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Para PQ's 1 > 2018 from Toddler- Helminthology > Flashcards

2018 from Toddler- Helminthology Flashcards

1
Q

Parasites effecting the Cow’s eye:

A

Thelaziosis

Onchocercosis

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2
Q

Eye disease in grazing Horse via nematodes:

A
  • L3 of Draschia megastoma
  • Adults of Thelazia lacrymalis
  • Microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis
  • Microfilariae of Setaria equine
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3
Q

Skin surface migration in humans called:

A

Cutaneous larva migrans- hookworms, strong. stercorlais

***I think can also be caused by gasterophilus? G. intestinalis, G. haemorrhoidalis, and G. pecorum

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4
Q

They belong to the phylum of Flatworms:

A

Trematodes (flukes) and Cestodes (tapeworms)

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5
Q

Which is not related to the others?

A

Cercaria

Related: Procercoid, Plerocercoid, Cysticercoid

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6
Q

What are platyhelminths?

A

Flatworms

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7
Q

Developmental phases of Flukes:

A

Usually 5 stages – Egg - MI – SPO – RE – CE (- Adult)

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8
Q

At least how many larval stages do the Flukes have?

A

5

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9
Q

Which developmental form comes after Miracidium?

A

Sporocyst

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10
Q

This larval stage follows the REdia stage:

A

Cercaria

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11
Q

Larva leaving intermediate host:

A

CErcaria

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12
Q

What occurs after Metacercariae?

A

Adult

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13
Q

It can occur in the environment:

A

Metacercariae

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14
Q

Which Flukes don’t occur in the intestines?

A

F. hepatica
D. dendriticum
Paramphistomum spp.
Fluke in the small intestine: A. alaria

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15
Q

Trematode (Flukes) egg can be detected via:

A

FEC Faecal Egg Count in Paramphistomum – Chronic form, Dicrocoeliosis, Schistosoma
Acute form : Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum spp.

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16
Q

Treatment for Rumen flukes

A

Acute (immature intestinal stages)- Niclosamid

Chronic form: Levamizole, Oxiclozanid- the adult forms are more difficult to remove

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17
Q

Treatment for blood flukes and alaria flukes

A

Praziquantel

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18
Q

What is not effective against Flukes?

A

Ivermectin

Effective: Triclbendazole, Alebdazole and Praziquantel

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19
Q

This/ These animals has/ have low resistance against F. hepatica: MCQ

A

Rabbit, Sheep, Goat (also mouse, rat)
Delayed resistance – Humans
Early resistance – Horse, pig, dog, cat

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20
Q

F. hepatica location:

A

Bile ducts- this is where they turn into adults

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21
Q

Choose the right statement:

A

F. Magna can’t complete its life cycle in small ruminants

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22
Q

In which species is F.magna incapsulated?

A

Deer, cattle – Flukes are encapsulated in the liver by host reaction and are less pathogenic

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23
Q

Small ruminants’ fatal death can be caused by:

A

F. magna – In sheep and goats, worms may migrate constantly in the liver tissue causing traumatic hepatitis which is fatal – Affected sheep usually die within 6 months.

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24
Q

Which species lives in a capsule in the liver?

A

F. magna

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25
Q

Which fluke causes caverns in the liver?

A

F. magna

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26
Q

It feeds through the body surface too: (?)

A

Fasciola gigantica (the large liver fluke)

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27
Q

What is not absolutely necessary in the life-cycle of the Rumen fluke?

A

2 intermediate hosts.
Rumen flukes have an indirect life cycle via freshwater OR amphibious snails as
intermediate hosts.

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28
Q

How can you diagnose acute Paramphistomosis?

A

Necropsy – microscopical examination (since no eggs in acute form, but can do FEC in chronic form)

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29
Q

What is the larval stage that develops in Dicroceolium in ants?

A

Metacervariae

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30
Q

Schistosoma, Dicrocoelium development:

A

MI → SPO1 → SPO2 → CE

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31
Q

How many intermediate hosts does Lanceolote fluke have?

A

2 intermediate hosts – Terrestrial snails and Ants

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32
Q

Dicrocoeliosis is:

A

Zoonotic

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33
Q

Schistostoma development

A

MI → SPO1 → SPO2 → CE
Eggs are spiny, contain Miracidium when passed out in urine or faeces.
Only Furocercaria as cercariae (infective stage)

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34
Q

Where in the world is S. mansoni found?

A

Tropical Africa and South America – Tropical and Sub-tropical zones

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35
Q

Which Schistoma species can be found in bladder?

A

Mansoni and haematobium

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36
Q

Blood fluke infects host by:

A

Penetrating skin – Cercariae penetrate skin, rash develops – Called schistosome or simmer’s itch.
* is the cercariae the furcocercariae with the forked tail?*

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37
Q

What is the name of the infective stage of Blood flukes:

A

Furocercariae

Infection – Percutan or Per os

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38
Q

How do offspring of Blood flukes get out from final host?

A

Eggs

Eggs are spiny, contain Miracidium when passed out in urine or faeces.

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39
Q

Which developmental stages of Blood fluke occur in snail?

A

Spor and Cer

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40
Q

Blood fluke infection from what?

A

Urine and faeces- contain eggs with miracidium

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41
Q

This parasite do not have metacercaria?

A

Blood-fluke

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42
Q

Number of intermediate hosts in Alaria alata?

A

2: snails and tadpoles

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43
Q

Alaria alata in Paratenic hosts:

A

Mesocercariae in lung eye of wild boar, pig, Po, humans

Adults- in the SI

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44
Q

They belong to the phylum of Flatworms:

A

Trematodes (flukes) and cestodes (tapeworms)

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45
Q

Proglottids are produced by:

A

Cestoda

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46
Q

What is true about scolex in Cestoda only?

A

For attachment

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47
Q

They have no digestive tract:

A

Cestodes

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48
Q

Diphyllobothriosis does not occur in:

A

Sheep!

It occurs in humans and animals eating fresh-water fish

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49
Q

Species not effected by Diphylobathrum latum?

A

Cattle (and sheep)

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50
Q

Life cycle of Diphyllobothrium:

A

Indirect life cycle: 2 intermediate hosts; Crustaceans and Freshwater fish
Egg – Coracdiudm (L1) – Procercoid (L2) in Curstaceans – Plerocercoid (L3) in Freshwater fish

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51
Q

Diphyllobothrium causes:

A

Anaemia

Vit B12 def

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52
Q

How does Diphylobotrum latum infect?

A

Per os via fish intake

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53
Q

Meat borne infection of human is/are: MCQ

A

Diphylobotriosis Pork measle

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54
Q

What is inside the ovum of the Diphyllobotrium?

A

Zygote

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55
Q

Diphillobotrium have:

A

Yellow, oval egg with zygote inside.

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56
Q

The offspring of the Broad Tapeworm is shed by the host in which form?

A

Egg

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57
Q

Tapeworm of Ruminants:

A

Indirect life cycle
Intermediate host – Box mites (Oribatidae)
Eggs (with 6 hooked oncosphere) → Cysticercoid L2

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58
Q

Worm which looks like grains of cooked rice in faeces in Sheep:

A

Monezia expansa

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59
Q

Moniezia spp. FEC with flotation:

A

M. expansa – Triangular egg

M. benedeni – Quadrangular egg

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60
Q

E. hyatidosus

A

In the liver, lung and bone marrow of the IH: Cattle, Eq, pig and human
E. granulosus in the final host: Dog

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61
Q

E. alveolaris

A

Found in the liver of the IH as hyatid cysts: rodents and humans
E. multilocularis in the FH: dogs, cats and red foxes

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62
Q

Which tapeworm has 3 segments

A

Echinococcus granulosus- this is the dwarf tapeworm of dogs

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63
Q

It ́s larvae are not hepatophilic:

A

Echinococcus granulosus

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64
Q

The infective stage of Echinoccocus granulosus is:

A

Hyatid cyst

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65
Q

Cystic echinococcosis / Hydatidosis / Hydatid disease:

A

One of the most important parasitic zoonoses.
Caused by Echinococcus hydatidosus, the infective L2 of E. granulosus.
Intermediate host include ruminants, equine, pig, humans.

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66
Q

Infective stage of Echinococcus granulosus in Humans

A

G1 and G2 from sheep

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67
Q

Dosage of Praziquantel against E. granulosus:

A

5mg/kg

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68
Q

Treatment against Echinococcus spp. in Dogs:

A

Praziquantel – 5 mg/kg
Epsiprantel – 7.5 mg/kg
100% efficacy against adults and immature forms!

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69
Q

Which echinococcus species has 5 segments

A

Echinococcus multilocularis- dwarf tapeworm of foxes

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70
Q

Ecchinococcus multilocularis can occur in humans:

A

NEVER!
E. multilocularis final host is dog (sometimes cat)
It’s larva, E. alveolaris can be found in the liver of rodents and humans

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71
Q

Can Cat be infected with E. multilocularis?

A

True (rarely)

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72
Q

How many proglottids does Diphyllidium caninum have?

A

Many. In gravid segment, cocoon present (with 3-30 eggs)

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73
Q

Epidemiology – Occupational infection of Dogs:

A

Hunting dog: taenia pisiformis (since larvae located in rabbit and hare)
Butcher’s dog: Taenia hydatigena, E.granulosus (since larvae located in ungulates)
Shepherds dog: taenia multiceps (since larvae located in Ru)
Dogs around pigs: E. granulosus (since larvae located in Sus)

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74
Q

Tapeworm of Eq:

A

Anaplocephalosis

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75
Q

Life cycle of Anoplochephala:

A

Indirect. Cysticercoid (L2) in box mites (Oribatid mites)

In small and large intestine. A. perfoliata tend to congregate at ileo-caecal junction.

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76
Q

What do we diagnose with Proudman method (FEC type)?

A

Anoplochepala perfoliata

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77
Q

Moxidectin isn’t good against:

A

Anoplocephala
Moxidectin only against Strongyloides
Praziquantel, Pyrantel embonate, Niclosamide against Horse tapeworm.

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78
Q

Which tapeworm spp. can cause auto-infection in humans?

A
  1. )Taenia solium – via Cysticercus cellulosae (infective L2)
  2. )Taenia saginata – via Cysticercus bovis (infective L2) 3.)Taenia asciatica
  3. )Diphylobothrum latum
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79
Q

Found in the brain:

A

Cysticercus cellulosae in Human and pig brain, muscles, heart, eyes

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80
Q

Which domestic animal doesn’t have a specific Tapeworm species?

A

Swine

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81
Q

It occurs in vertebrate intermediate host:

A

Plerocercoid

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82
Q

Only one protoscolex develops from:

A

Strobilocercus

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83
Q

This larva is not able to reproduce asexually in the host:

A

Cysticercus

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84
Q

It can develop asexually:

A

Sporocyst

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85
Q

If meat infected:

A

Must be discarded immediately

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86
Q

Intermediate host of Taenia pisiformis?

A

Rabbit

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87
Q

What is found in muscle?

A

Cysticercus cervi
Coenurus serialis
Cysticercus cellulosae Cysticercus bovis

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88
Q

Which are hepatophilic (migrate in the liver parenchyma) MCQ

A 
Taenia hydatigena (has infective L2 Cysticercus tenuicollis)
Taenia piriformis (has infective L2 Cysticercus piriformis)
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89
Q

The following statement is correct:

A

Hepatophilic tapeworm larva develops to L2

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90
Q

Which is not hepatophilic:

A

T. longicollis, E. granulosus

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91
Q

Bovine cysticercosis

A

Beef measles? bladder worm

Caused by cysticercus bovis- the infective L2 of the tapeworm Taenia saginata

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92
Q

Carcass unfit for consumption:

A

If 2 or more living cysts are found at more than 1 inspected site.

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93
Q

Pork measles

A

Cystercus cellulosae- this is the infective L2 of the human pork tapeworm, Taenia solium

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94
Q

Larva of Taenia hydatigena:

A

Is hepatophilic

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95
Q

The intermediate hosts of T. pisiformis are:

A

Rabbit and hare

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96
Q

What is the host sp. of Taenia ovis?

A

Dog

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97
Q

Cysticercus tennuicollis is the L2 that develops to T. Ovis

A

False

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98
Q

Cysticercus ovis effects which organs?

A

Muscles and heart

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99
Q

Which one doesn’t occur in muscle?

A

Cysticercus pisiformis, C. tenuicollis

Both occur in the liver and mesentery

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100
Q

How many protoscolices are in Cysticercus piriformis?

A

One

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101
Q

Tapeworm whose metacestode is C. cellulosae?

A

Taenia solium

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102
Q

Ecchinococcus hydatidiosus is L3:

A

False – It is L2 (infective stage)

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103
Q

Whats the name of tapeworm sp. of red foxes which causes severe infection in humans

A

Echinococcus multilocularis – Scientific name of fox tapeworm (Careful! E. alveolaris also as a choice, but this is the infective larva)

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104
Q

It occurs in invertebrate intermediate host:

A

Cysticercoid

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105
Q

‘Hepatitis cysticercosa’ caused by:

A

Cysticercus tenuicollis Cysticercus pisiformis

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106
Q

The infective stage of Taenia solium can develop in?

A

Humans and pigs

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107
Q

This infection can be detected by inspecting faeces with floatation method: MCQ

A

Sirocercosis

Trichostrongylus

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108
Q

It lives in the large intestine of Ruminants: MCQ

A

Chabertia ovina – Colon and rectum

Oesaphgstomum dentatum – Caecum and colon (Ruminants – Also ileum)

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109
Q

Which one has a smooth surface?

A

Toxascaris leonina

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110
Q

PE-2 of this/these species isn’t ascaroid type:

A

A. galli and T. leonina – Ascaridoid type

A. suum adn P. equorum- Ascaroid type

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111
Q

Galactogenic infection related to what type migration?

A

Toxocaroid type

Hypobiotic larvae – Prenatal (intra-uterine) and lactogenic routes of infection of new- born animals.

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112
Q

Which one has earthworm as intermediate host:

A

Other
Lungworms of Pig (Metastrongylus apri, M. pudendotectus, M. salmi)
Nematode of dog (Capillaria plica, C. annulata, C. caudinflata, C. bursata)

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113
Q

Hyostrongylus rubidus location:

A

Stomach – Gastric mucosa. Pigs

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114
Q

Hyostrongylus causes:

A

Larvae – Hypertrophic, ulcerative, acute gastritis – Blood in the gastric lumen
Adult Worms – Chronic catarrhal gastritis, gastric ulceration.

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115
Q

Hyostrongylus rubidus vs. Oesophagmatum. The eggs can be differentiated:

A

False

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116
Q

Oesophagstomum eggs (strongyle-type eggs) are hard to distinguish from:

A

Hysostrongylus eggs (stomach worm)

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117
Q

Hyostrongylus detection:

A

FEC – Strongyle type eggs – Not distinguishable from the eggs of Oesophagostomum. Necropsy – Red worms, mucosa of stomach is thickened, lenticular, flat nodules. Disease history

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118
Q

What is the infective stage of Amidostomosis?

A

L3 – Egg → L3 hatches, survives in shallow water

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119
Q

It occurs in the gizzard of ducks and birds:

A

Amidostomum anseris

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120
Q

What can be detected in living birds infected with Amidostomum spp.?

A

Eggs from faeces

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121
Q

How does Amidostomum infect?

A

Per os and Per cutan

Infection orally with water. In goslings, by penetrating through the web.

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122
Q

Hosts of Ollulanosis:

A

Cat, wild cat, other felids. Occasionally dog, fox, pig.

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123
Q

How does the Cat get infected by Stomach worm?

A

Ingestion of vomit (containing L3?) Larvae do not pass out with the faeces

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124
Q

What is laid by the female Stomach worm of Cat?

A

L3 – Female is viviparous, eggs develop to L3 ‘in utero’

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125
Q

What is the name of the infective stage of the Cat’s Stomach worm which spread(s) from animals to animals?

A

L3 – Become adults on the gastric mucosa by 5 weeks PI (auto-infection)

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126
Q

What causes parasitic gastroenteritis in Rabbit and Hare

A

Graphidium strigosum- red worms in the gastric mucosa- life cycle is direct and the infective stage is L3

Trichostrongylus retortaeformis- white worms in the small intestine- life cycle is dorect and the infective stage is L3

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127
Q

Trichostrongylosis in Horses:

A

Trichostrongylus axei- in the stomach and prox SI- direct life cycle and the infective stage is L3

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128
Q

Trichostrongylus axei is:

A

Euryxen

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129
Q

The host spectrum of Trichostrongylus axei:

A

Horses and donkeys

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130
Q

What cause parasitic gastroenteritis of Ru

A

Trichostrongylidosis

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131
Q

Haemonchus

A

Wireworm/twisted stomach worm/ Barber’s pole worm

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132
Q

Ostertagia, Teladorsagia

A

Brown stomach worm

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133
Q

Trichostrongylus

A

Bankrupt worm

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134
Q

Cooperia curticei

A

Watch spring-like posture

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135
Q

Nematodirus

A

Thread-necked worms

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136
Q

Cooperia location

A

Small intestine

137
Q

In which spp. is Haemonchus contortus primarily found?

A

Sheep and goat abomasum

138
Q

Which resembles a barber’s pole?

A

Haemochus contortus

139
Q

In which spp. is Haemonchus placei primarily found?

A

Cattle

140
Q

Type 1 or ‘Summer Ostertagiosis’:

A

high morbidity and low mortality

141
Q

Type 2 or ‘Winter Ostertagiosis’:

A

Low morbidity and high mortality

142
Q

Hookworm disease of Car

A

Ancylostomosis
Uncinariosis
Ancylostomatidosis

143
Q

Different sp of hookworms

A

Ancylostoma caninum: dogs, canids
A. tubaeforme: cats, felids
Uncinaria stenocephala- dogs, canid, felids
A. braziliense: dogs and cats (tropics and subtropics)

144
Q

Which has a bent head?

A

Hookworms

145
Q

Hookworm in carnivores. Feeding habits and location:

A

Adults are blood feeders in the SMALL INTESTINE

146
Q

The cats can be infected with Uncinaria stenocephala:

A

True- nematode that infects dogs, cats, fox, humans

147
Q

What happens to human if infected with Ancylostomatidosis?

A

Creeping eruption
Also due to Strongyloides stercoralis (strongylidosis of Dogs) the L3 can penetrate the skin
Also called “Cutaneous larva migrans”
I think can only be caused by A. caninum and A. braziliense, not A. tubaeforme

148
Q

Dipylidium caninum can cause visceralis larva migrans in Human:

A

False

149
Q

Which ways can Cat be infected with Hookworms?

A 
PO- uncinaria this way ONLY
Per cutan – Somatic migration in animals older than 3 months!
With milk – Trans-mammary
Prenatal 
By paratenic hosts
150
Q

What is the hookworm disease of Ru

A

Bunostomosis

151
Q

Which Nematode is in small Ruminants ?

A

Bunostomum trigonocephalum- in lambs

152
Q

Which species is found in sheep, goat, wild ruminants?

A

Bunostomum trigonocephalum

153
Q

Which bunostomum species infects Cattle?

A

Bunostomum phlebotomum

154
Q

Hookworm route of infection in ruminants:

A

Mainly per-cutan or orally.

155
Q

What are strongyloidis species also known as

A

Dwarf worms

156
Q

Strongyloides are:

A

Oviparous

Oviviviparous

157
Q

How many different life cycles of Strongyloidosis?

A

2 types of development
Homogonic – Parasitic cycle - Unfavourable conditions – Young animals – Adult population of parthenogenetic females.
Heterogonic – Parasitic and Free-living reproductive cycle – Favourable conditions – Older animals – Free-living males and females.

158
Q

How many intermediate hosts is/are needed in development of Strongyloides spp

A

0- direct development

159
Q

Location of adult Strongyloides spp. (dwarf worms):

A

Small intestine

160
Q

Where does the Threadworm live in the host?

A

In the small intestine

161
Q

Strongyloides spp. (Dwarf nematode) infection:

A

Per cutan: Ru PP is 9 days, Pigs PP is 6 days
Per os:Ru PP is 5 days, Pigs is 3 days
Auto-infection in humans and dogs only

**therefore Per os and per cutan in Ru and pigs only

162
Q

What is speed of development of galactogenic infection compared to per-cutan infection of Strongyloidosis?

A

Swine 3 days galactogenically and 6 days per cutan

Ru 5 days galactogenically and 9 days per cutan

163
Q

How does galactogenic infection of Strongyloides happen?

A

Hypobiotic larvae reactivate and charge (when the larval development was arrested, they migrated to the mammary gland)

164
Q

How does auto-infection larva of Strongyloides develop? (auto-infection= host remains infected)

A

Go to the intestine after passing through the lungs

165
Q

Name of Dwarf Worm in Pig?

A

Strongyloidis ransomi

166
Q

Diagnosis: of S. ransomi in pigs

A

Ellipsoidal egg – Containing morula or L1

167
Q

Strongyloidosis of Ru- S. papillosus- how do sheep get infected?

A

Per cutan- through the skin of legs

168
Q

Most common infection of Strongyloides in Sheep?

A

Per cutan (and per os)

169
Q

Strongyloidosis of horses and donkeys

A

S. westeri

170
Q

S. westeri’s main route of infection:

A

Colostral and Lactogenic infection in very young Foals

171
Q

Most common way of infection of Foals with Threadworms:

A

Galactogenic

172
Q

Strongyloidosis of Car-

A

S. stercoralis

173
Q

Route of infection of S. stercoralis

A

Per cutan

174
Q

In the faeces of Pups with Strongyloides occurs:

A

Larva

175
Q

In Puppy faeces, you find which form of Strongyloides?

A

Free L1 pass in the faeces

176
Q

Threadworm (Strongyloides stercoralis) location:

A

Small intestine – All Strongyloidosis are located here

177
Q

Can Strongyloidosis of Dogs infect Humans? (Strongyloides of Dogs)

A

True – L3 of S. stercoralis can penetrate the human skin – ‘Cutaneous larva migrans’ or creeping eruption’
Also due to Hookworm of dogs - L3 of Ancylostoma caninum and A. braziliense (hookworms of Dogs)

178
Q

General info about intestinal roundworms

A

SI
Do not attach to the intestinal mucosa
Stenoxenous- have specific host species
Eggs- are ovoid, thick shelled with zygote - have 3 layers so are highly resistant in the environment
Infection: PO via larvated eggs (L3)
Prenatal, lactogenic (colostral), Eating of infected paratenic hosts
PE2 can be ascaoid, Toxocaroid or Ascaridoid type

179
Q

Roundworm diseases of Car

A

Toxocarosis, Toxascariosis

180
Q

Toxocara canis

A

Dog and fox

181
Q

Tococara cati

A

Cat

182
Q

Toxascaris leonina

A

Dog, fox, cat, lion

183
Q

Which one is distinguishable from the other because of its morphology?

A

Toxascaris leonina – Colourless, egg-shell with smooth surface
T. cati and T. canis – Brownish/Colourless, egg-shell with pitted surface

184
Q

T. canis:

A

PE2 depends on the host age! Ascaroid type: younger than 1 month- PP is 28 days
Toxocaroid type: older than 1 month

185
Q

T. cati

A

PE2 is similar to that of T. canis except no intra uterine infection, most relevant is the lactogenic route!

186
Q

The intra-uterine infection of Cats with T. cati is more common than galactogenic:

A

False – No intra-uterine infection in cats

187
Q

T. leonina:

A

PE2 Ascaridoid type

188
Q

Roundworm disease of Horses and Donkeys (Equine Parascariosis)

A

Parascaris equorum

189
Q

Egg of Parascaris equorum:

A

Spherical,
yellowish-brown,
thick-shelled with pitted surface

190
Q

Roundworm disease of Cattle (Bovine Toxocarosis)

A

Toxocara vitulorum Cattle, Buffalo. Occasionally Sheep, Goat.

191
Q

Bovine toxocarosis occurs in:

A

In Calves younger than 6 months there is a patent infection- ingestion of larvated eggs does NOT result in patent infection

192
Q

Roundworm disease of Pigs (Porcine Ascariosis)

A

Ascaris suum- Pig and wild boar

193
Q

Eggs of ascaris suum

A

Ovoid, mammilated thick shell- coprophagia can give false positivity

194
Q

Infection of Ascaridia suum with:

A

L3- ingesting an egg with L3

195
Q

Roundworm diseases of birds= Ascaridosis

A

Ascaridae galli: Domestic fowl, guinea fowl, turkey, duck, game birds
A. collumbae: pigeon
A. dissimilis: Turkey

196
Q

Ascaridoid type:

A

PE2 - Ascaridia galli

197
Q

Ascaridia infective form:

A

Infection by larvated eggs OR by eating paratenic hosts (earthworms)
PE2 – ascaridoid type

198
Q

Which egg is similar to Ascaridia galli?

A

Heterakis gallinarum

can be distinguished based on their size

199
Q

Caecal Worm disease of Birds (Heterakiosis)

A

Heterakis gallinarum: Domestic fowl, guinea fowl, turkey, pigeon, pheasant, (duck, goose)
Heterakis dispar Duck, goose

200
Q

Heterakis spp. location:

A

Caecum. Occasionally large and small intestines.

201
Q

Heterakis spp. vector of:

A

Histomonas meleagridis

202
Q

Strongyle Infection of Horse and Donkeys

A

Strongylidosis – Infection with adults of large and small strongyles.
Strongylosis – Infection with extra-intestinal migrated larvae of large strongyles.
Cyanthostomosis, Cyanthostominosis – Infection with small strongyles.

203
Q

Occurrence of Strongyle decreased since:

A

Regular use of anti-helminthic treatment

204
Q

Small strongyle diagnosis:

A

Faecal examination – Strongyle-type eggs

205
Q

Strongyle infection in faecal sample of a 7 month-old Horse. Most likely infected by:

A

S. equinus Adult by 9 months PI
S. edentatus Adult by 11 months PI
Not S. vulgaris, since adults by 6 months PI and Horse is 7 months old) (Not small strongyles; since adults by 1.5 – 3 months)
**i.e the infection has to be a larvae??*

206
Q

Strongylidosis caused by:

A

Large strongyles: Strongylus equinus (2), S. vulgaris (4) and S. edentates (no teeth)
Small strongyles: Cyathostomum spp
Worldwide in grazing equine

207
Q

Strongylidosis infection:

A

L3

208
Q

Moxidectin is effective against:

A

Strongylidosis

209
Q

Cyathostominosis is:

A

The synchronous emergence of thousands of hypo-biotic Cyathostome L4

210
Q

How can you detect small Strongyle infection of Horses?

A

FEC with flotation

Coprological examination – Strongyle-type eggs. Clinical signs. Grazing history.

211
Q

What kind of drug(s) has/have good efficacy against encysted larvae of Small Strongyles?

A

Fenbendazole

Moxidectin

212
Q

Treatment:

A

Several anti-helminthics are effective against adult Strongyles…but not against mucosal larval stages of Cyathstome
Against encysted larvae – Fenbendazole and Moxidectin
Against migrating larvae and adult stages of large Strongyles - Ivermectin

213
Q

Oesophagostomosis

A

Nodular worm diseae of pigs and Ru

214
Q

They can cause the Nodular Worm infection of Ruminants :

A

Oesophagostomum spp.

215
Q

It causes the infection of Pigs:

A

Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum and Oesophagostomum dentatum

216
Q

It causes the infection of Cattle:

A

Oesophagostomum radiatum

217
Q

It cause the infection of small Ruminants:

A

Oesophagostomum columbianum

218
Q

Oesophagstomum infection via:

A

Ingestion of L3. But skin penetration possible (pigs).

219
Q

Where do Oesophagostomum worms live?

A

Large intestine- Caecum and colon

In ru- in the ileum also

220
Q

No extra-intestinal migration:

A

Oesophagostomum

221
Q

Oesophagostomum infective stage:

A

L3 - Larval stages are more pathogenic.

222
Q

Has histotrophic phase:

A

Oesopghagostomum

223
Q

Oesophagstomum eggs (strongyle-type eggs) are hard to distinguish from:

A

Hysostrongylus eggs (stomach worm)

224
Q

Which one of these have similar development as Chabertia?

A

Oesophagostomum

225
Q

Oxyuriosis (Pinworm Disease of Equids)

A

Oxyuris equi: common pinworm

Probstmayria vivipara: minute pinworm

226
Q

Passalurosis

A

(Pinworm disease of Rabbit and Hare)

227
Q

Host of Passalurus ambiguous: (also known as Oxyuris ambigua)

A

Rabbit

Lagomorphs- wild or pet rabbits and hares

228
Q

Passalurus ambiguous location:

A

Caecum and colon

229
Q

Passalurus lay:

A

L3 egg with infective larva- laid to the perianal skin or passed out with the faeces

230
Q

What is the genus name of Whipworms?

A

Trichuris

231
Q

What hosts spp. don’t have Whipworm / Trichuris spp.?

A

Horse

232
Q

Location of Trichuris spp.:

A

Caecum and colon

233
Q

Infective stage of Whipworm:

A

L1

Adults are hematophagous i.e. more infective than mucosal larvae.

234
Q

Ways Cats are infected with Trichuris:

A

Per os – Food or water with whipworm eggs

235
Q

Detection of Trichuris spp.:

A

Eggs – Flotation – But intermittent egg shedding can cause false negative results. Faecal tests for specific parasite antigens.

236
Q

Chabertia ovina (large-mouthed bowel worm) location:

A

Large intestine- colon and rectum

237
Q

It lives in the large intestine of Ruminants (sheep, goat):

A

Chabertia ovina

238
Q

Which one of these have similar development as Chabertia?

A

Oesophagostomum

Both spp. have a direct life-cycle, similar to each other.

239
Q

What is the Latin name of worm living in birds’ trachea?

A

Syngamus trachea – Gapeworm

240
Q

Syngamus trachea host:

A

Domestic fowl, turkeys, pheasants, game birds, and patridges

Domestic fowl older than 2-3 months have age resistance

241
Q

Syngamus trachea has an intermediate host?

A

False - Has a paratenic host; earthworm.

242
Q

Lungworm infections-

A

adult nematodes occur in the air passages/ lung parenchyma
Dictyocaulus species- “big lungworm”
Protostrongylid species- “small lungworm”

243
Q

Dictyocaulus infective form:

A

L1

244
Q

What can you find in faecal sample of Sheep infected with Dictyocaulus filaria?

A

Eggs containing L1

245
Q

Dictyocaulosis of Donkey and Horse

A

Mainly in donkey, rarely in horse and pony

246
Q

Protstrongylidosis of Sheep and Goat

A

Nodular lungworm disease
Small lungworms
Protostrongylus rufescens- in the small bronchi

Cytocaulus orcreatus, Muellerius capillaris, Neostrongylus linearis- in the lung parenchyma

247
Q

The worm-knot contains one sexually active worm in the lung of Sheep:

A

False
Brood Nodules – Contain sexually active worms and masses of eggs and larvae.
Worm-knots – Contain sexually inactive, viable, adult worms only.

248
Q

Metastrongylosis

A

Lungworm disease of pigs
Metastrongylus apri
M. pudendotectus
M. salmi

Wild boar

249
Q

Lungworm disease of carnivores

A

All direct life cycle

All L1 infective stage

250
Q

Oslerus osleri: Dog

A

L1

251
Q

Filaroides milksi and hirthi: Dog

A

L1 – Infective stage – Transmitted by saliva, coprophagy, licking.

252
Q

Filaroides milksi can effect Cats:

A

False- effects dogs, mainly young puppies

253
Q

Eucoleus aerophilus: Dog Cat

A

Infection

  1. )eggs containing infective stage L1
    2) by earthworms- the paratenic host
254
Q

Cresoma vulpis: Fox. Rarely in Dog and Cat

A

Indirect life cycle!

L1 in faeces– intermed hosts are molluscs– infection by snails or slugs (L3)

255
Q

French heartworm- angiostrongylus vasorum

A

In canid- rarely in cats
Western Europe
Indirect life cycle- snails and slugs as intermediate hosts

256
Q

Life cycle of French heartworm

A

L1 in faeces become L3 in the IH (molluscs)– mesenteric lymph nodes where they mature to L5
Adults seen in the pulm arteries and RV of the heart

257
Q

Pathogenic effect of French heartworm

A

Adult worms in bv’s

Eggs/larvae in the pulm arterioles and caps may cause endocarditis– pulm thromboangilits– CHF

258
Q

Clinical signs of French heartworm

A

Resp signs
Coagulopathies
Neuro, ocular
Sudden death

259
Q

Diagnosis of French heartworm

A

L1 from faeces
ELISA and Western blot
Necroscopy: adult worms in the eye, pericard and urinary bladder

260
Q

Angiostrongylus vasorum needs snail as intermediate host:

A

True – Many spp. of slugs and snails act as intermediate hosts.

261
Q

Can Cats get French heartworm (Angiostrongylus vasorum)?

A

Yes, but it’s rare

262
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus: Cat

A

Indirect
L1 in faec IH snails and slugs
Paratenic hosts: rodents, birds, amphibians and reptiles play an important role

263
Q

The name of the Lungworm of Cats is:

A

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

264
Q

What is the length of the Lungworm of Cats?

A

1 cm – A. abstrusus is 5-10mm

265
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus travels to lung parenchyma and bronchia via:

A

Blood

266
Q

Where does the Cat’s Aelurostrongylus worm develop?

A

Bronchiole and alveolar ducts

267
Q

What can be in the faeces of Cat infected with Lungworm?

A

L1

268
Q

How can we detect A. abstrusus in Cats?

A

Baermann technique!!

  • this method also used for Strongyloides stercoralis in dogs
  • Detects L1 in faecal samples
269
Q

Oslerus rostratus: Cat

A

L1

Indirect life cycle

270
Q

Dirofilaria repens

A

Cutaneous Dirofilariosis
(May be double infection with D. immitis )
Non-painful nodules in the sub-cutis of dogs, cats, wild Car and humans
Life cycle is indirect- IH are mosquitos and PP is 7-9 months
Diagnosis: by detecting microfilariae from the blood with modified Knott method- they resemble the microfilariae of D. immitis

271
Q

Dirofilaria immitis - Heartworm Disease (Cardiovascular Dirofilariosiss)

A

Zoonotic! – Pulmonary dirofilariosis in humans.
Hosts: mainly domestic dogs, rarely cats
Life cycle is indirect. IH are mosquitos and PP is 7-9 months (same as for repens)

272
Q

Pathogenesis of heartworm

A

Juvenile worms in the small pulm arteries- becomes sexually mature 4 months PI
Dogs develop patent infections (i.e have circulating microfilariae) as early as 6 mnths, but is usually 7-9 mnths PI
Cats: HARD= heartworm associated Resp Distress

273
Q

Diagnosis of D immitis

A

Microfilariae via modified Knott test or Filtration test
Detection of Atg of females worms can only be done in dogs
Detection of antigen and/or antibodies in cats
Earliest antigen detection: 5months
Earliest microfilariae detection: 6 mnths PI
Antigenaemia may be suppressed until 9 mnths if the dog has received macrocyclic lactone treatment chemoprophylactically
Therefore– should not test for antigens or microfilariae before 7 mnths

274
Q

Treatment for heartworm

A

Adults: Melarsomine
MAcrocyclic lactones: Ivermectin, Moxidectin
Doxycycline- to kill the Wolbachia spp

275
Q

Fertilised worms of D. Immitis can be found at 4 month:

A

True – Become sexually mature at 4 months.

276
Q

First microfilariae appear in blood of Dog with Dirofilaria immitis only____ after infection.?

A

6-7 mnths

277
Q

Clinical sign of Cat with Heartworm?

A

Coughing!

278
Q

What do you detect in Dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis? MCQ

A

Microfilariae

Serology – Detection of antigen of female worms only in Dogs!

279
Q

Diagnosis of Dirofilaria:

A

Modified Knott method – Both D. repens and D. immitis

280
Q

What is the effective drug against D.immitis adults?

A

Melarsomine

281
Q

Melarsomine kills:

A

Adults of Dirofilaria immitis. Not effective against worms younger than 4 months old.

282
Q

Trichinellosis

A

Trichinosis- muscle worm disease

Zoonotic!!!- food-borne parasito-zoonosis

283
Q

Size of Trichinella:

A

1-4mm

284
Q

What is the infective stage of Trichinella sp.?

A

L1 is muscle Trichinella

285
Q

Trichinella spp. life cycle:

A

Indirect!! No free-living stage!!
Auto-heteroxeny
Adult (intestinal trichinella in the SI) and the infective L1 muscle trichinella in the same host

286
Q

In EU, majority of Trichinella infections caused by:

A

spiralis, britovi and nativa

287
Q

In Europe, majority of Human infection is caused by which Trichinella?

A

spiralis

288
Q

There are free living larvae of Trichinella sp.?

A

FALSE!! no free-living stage

289
Q

Trichinella is encapsulated in which tissue?

A

britovi and nativa

L1 encapsulated in striated skeletal muscle

290
Q

Trichinella first in:

A

The small intestine– mating– blood– pectoral muscles (skeletal muscle)

291
Q

Detection of Trichinella

A

Artificial digestion: diaphragm in pigs and tongue and masseter in horses
ELISA
Detection of L1 in skeletal muscles
Trichinoscopy- direct squash or compressorium technique

292
Q

Treatment of encysted larvae of ________?

A

britovi and nativa

293
Q

Treatment of Trichinella: MCQ

A

Fenbendazole
Albendazole
*also me and flu

294
Q

Spiruridoses

A

Habronematidae family
Small or medium sized worms
In the upper part of the digestive tract and eye
Indirect life cycle- IH are arthropods

295
Q

Habronematidoses of Horses and Donkeys

A

Draschia megastoma: in stomach wall of fundus region

Habronema muscae and H.microstoma- layer of mucus covering the gastric mucosa

296
Q

Habronematidoses of Horses and Donkeys: life cycle

A

Indirect → L1 → Larvae of Muscoid flies → L3 deposited when flies feed on a moist warm surface of host → L3 deposited on wound s→ Chronic, granulomatous skin lesions without further development

297
Q

Habronematidosis: has 3 distnict clinical forms:

A

1.Stomach- by adult worms
2.Lung
3.Cutaneous: frequently bleeding, do not heal, cauliflower like granulomatous skin lesions- summer sores!! can only completely heal in the cold
Occurs when L3 on the conjunctiva or genitals of stallions

298
Q

What cause summer sores in Horses?

A 
Cutaneous habronematidosis
(Summer bleeding - Parafilaria multipapillosa in horse and donkey)
299
Q

Spirocercosis of dogs

A

Spirocerca lupi- wall of the esophagus or stomach- animals older than 6 mnths

300
Q

Treatment for spirocerca lupi

A

Milbemycin oxim

301
Q

Thelaziosis

A

Eye worm infection of cattle
Thelazia rhodesi, gulosa, skrjabini
Indirect life cycle: IH Musca domestica, autumnalis and larvipara

302
Q

It can cause eye-worm infection in Cattle:

A

Thelazia

303
Q

Parasites effecting the Cow’s eye:

A

Thelaziosis

Onchocercosis

304
Q

Thelaziosis (Eye-worm of Equids)

A

Thelazia lacrymalis

305
Q

Eye worm in Dog:

A 
Thelezia californiesis (musca)
T. Calipaeda (phortica variegate)
Onchocerca 
Affects dog, cat, red fox 
Rarely humans
306
Q

Summer bleeding caused by:

A

Parafilaria multipapillosa in horse and donkey

Summer sores in Horses - Cutaneous habronematidosis

307
Q

Summer bleeding location:

A

In small haemorrhagic nodules formed in the sub-cutaneous and inter-muscular connective tissue
Females pierce the skin of nodules, causing bleeding of short duration

308
Q

Vector for summer bleeding:

A

Muscoid flies- Haematobia atripalpis

309
Q

Summer bleeding can be treated with:

A

Ivermectin and Moxidectin

310
Q

Parafilariosis of Cattle

A

Parafilaria bovicola

IH is musca autumnalis Facefly

311
Q

Stephanofilariosis

A

IH flies e.g haematobia irritans

312
Q

Onchocercosis- the species and animals they affect

A

Horses and Donkeys: O. cervicalis and reticulata
Bovine: O. gutturosa, linealis, gibsoni
Deer: O. jakutensus
Wild boar: dewittei japonica

313
Q

In general about Onchocercosis

A

Vivparous females
Life cycle is indirect and PP is 16 mnths
IH: Blackflies or biting midges
Microfilariae migrate in the submucosal CT and acc in :
Head and neck: O. gutturosa (Ru)
Umbilical region: O. lienalis (Ru)
Along ventral midline: O. cervicalis and reticulata (Eq)

314
Q

Clinical signs of onchocercosis in Equine

A
  1. )Open purulent lesions at the whither region – O. cervicalis in the nuchal ligament
  2. ) Onchoceral dermatitis – Summer itch, cutaneous onchocercosis, ventral midline
    dermatitis. (not to be confused with summer bleed caused by parafillaria multipapillosa)
  3. ) Micro-filariae of O. cervicalis – Eyes – Keratoconjunctivitis, chorioretinitis.
315
Q

Clinical signs of onchocercosis in cattle

A

Lesions in tendons, muscles and ligaments of bovine hind- legs.

316
Q

Diagnosis of onchocercosis

A

Microfilariae detection!!
Skin biopsy
Tissue fluid at predilection skin region

317
Q

Which causes conjunctivitis in Horse?

A

Oncocercosis cervicalis

318
Q

It can infect the eye of Horses too:

A

Onchocerca cervicalis

319
Q

Onchocerca lupi

A

Zoonotic
Indirect life cycle IH are black flies
Acute or chronic ocular disease
Acute cases – Conjunctivitis, exophthalmos, peri-orbital swelling, photophobia, discomfort, lacrimation, and discharge without granuloma nor cyst formation around the worms.

320
Q

Onchocerca lupi does not infect the eyes:

A

False – Causes acute or chronic ocular disease in Dogs

321
Q

What is the name of the eye-worm of Dogs?

A

Onchocerca lupi

322
Q

Setariosis

A

Setaria equina
Microfilaria occasionally in the eye
IH: mosquitos
Migrating larvae may reach brain and spinal cord - Cerebrospinal setariosis – Lumbar paralysis, paraplegia.

323
Q

Where can you find the adults of Setaria equina?

A

Peritoneal and pleural cavity

324
Q

In Horse abdomen:

A

Setaria

325
Q

What can you detect from peripheral blood?

A

Setaria

326
Q

How to detect Setaria equina?

A

Knott method- detect the microfilariae in the blood

327
Q

Name a Nematode in the Dog bladder:

A

Capillaria plica

328
Q

Capillaria infective stage:

A

L1

Life-cycle can be direct or indirect, depends on spp.! Direct – L1 (infective stage) develops in the eggs

329
Q

The life cycle of Capillaria plica is direct:

A

False

It is indirect, with the intermediate host being the earthworm and final host being canines and felines.

330
Q

What phylum do Thorny headed worms belong to?

A

Acantocephala

331
Q

The infective stage of thorny-headed worms develop in insects:

A

True

332
Q

Where is Acanthocephalosis (thorny-head worm) found?

A

Small intestine

333
Q

Acantocephala hirundinaceus can’t be found in which species?

A

Sheep

334
Q

‘Special’ names of Achantocephala:

A

Acanthor (= Larva)

Cystacanth / Acanthella (=Infective larval stage)

335
Q

The thick shelled egg of Achantocephala contains:

A

Larva (acanthor)

336
Q

What is the acanthor

A

L1

337
Q

What has no digestive tract:

A

Cestode
Acantocephala (thorny-headed worm) – No alimentary canal. Absorption of
nutrients takes place through the cuticle.

338
Q

Macracanthorhynchosis

A

Thorny-headed worm disease of Pigs)

339
Q

Macracanthorhinchus hirndinaceus occurs in

A

Small intestine (prox duodenum)

Para PQ's 1 (5 decks)

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