomach worm of Cat?
L3 – Female is viviparous, eggs develop to L3 ‘in utero’
125
What is the name of the infective stage of the Cat’s Stomach worm which spread(s) from animals to animals?
L3 – Become adults on the gastric mucosa by 5 weeks PI (auto-infection)
126
What causes parasitic gastroenteritis in Rabbit and Hare
Graphidium strigosum- red worms in the gastric mucosa- life cycle is direct and the infective stage is L3
Trichostrongylus retortaeformis- white worms in the small intestine- life cycle is dorect and the infective stage is L3
127
Trichostrongylosis in Horses:
Trichostrongylus axei- in the stomach and prox SI- direct life cycle and the infective stage is L3
128
Trichostrongylus axei is:
Euryxen
129
The host spectrum of Trichostrongylus axei:
Horses and donkeys
130
What cause parasitic gastroenteritis of Ru
Trichostrongylidosis
131
Haemonchus
Wireworm/twisted stomach worm/ Barber's pole worm
132
Ostertagia, Teladorsagia
Brown stomach worm
133
Trichostrongylus
Bankrupt worm
134
Cooperia curticei
Watch spring-like posture
135
Nematodirus
Thread-necked worms
136
Cooperia location
Small intestine
137
In which spp. is Haemonchus contortus primarily found?
Sheep and goat abomasum
138
Which resembles a barber’s pole?
Haemochus contortus
139
In which spp. is Haemonchus placei primarily found?
Cattle
140
Type 1 or ‘Summer Ostertagiosis’:
high morbidity and low mortality
141
Type 2 or ‘Winter Ostertagiosis’:
Low morbidity and high mortality
142
Hookworm disease of Car
Ancylostomosis
Uncinariosis
Ancylostomatidosis
143
Different sp of hookworms
Ancylostoma caninum: dogs, canids
A. tubaeforme: cats, felids
Uncinaria stenocephala- dogs, canid, felids
A. braziliense: dogs and cats (tropics and subtropics)
144
Which has a bent head?
Hookworms
145
Hookworm in carnivores. Feeding habits and location:
Adults are blood feeders in the SMALL INTESTINE
146
The cats can be infected with Uncinaria stenocephala:
True- nematode that infects dogs, cats, fox, humans
147
What happens to human if infected with Ancylostomatidosis?
Creeping eruption
Also due to Strongyloides stercoralis (strongylidosis of Dogs) the L3 can penetrate the skin
Also called "Cutaneous larva migrans"
*I think can only be caused by A. caninum and A. braziliense, not A. tubaeforme*
148
Dipylidium caninum can cause visceralis larva migrans in Human:
False
149
Which ways can Cat be infected with Hookworms?
```
PO- uncinaria this way ONLY
Per cutan – Somatic migration in animals older than 3 months!
With milk – Trans-mammary
Prenatal
By paratenic hosts
```
150
What is the hookworm disease of Ru
Bunostomosis
151
Which Nematode is in small Ruminants ?
Bunostomum trigonocephalum- in lambs
152
Which species is found in sheep, goat, wild ruminants?
Bunostomum trigonocephalum
153
Which bunostomum species infects Cattle?
Bunostomum phlebotomum
154
Hookworm route of infection in ruminants:
Mainly per-cutan or orally.
155
What are strongyloidis species also known as
Dwarf worms
156
Strongyloides are:
Oviparous
| Oviviviparous
157
How many different life cycles of Strongyloidosis?
2 types of development
Homogonic – Parasitic cycle - Unfavourable conditions – Young animals – Adult population of parthenogenetic females.
Heterogonic – Parasitic and Free-living reproductive cycle – Favourable conditions – Older animals – Free-living males and females.
158
How many intermediate hosts is/are needed in development of Strongyloides spp
0- direct development
159
Location of adult Strongyloides spp. (dwarf worms):
Small intestine
160
Where does the Threadworm live in the host?
In the small intestine
161
Strongyloides spp. (Dwarf nematode) infection:
Per cutan: Ru PP is 9 days, Pigs PP is 6 days
Per os:Ru PP is 5 days, Pigs is 3 days
Auto-infection in humans and dogs only
**therefore Per os and per cutan in Ru and pigs only
162
What is speed of development of galactogenic infection compared to per-cutan infection of Strongyloidosis?
Swine 3 days galactogenically and 6 days per cutan
| Ru 5 days galactogenically and 9 days per cutan
163
How does galactogenic infection of Strongyloides happen?
Hypobiotic larvae reactivate and charge (when the larval development was arrested, they migrated to the mammary gland)
164
How does auto-infection larva of Strongyloides develop? (auto-infection= host remains infected)
Go to the intestine after passing through the lungs
165
Name of Dwarf Worm in Pig?
Strongyloidis ransomi
166
Diagnosis: of S. ransomi in pigs
Ellipsoidal egg – Containing morula or L1
167
Strongyloidosis of Ru- S. papillosus- how do sheep get infected?
Per cutan- through the skin of legs
168
Most common infection of Strongyloides in Sheep?
Per cutan (and per os)
169
Strongyloidosis of horses and donkeys
S. westeri
170
S. westeri's main route of infection:
Colostral and Lactogenic infection in very young Foals
171
Most common way of infection of Foals with Threadworms:
Galactogenic
172
Strongyloidosis of Car-
S. stercoralis
173
Route of infection of S. stercoralis
Per cutan
174
In the faeces of Pups with Strongyloides occurs:
Larva
175
In Puppy faeces, you find which form of Strongyloides?
Free L1 pass in the faeces
176
Threadworm (Strongyloides stercoralis) location:
Small intestine – All Strongyloidosis are located here
177
Can Strongyloidosis of Dogs infect Humans? (Strongyloides of Dogs)
True – L3 of S. stercoralis can penetrate the human skin – ‘Cutaneous larva migrans’ or creeping eruption’
Also due to Hookworm of dogs - L3 of Ancylostoma caninum and A. braziliense (hookworms of Dogs)
178
General info about intestinal roundworms
SI
Do not attach to the intestinal mucosa
Stenoxenous- have specific host species
Eggs- are ovoid, thick shelled with zygote - have 3 layers so are highly resistant in the environment
Infection: PO via larvated eggs (L3)
Prenatal, lactogenic (colostral), Eating of infected paratenic hosts
PE2 can be ascaoid, Toxocaroid or Ascaridoid type
179
Roundworm diseases of Car
Toxocarosis, Toxascariosis
180
Toxocara canis
Dog and fox
181
Tococara cati
Cat
182
Toxascaris leonina
Dog, fox, cat, lion
183
Which one is distinguishable from the other because of its morphology?
Toxascaris leonina – Colourless, egg-shell with smooth surface
T. cati and T. canis – Brownish/Colourless, egg-shell with pitted surface
184
T. canis:
PE2 depends on the host age! Ascaroid type: younger than 1 month- PP is 28 days
Toxocaroid type: older than 1 month
185
T. cati
PE2 is similar to that of T. canis except no intra uterine infection, most relevant is the lactogenic route!
186
The intra-uterine infection of Cats with T. cati is more common than galactogenic:
False – No intra-uterine infection in cats
187
T. leonina:
PE2 Ascaridoid type
188
Roundworm disease of Horses and Donkeys (Equine Parascariosis)
Parascaris equorum
189
Egg of Parascaris equorum:
Spherical,
yellowish-brown,
thick-shelled with pitted surface
190
Roundworm disease of Cattle (Bovine Toxocarosis)
Toxocara vitulorum Cattle, Buffalo. Occasionally Sheep, Goat.
191
Bovine toxocarosis occurs in:
In Calves younger than 6 months there is a patent infection- ingestion of larvated eggs does NOT result in patent infection
192
Roundworm disease of Pigs (Porcine Ascariosis)
Ascaris suum- Pig and wild boar
193
Eggs of ascaris suum
Ovoid, mammilated thick shell- coprophagia can give false positivity
194
Infection of Ascaridia suum with:
L3- ingesting an egg with L3
195
Roundworm diseases of birds= Ascaridosis
Ascaridae galli: Domestic fowl, guinea fowl, turkey, duck, game birds
A. collumbae: pigeon
A. dissimilis: Turkey
196
Ascaridoid type:
PE2 - Ascaridia galli
197
Ascaridia infective form:
Infection by larvated eggs OR by eating paratenic hosts (earthworms)
PE2 – ascaridoid type
198
Which egg is similar to Ascaridia galli?
Heterakis gallinarum
| *can be distinguished based on their size*
199
Caecal Worm disease of Birds (Heterakiosis)
Heterakis gallinarum: Domestic fowl, guinea fowl, turkey, pigeon, pheasant, (duck, goose)
Heterakis dispar Duck, goose
200
Heterakis spp. location:
Caecum. Occasionally large and small intestines.
201
Heterakis spp. vector of:
Histomonas meleagridis
202
Strongyle Infection of Horse and Donkeys
Strongylidosis – Infection with adults of large and small strongyles.
Strongylosis – Infection with extra-intestinal migrated larvae of large strongyles.
Cyanthostomosis, Cyanthostominosis – Infection with small strongyles.
203
Occurrence of Strongyle decreased since:
Regular use of anti-helminthic treatment
204
Small strongyle diagnosis:
Faecal examination – Strongyle-type eggs
205
Strongyle infection in faecal sample of a 7 month-old Horse. Most likely infected by:
S. equinus Adult by 9 months PI
S. edentatus Adult by 11 months PI
Not S. vulgaris, since adults by 6 months PI and Horse is 7 months old) (Not small strongyles; since adults by 1.5 – 3 months)
**i.e the infection has to be a larvae??*
206
Strongylidosis caused by:
Large strongyles: Strongylus equinus (2), S. vulgaris (4) and S. edentates (no teeth)
Small strongyles: Cyathostomum spp
Worldwide in grazing equine
207
Strongylidosis infection:
L3
208
Moxidectin is effective against:
Strongylidosis
209
Cyathostominosis is:
The synchronous emergence of thousands of hypo-biotic Cyathostome L4
210
How can you detect small Strongyle infection of Horses?
FEC with flotation
| Coprological examination – Strongyle-type eggs. Clinical signs. Grazing history.
211
What kind of drug(s) has/have good efficacy against encysted larvae of Small Strongyles?
Fenbendazole
| Moxidectin
212
Treatment:
Several anti-helminthics are effective against adult Strongyles...but not against mucosal larval stages of Cyathstome
Against encysted larvae – Fenbendazole and Moxidectin
Against migrating larvae and adult stages of large Strongyles - Ivermectin
213
Oesophagostomosis
Nodular worm diseae of pigs and Ru
214
They can cause the Nodular Worm infection of Ruminants :
Oesophagostomum spp.
215
It causes the infection of Pigs:
Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum and Oesophagostomum dentatum
216
It causes the infection of Cattle:
Oesophagostomum radiatum
217
It cause the infection of small Ruminants:
Oesophagostomum columbianum
218
Oesophagstomum infection via:
Ingestion of L3. But skin penetration possible (pigs).
219
Where do Oesophagostomum worms live?
Large intestine- Caecum and colon
| In ru- in the ileum also
220
No extra-intestinal migration:
Oesophagostomum
221
Oesophagostomum infective stage:
L3 - Larval stages are more pathogenic.
222
Has histotrophic phase:
Oesopghagostomum
223
Oesophagstomum eggs (strongyle-type eggs) are hard to distinguish from:
Hysostrongylus eggs (stomach worm)
224
Which one of these have similar development as Chabertia?
Oesophagostomum
225
Oxyuriosis (Pinworm Disease of Equids)
Oxyuris equi: common pinworm
| Probstmayria vivipara: minute pinworm
226
Passalurosis
(Pinworm disease of Rabbit and Hare)
227
Host of Passalurus ambiguous: (also known as Oxyuris ambigua)
Rabbit
| Lagomorphs- wild or pet rabbits and hares
228
Passalurus ambiguous location:
Caecum and colon
229
Passalurus lay:
L3 egg with infective larva- laid to the perianal skin or passed out with the faeces
230
What is the genus name of Whipworms?
Trichuris
231
What hosts spp. don’t have Whipworm / Trichuris spp.?
Horse
232
Location of Trichuris spp.:
Caecum and colon
233
Infective stage of Whipworm:
L1
| Adults are hematophagous i.e. more infective than mucosal larvae.
234
Ways Cats are infected with Trichuris:
Per os – Food or water with whipworm eggs
235
Detection of Trichuris spp.:
Eggs – Flotation – But intermittent egg shedding can cause false negative results. Faecal tests for specific parasite antigens.
236
Chabertia ovina (large-mouthed bowel worm) location:
Large intestine- colon and rectum
237
It lives in the large intestine of Ruminants (sheep, goat):
Chabertia ovina
238
Which one of these have similar development as Chabertia?
Oesophagostomum
| Both spp. have a direct life-cycle, similar to each other.
239
What is the Latin name of worm living in birds’ trachea?
Syngamus trachea – Gapeworm
240
Syngamus trachea host:
Domestic fowl, turkeys, pheasants, game birds, and patridges
| Domestic fowl older than 2-3 months have age resistance
241
Syngamus trachea has an intermediate host?
False - Has a paratenic host; earthworm.
242
Lungworm infections-
adult nematodes occur in the air passages/ lung parenchyma
Dictyocaulus species- "big lungworm"
Protostrongylid species- "small lungworm"
243
Dictyocaulus infective form:
L1
244
What can you find in faecal sample of Sheep infected with Dictyocaulus filaria?
Eggs containing L1
245
Dictyocaulosis of Donkey and Horse
Mainly in donkey, rarely in horse and pony
246
Protstrongylidosis of Sheep and Goat
Nodular lungworm disease
Small lungworms
Protostrongylus rufescens- in the small bronchi
Cytocaulus orcreatus, Muellerius capillaris, Neostrongylus linearis- in the lung parenchyma
247
The worm-knot contains one sexually active worm in the lung of Sheep:
False
Brood Nodules – Contain sexually active worms and masses of eggs and larvae.
Worm-knots – Contain sexually inactive, viable, adult worms only.
248
Metastrongylosis
Lungworm disease of pigs
Metastrongylus apri
M. pudendotectus
M. salmi
Wild boar
249
Lungworm disease of carnivores
All direct life cycle
| All L1 infective stage
250
Oslerus osleri: Dog
L1
251
Filaroides milksi and hirthi: Dog
L1 – Infective stage – Transmitted by saliva, coprophagy, licking.
252
Filaroides milksi can effect Cats:
False- effects dogs, mainly young puppies
253
Eucoleus aerophilus: Dog Cat
Infection
1. )eggs containing infective stage L1
2) by earthworms- the paratenic host
254
Cresoma vulpis: Fox. Rarely in Dog and Cat
Indirect life cycle!
| L1 in faeces-- intermed hosts are molluscs-- infection by snails or slugs (L3)
255
French heartworm- angiostrongylus vasorum
In canid- rarely in cats
Western Europe
Indirect life cycle- snails and slugs as intermediate hosts
256
Life cycle of French heartworm
L1 in faeces become L3 in the IH (molluscs)-- mesenteric lymph nodes where they mature to L5
Adults seen in the pulm arteries and RV of the heart
257
Pathogenic effect of French heartworm
Adult worms in bv's
| Eggs/larvae in the pulm arterioles and caps may cause endocarditis-- pulm thromboangilits-- CHF
258
Clinical signs of French heartworm
Resp signs
Coagulopathies
Neuro, ocular
Sudden death
259
Diagnosis of French heartworm
L1 from faeces
ELISA and Western blot
Necroscopy: adult worms in the eye, pericard and urinary bladder
260
Angiostrongylus vasorum needs snail as intermediate host:
True – Many spp. of slugs and snails act as intermediate hosts.
261
Can Cats get French heartworm (Angiostrongylus vasorum)?
Yes, but it's rare
262
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus: Cat
Indirect
L1 in faec IH snails and slugs
Paratenic hosts: rodents, birds, amphibians and reptiles play an important role
263
The name of the Lungworm of Cats is:
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
264
What is the length of the Lungworm of Cats?
1 cm – A. abstrusus is 5-10mm
265
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus travels to lung parenchyma and bronchia via:
Blood
266
Where does the Cat's Aelurostrongylus worm develop?
Bronchiole and alveolar ducts
267
What can be in the faeces of Cat infected with Lungworm?
L1
268
How can we detect A. abstrusus in Cats?
Baermann technique!!
* this method also used for Strongyloides stercoralis in dogs
* Detects L1 in faecal samples
269
Oslerus rostratus: Cat
L1
| Indirect life cycle
270
Dirofilaria repens
Cutaneous Dirofilariosis
(May be double infection with D. immitis )
Non-painful nodules in the sub-cutis of dogs, cats, wild Car and humans
Life cycle is indirect- IH are mosquitos and PP is 7-9 months
Diagnosis: by detecting microfilariae from the blood with modified Knott method- they resemble the microfilariae of D. immitis
271
Dirofilaria immitis - Heartworm Disease (Cardiovascular Dirofilariosiss)
Zoonotic! – Pulmonary dirofilariosis in humans.
Hosts: mainly domestic dogs, rarely cats
Life cycle is indirect. IH are mosquitos and PP is 7-9 months (same as for repens)
272
Pathogenesis of heartworm
Juvenile worms in the small pulm arteries- becomes sexually mature 4 months PI
Dogs develop patent infections (i.e have circulating microfilariae) as early as 6 mnths, but is usually 7-9 mnths PI
Cats: HARD= heartworm associated Resp Distress
273
Diagnosis of D immitis
Microfilariae via modified Knott test or Filtration test
Detection of Atg of females worms can only be done in dogs
Detection of antigen and/or antibodies in cats
Earliest antigen detection: 5months
Earliest microfilariae detection: 6 mnths PI
Antigenaemia may be suppressed until 9 mnths if the dog has received macrocyclic lactone treatment chemoprophylactically
Therefore-- should not test for antigens or microfilariae before 7 mnths
274
Treatment for heartworm
Adults: Melarsomine
MAcrocyclic lactones: Ivermectin, Moxidectin
Doxycycline- to kill the Wolbachia spp
275
Fertilised worms of D. Immitis can be found at 4 month:
True – Become sexually mature at 4 months.
276
First microfilariae appear in blood of Dog with Dirofilaria immitis only____ after infection.?
6-7 mnths
277
Clinical sign of Cat with Heartworm?
Coughing!
278
What do you detect in Dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis? MCQ
Microfilariae
| Serology – Detection of antigen of female worms only in Dogs!
279
Diagnosis of Dirofilaria:
Modified Knott method – Both D. repens and D. immitis
280
What is the effective drug against D.immitis adults?
Melarsomine
281
Melarsomine kills:
Adults of Dirofilaria immitis. Not effective against worms younger than 4 months old.
282
Trichinellosis
Trichinosis- muscle worm disease
| Zoonotic!!!- food-borne parasito-zoonosis
283
Size of Trichinella:
1-4mm
284
What is the infective stage of Trichinella sp.?
L1 is muscle Trichinella
285
Trichinella spp. life cycle:
Indirect!! No free-living stage!!
Auto-heteroxeny
Adult (intestinal trichinella in the SI) and the infective L1 muscle trichinella in the same host
286
In EU, majority of Trichinella infections caused by:
spiralis, britovi and nativa
287
In Europe, majority of Human infection is caused by which Trichinella?
spiralis
288
There are free living larvae of Trichinella sp.?
FALSE!! no free-living stage
289
Trichinella is encapsulated in which tissue?
britovi and nativa
| L1 encapsulated in striated skeletal muscle
290
Trichinella first in:
The small intestine-- mating-- blood-- pectoral muscles (skeletal muscle)
291
Detection of Trichinella
Artificial digestion: diaphragm in pigs and tongue and masseter in horses
ELISA
Detection of L1 in skeletal muscles
Trichinoscopy- direct squash or compressorium technique
292
Treatment of encysted larvae of ________?
britovi and nativa
293
Treatment of Trichinella: MCQ
Fenbendazole
Albendazole
*also me and flu
294
Spiruridoses
Habronematidae family
Small or medium sized worms
In the upper part of the digestive tract and eye
Indirect life cycle- IH are arthropods
295
Habronematidoses of Horses and Donkeys
Draschia megastoma: in stomach wall of fundus region
| Habronema muscae and H.microstoma- layer of mucus covering the gastric mucosa
296
Habronematidoses of Horses and Donkeys: life cycle
Indirect → L1 → Larvae of Muscoid flies → L3 deposited when flies feed on a moist warm surface of host → L3 deposited on wound s→ Chronic, granulomatous skin lesions without further development
297
Habronematidosis: has 3 distnict clinical forms:
1.Stomach- by adult worms
2.Lung
3.Cutaneous: frequently bleeding, do not heal, cauliflower like granulomatous skin lesions- summer sores!! can only completely heal in the cold
Occurs when L3 on the conjunctiva or genitals of stallions
298
What cause summer sores in Horses?
```
Cutaneous habronematidosis
(Summer bleeding - Parafilaria multipapillosa in horse and donkey)
```
299
Spirocercosis of dogs
Spirocerca lupi- wall of the esophagus or stomach- animals older than 6 mnths
300
Treatment for spirocerca lupi
Milbemycin oxim
301
Thelaziosis
Eye worm infection of cattle
Thelazia rhodesi, gulosa, skrjabini
Indirect life cycle: IH Musca domestica, autumnalis and larvipara
302
It can cause eye-worm infection in Cattle:
Thelazia
303
Parasites effecting the Cow’s eye:
Thelaziosis
| Onchocercosis
304
Thelaziosis (Eye-worm of Equids)
Thelazia lacrymalis
305
Eye worm in Dog:
```
Thelezia californiesis (musca)
T. Calipaeda (phortica variegate)
Onchocerca
Affects dog, cat, red fox
Rarely humans
```
306
Summer bleeding caused by:
Parafilaria multipapillosa in horse and donkey
| Summer sores in Horses - Cutaneous habronematidosis
307
Summer bleeding location:
In small haemorrhagic nodules formed in the sub-cutaneous and inter-muscular connective tissue
Females pierce the skin of nodules, causing bleeding of short duration
308
Vector for summer bleeding:
Muscoid flies- Haematobia atripalpis
309
Summer bleeding can be treated with:
Ivermectin and Moxidectin
310
Parafilariosis of Cattle
Parafilaria bovicola
| IH is musca autumnalis Facefly
311
Stephanofilariosis
IH flies e.g haematobia irritans
312
Onchocercosis- the species and animals they affect
Horses and Donkeys: O. cervicalis and reticulata
Bovine: O. gutturosa, linealis, gibsoni
Deer: O. jakutensus
Wild boar: dewittei japonica
313
In general about Onchocercosis
Vivparous females
Life cycle is indirect and PP is 16 mnths
IH: Blackflies or biting midges
Microfilariae migrate in the submucosal CT and acc in :
Head and neck: O. gutturosa (Ru)
Umbilical region: O. lienalis (Ru)
Along ventral midline: O. cervicalis and reticulata (Eq)
314
Clinical signs of onchocercosis in Equine
1. )Open purulent lesions at the whither region – O. cervicalis in the nuchal ligament
2. ) Onchoceral dermatitis – Summer itch, cutaneous onchocercosis, ventral midline
dermatitis. (not to be confused with summer bleed caused by parafillaria multipapillosa)
3. ) Micro-filariae of O. cervicalis – Eyes – Keratoconjunctivitis, chorioretinitis.
315
Clinical signs of onchocercosis in cattle
Lesions in tendons, muscles and ligaments of bovine hind- legs.
316
Diagnosis of onchocercosis
Microfilariae detection!!
Skin biopsy
Tissue fluid at predilection skin region
317
Which causes conjunctivitis in Horse?
Oncocercosis cervicalis
318
It can infect the eye of Horses too:
Onchocerca cervicalis
319
Onchocerca lupi
Zoonotic
Indirect life cycle IH are black flies
Acute or chronic ocular disease
Acute cases – Conjunctivitis, exophthalmos, peri-orbital swelling, photophobia, discomfort, lacrimation, and discharge without granuloma nor cyst formation around the worms.
320
Onchocerca lupi does not infect the eyes:
False – Causes acute or chronic ocular disease in Dogs
321
What is the name of the eye-worm of Dogs?
Onchocerca lupi
322
Setariosis
Setaria equina
Microfilaria occasionally in the eye
IH: mosquitos
Migrating larvae may reach brain and spinal cord - Cerebrospinal setariosis – Lumbar paralysis, paraplegia.
323
Where can you find the adults of Setaria equina?
Peritoneal and pleural cavity
324
In Horse abdomen:
Setaria
325
What can you detect from peripheral blood?
Setaria
326
How to detect Setaria equina?
Knott method- detect the microfilariae in the blood
327
Name a Nematode in the Dog bladder:
Capillaria plica
328
Capillaria infective stage:
L1
| Life-cycle can be direct or indirect, depends on spp.! Direct – L1 (infective stage) develops in the eggs
329
The life cycle of Capillaria plica is direct:
False
| It is indirect, with the intermediate host being the earthworm and final host being canines and felines.
330
What phylum do Thorny headed worms belong to?
Acantocephala
331
The infective stage of thorny-headed worms develop in insects:
True
332
Where is Acanthocephalosis (thorny-head worm) found?
Small intestine
333
Acantocephala hirundinaceus can't be found in which species?
Sheep
334
‘Special’ names of Achantocephala:
Acanthor (= Larva)
| Cystacanth / Acanthella (=Infective larval stage)
335
The thick shelled egg of Achantocephala contains:
Larva (acanthor)
336
What is the acanthor
L1
337
What has no digestive tract:
Cestode
Acantocephala (thorny-headed worm) – No alimentary canal. Absorption of
nutrients takes place through the cuticle.
338
Macracanthorhynchosis
Thorny-headed worm disease of Pigs)
339
Macracanthorhinchus hirndinaceus occurs in
Small intestine (prox duodenum)
