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Para PQ's 1 > 2018 from Toddler- Entomology > Flashcards

2018 from Toddler- Entomology Flashcards

1
Q

Summaries of the life cycles

A

Hemi-metamorph: mange/scabies and Mite
Epi-metamorph: bugs and lice
Holo-metamorph: Beetle, fleas, flies and mosquitos

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2
Q

The taxon name/order name of Bugs?

A

Heteroptera

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3
Q

Life cycle of the bugs is?

A

Epi

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4
Q

What is the feed for bugs?

A

Blood

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5
Q

The female bugs lay down:

A

Eggs

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6
Q

How many nymph stages does bug have?

A

5

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7
Q

Where is the mouth of bug?

A

Ventrally

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8
Q

Geographical occurence of Cimex lectularius?

A

Worldwide

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9
Q

Bed-bugs (Cimex lectularius) occur in the building of:

A

Poultry houses

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10
Q

The Bed-bugs may occur especially in the building of:

A

Egg-laying hens

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11
Q

What kind of pathogens are transmitted by the Bed-bugs?

A

None of them!

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12
Q

Is the Bed-bug a vector for anything if so what?

A

yes bed bugs (cimex lectularis) are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi)

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13
Q

How many times does Bed-bug take blood meals during life cycle?

A

At one stage many times. They are obligate blood feeders. The adults and nymph stage usually visit their hosts during the night to take blood meals

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14
Q

Bed-bug blood sucking? (?)

A

5 or 6

They can survive for 6-7 months without blood meal!

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15
Q

Bites sleeping victims:

A 
Bed bugs (cimex lectularis)
Reduviidae (kissing bugs)
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16
Q

The species of Triatoma (Kissing bugs) occur in:

A

Latin and south America

NOT in Europe

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17
Q

How can Kissing bugs inoculate Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease)?

A

With their faeces

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18
Q

How does the Blood sucking bug infect you?

A

You rub it into yourself
After the bug bites and ingests blood, they defecate on the person. The person can become infected if T. cruzi parasites in the bug faeces enter the body through mucous membranes or breaks in the skin.

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19
Q

Xeno-diagnosis

A

Biological vector of T. cruzi are Triatoma spp, Rhodnius spp and Panstrongylus spp.
Blood sucking bugs!
And examining their faeces

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20
Q

Beetle occurs in which building?

A

Poultry house: Darkling beetle-Alphitobius diaperinus)

NOT parasitic, just a pest of stored products

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21
Q

What is the scientific name for the Asian tiger mosquito?

A

Aedes albpictus

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22
Q

Feeding method of mosquitoes:

A 
Only the females feed on blood meal- circadian rhythm!
Both males (feathery, plumose antennae) and females (shortpilose natennae) feed on fruit juices, nectar and liquids
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23
Q

Feeding activity of mosquitoes:

A

Nocturnal, diurnal and crepuscular

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24
Q

Mosquiotos are vectors of

A

Biological or Mechanical vectors of
Protozoa – Plasmodium spp.
Viruses – e.g. West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus, Dengue fever, Myxomatosis
Nematodes – Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm), D. repens, lymphoid filariosis (elephantiasis)

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25
Q

Which fly is the greatest nuisance to horses?

A

Black flies

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26
Q

The females of Black-flies lay?

A

Eggs in batches (150-500 creamy-white eggs) on stone/vegetation next to running water or in.

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27
Q

Where do the Black-flies breed?

A

Fast-flowing water

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28
Q

What does the female gnat lay down?

A

Coccoon spinned by last larvae

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29
Q

Female Black-fly:

A

Only the females are blood feeders!
Diurnal
Exophilic
Exophagic

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30
Q

The antennae of the Black-flies are:

A

Short with many 9-12 segments

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31
Q

The Black-flies are the vectors of:

A

Onchocerca - river blindness

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32
Q

Black-flies mechanical and biological vectors of:

A

Protozoa – Leucocutozoon smithi, L. simondi
Viruses – Equine encephalitis, vesicular stomatitis, myxomatosis
Nematodes – Onchocerca spp. of horses and humans (river blindness – O. volvulus)

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33
Q

The family name of Biting midges is:

A

Ceratopagonidae family

Genus is Cullicoides

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34
Q

Where do Culicoides spp. develop?

A

Water vegetation!

Slow running streams, damp soil, manure heaps. Have specialised habitats

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35
Q

The Biting midges wings are:

A

Mottled, patterned

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36
Q

The feeding behaviour of the male Biting midges:

A

Only the females feed on the vertebrate blood

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37
Q

Which spends most of its time in larval form?

A

Biting midges- most of life spent in larval form

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38
Q

What works as a vector for Blue-tongue?

A

Culicoides

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39
Q

The biting midges are not the vectors of the pathogens of?

A

Leishmaniosis

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40
Q

What are the biting midges vectors of

A

Mechanical and Biological vectors of

Protozoa – Leucocytozoon spp., Haemoproteus spp. Nematodes – Onchocerca reticulate, O. ervicalis Viruses – Blue-tongue

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41
Q

Culicoides impunctatus causes:

A

Eq- allergic dermatitis (sweet itch of the horse)- ponies v sensitive
Human: summer dermatitis

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42
Q

What is the family of sandflies

A

Family: Psychodidae
Subfamily: Phlebotominae

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43
Q

Sand-flies in latin:

A

Phlebotomus (old world) and Lutzomyia (new world)

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44
Q

When are Phlebotominae spp. active?

A

Crepsuscular or nocturnal

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45
Q

Do male and female Sand-flies eat the same thing?

A

No. Only females feed with blood (blood-sucking mouthparts present). Both male and female sand- flies feed on natural sources of sugar; plant juices.

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46
Q

Sand-fly wings are:

A

Hairy and characteristically held at an angle above the abdomen

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47
Q

Sand-fly has what developmental part:

A

Egg– 4 larval stages– Pupa– adult

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48
Q

Sand-flies are vectors of:

A

Mechanical and Biological vectors

Protozoa – Leishmania spp. (30 sand-fly spp.) Viruses – Paptasi fever, vesicular stomatitis Nematodes – Onchocerca spp.

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49
Q

Horse fly genus

A

Tabanus: bromius and bovinus

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50
Q

Tsetse fly family name?

A

Glossinidae

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51
Q

Which take blood meals in family Tabanidae?

A

Only females

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52
Q

What is the genus name of deerflies?

A

Genus: Chrysops
Family: Tabanidae

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53
Q

Tsetse fly genus name

A

Glossina

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54
Q

When is the Tsetse fly active?

A

During the day- mostly in daylight! Diurnal

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55
Q

Female Tsetse fly lays:

A

L3- 3rd instar larval stage with polyneustic lobes

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56
Q

Where do Tsetse flies develop?

A

In ground
Fusca group – Forested habitats, rain, swamp, and man-grove forests
Palpalis group – Among vegetation around lakes and along rivers and streams Morsitans group – Dry savannah habitats, scrub vegetation

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57
Q

Tsetse fly feeding:

A

Male and females are blood feeders

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58
Q

Horse ked?

A

Hippobosca equina

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59
Q

Dog ked?

A

Hippobosca longipennis

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60
Q

Deer ked (looses its wings)

A

Lipoptena cervi

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61
Q

Sheep ked

A

Melophagus ovinus

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62
Q

Hippoboscidae feeding:

A

Both males and females are blood feeders.

Females are vivparous (=live birth, fully gown L3)

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63
Q

Hippoboscidae are:

A

Larviparous and viviparous

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64
Q

Keds are:

A

Larviparous and viviparous

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65
Q

Family of Louse fly (keds):

A

Hippoboscidae

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66
Q

Which fly species becomes wingless after a while?

A

Lipoptena cervi

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67
Q

Which form do Forest flies lay?

A

Egg

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68
Q

Melophagus ovinus feeding:

A

Male and female adults feed on sheep blood

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69
Q

Melophagus ovinus deposition:

A

L3 fully grown larvae are depositted on the fleece of sheep every 7-8 days

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70
Q

Musca flies that likes the faeces of Pigs?

A

Musca domestica

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71
Q

Common Names and their scientific names

A 
House fly- musca domestica 
Lesser house fly- fannia cannicularis 
Stable fly- stomoxys calcitrans 
Face fly (facultative blood feeder)- musca autumnalis 
Horn fly- haemotobia irritans 
Sheep head fly- hydrotea irritans
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72
Q

What order does Fannia canicularis belong to?

A

Order: Diptera (flies)
Division: Cyclorrhapha

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73
Q

Which fly attack dairy Cattle on the legs?

A

Stomoxys calcitrans

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74
Q

Which fly bites the ears of Dogs?

A

Stomoxys calcitrans

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75
Q

Dog fly:

A

Stomoxys calcitrans. Also known as stable fly, barn fly, biting house fly, or power mower fly.

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76
Q

Which is the mechanical vector of Moraxella bovis (pink eye disease)?

A

Musca autumnalis (face fly)- this is also the vector of Thelasia and parafilaria spp

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77
Q

What kind of vector can cause eye-worm infection in Cattle?

A

Face flies (musca autumnalis)

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78
Q

Latin name of the most common fly species that infest grazing cattle?

A

Haemotobia irritans

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79
Q

Define myiasis:

A

Infection with a fly larva, usually occurring in tropical and sub-tropical areas. There are several ways for flies to transmit their larvae to people.

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80
Q

Myiasis sensu stricto = Traumatic or Wound myiasis

A

Caused by Calliphoridae and Sacrophagidae

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81
Q

Myiasis sensu lato

A

Caused by calliphoridae, Sacrophagidae and Oestridae

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82
Q

Family Calliphoridae blow flies common and scientific names

A

Sheep blowfly (facultative parasite flystrike)- Lucilla serricata
New-world screw worm fly: Cochliomyia hominivorax
Old-worm Screw worm fly: Chrysomya bezziana

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83
Q

Common green-bottle fly latin name:

A

Lucilla serricata (so it is the sheep blowfly?)

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84
Q

Sacrophagidae

A

Flesh flies- mainly Wohlfahrtia magnifica

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85
Q

Family Oestridae and the subfamilies

A

Hypodermatinae, Gasterophilinae.
Oestrinae,
Cuterebrinae

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86
Q

Warble or heel flies?

A 
Subfamily: Hypodermatinae 
Genus: hypoderma 
-bovis
-lineatum
-actaeon
-diana (in roe deer)
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87
Q

“Gad” caused by

A

Hypoderma bovis

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88
Q

Elisa test is used to detect:

A

Hypoderma bovis- sued to detect specific proteolytic enzymes of the first larvae= Hypodermin A,B,C

89
Q

Genus of Heel fly (cattle grub):

A

H. bovis and lineatum

90
Q

Bot flies

A 
Subfamily: Gasterophilinae 
Genus: Gasterophilus 
-intestinales- the common bot fly 
-nasalis- the throat bot fly 
-haemorrhoidalis- the nose bot fly
91
Q

Which fly lays eggs on the legs of a horse

A

Gasterophilus intestinalis- the common bot fly

92
Q

What fly invades the tongue in the oral cavity?

A

Gasterophilinae (bot flies)

First instar larvae can penetrate the tongue, the interdental space of the molars and the buccal mucosa

93
Q

G. intestinalis, G. haemorrhoidalis, and G. pecorum cause:

A

Creeping eruption in the skin of humans

94
Q

Oestrus ovis

A

The sheep nasal bot fly

95
Q

This species can cause ‘false gid’ (incoordination, circle movement):

A

Oestrus

96
Q

What causes nasal myiasis in horses?

A

Rhinoestrus pupureus and usbekistanicus

97
Q

The human bot fly

A

Dermatobia hominis
Is particularly harmful for cattle
Parasitic myiasis of humans, livestock and dogs and cats

98
Q

Dermatobia hominis occurs in

A

Central and south America

99
Q

This vector infests other insects:

A

Dermatobia hominis

100
Q

Dermatobia hominis occurs in:

A

Eggs: on other insects
Larvae: in the vector or in the final host- burrow into FH skin and develop in the SC
Mature larave: pupate in the soil

101
Q

Which fly lies eggs on ecto-parasites?

A

Dermatobius hominis- lay eggs on other insects- mainly flies and mosquitoes

102
Q

Flies that cause obligatory myiasis: MCQ

A

Chrysomia bezziana
Wohlfahrtia magnifica
Cochliomya hominivorax

The fly species must have parasitic larvae (Screw worms and botflies)
Require a host for development

103
Q

Flies that cause facultative myiasis:

A

Lucilla cuprina (gree bottle fly)
LArvae can be free-living or parasitis
Opportunistic- can switch btw free-living and dead tissues
Adults are attracted to open wounds

104
Q

Burrowing mites

A

Sarcoptes
Notoedres
Knemidokoptes

105
Q

Non-burrowing mites

A

Psoroptes
Chorioptes
Otodectes

106
Q

Where do mites belong?

A

Sub-phylum: Chelicerata

Class: Arachnida

107
Q

Mite life cycle:

A

Hemi-metamorphosis / Incomplete metamorphosis

108
Q

Which mite lives in deep burrows within the dermis?

A

Notoedres

109
Q

Nasal mite. Spell correctly:

A

Pneumonyssoides caninum

*this can cause hypo/anosomia

110
Q

Where in the world can you detect Trombidiidae? (red velvet mites)

A

Europe, Asia, North Africa, Australia, India, Palearctic ecozone

111
Q

Life cycle of Mange mites:

A

Hemi-metamorphosis

112
Q

Clinical signs of mange / scabies:

A

Alopecia
Pruritis
Dermatits
Scabs and crusts

113
Q

Name the sub-order of Mange?

A

Astigmata

114
Q

Mite, clinical signs start on neck and face?

A

Sarcoptes

115
Q

Clinical signs of the different types of mange

A 
Sarcoptes and notoedres: head
Knemidokoptes: Poultry
Psoroptes: back and ear
Chorioptes: back and tail
Otodectes: ear
116
Q

Horse, cow, sheep and goat- types of mange?

A

3 Sarcoptic, Psoroptic and Chorioptic

117
Q

Type of mange in pigs

A

1- Sarcoptic

118
Q

Mange in dogs

A

2: Sarcoptic and otodectic

119
Q

Mange in cats:

A

2: Notoedric and Otodectic

120
Q

Mange in rabbits

A

1: Psoroptic

121
Q

Scabies of humans

A

1: Sarcoptic

122
Q

Mange of the horse

A

S scabei var equii
P. equi and cuniculi
C. bovis - of the foot

123
Q

Treatment of mange in Horse?

A

Moxidectin

124
Q

How many types of mange infect Horses?

A

3 types but 4 mange species

125
Q

Mange of cattle

A

S. scabei var bovis
P. ovis
C. texanus

126
Q

Chorioptes mange effects Cow’s:

A

Tail

127
Q

Mange of sheep

A

S. scabiei var ovis
P. ovis
C. bovis

128
Q

Chorioptes mange effect Sheep’:

A

Foot

129
Q

Treatment of Sheep mange:

A

Dipping or injectables e.g Ivermectin at least 2 treatments a week apart

130
Q

Mange of Goat

A

S. scabiei var caprae
P. cuniculi- limited to the base of the ear
C. bovis of the foot

131
Q

Mange of pig

A

Only 1: S. scabiei var suis
Hypersensitive form: no nites found therefore need ELISA for diagnosis
Chronic form: only a few animals are affected- mainly sows and boars- lots of mites can be found in the skin scrapings

132
Q

Treatment of mange in Pig:

A

Ivermectin: inj or feed additive

133
Q

Mange of dog

A

S. scabiei var canis

O. cynotis (ear)

134
Q

Forms of mange in dogs

A

Acute/hypersensitive
Chronic/norweigan
Scabies incognita

135
Q

Signs of mange in dogs

A

Ears, muzzle, lateral elbows and hock

136
Q

Acute mange in Dogs, initial lesions:

A

Erythema with papules– crust– alopecia– intense pruritis

137
Q

Severe form of sarcoptic mange in Dogs known as:

A

“Crusted scabies:

138
Q

Acute mange in Dogs, diagnosis:

A

Skin scrapings- but this has low sensitivity as no mites are found in 20-60% of infected animals
ELISA

139
Q

Mange in Dogs zoonotic?

A

True. Normally self-limiting and highly pruritic

140
Q

Mange of cat:

A

N. cati (head)

O. cynotis (ear)

141
Q

Where does Notoedres cati start?

A

Medially on ear pinna, intense pruritis that is very contagious

142
Q

Notoedres cati (head) common in:

A

Stray cats- especially males

143
Q

Otodectes cynotis (ear) common in:

A

Ear mange is very common in cats. From dams to their kittens, via contaminated combs, burses,
bedding, and grooming accessories, eggs may also be transported by fleas.

144
Q

Otodectes cynotis (ear) pathogenesis:

A

Mites in ecternal ear canal- close to the drum. Usually secondary after bact or fungal infections
Thickening of upper layers of the epidermis
75% have bilateral involvement

145
Q

Clinical signs in mange of Cats:

A

Scratching and head shaking
Spread to the FL’s
Audito-podal reflex- when massaging the base of the ear
Wax and crust build up

146
Q

Treatment of mange in Cats:

A

Clean prior, need to treat twice a week for 6-8 weeks, there is often remission 2-3 weeks after
NO AMITRAZ!!
No Ivermectin if younger than 6 weeks/ poor BCS
Ivermectin and doramectin off label

147
Q

Mange of Cats, zoonotic?

A

True

148
Q

Ivermectin is contraindicated in Cats under 6 weeks of age:

A

True

149
Q

Treatment mange in cat?

A

Ivermectin and Doramectin

150
Q

You noticed a flattened insect crawling on the chest fur of a cat. You can also detect something white on the hair shafts. Which parasite is it? (?)

A

Notoedres

151
Q

Mange of Rabbit

A

P. cuniculi- ear canker

*Rabbit, horse and goat can get P. cuniculi??**

152
Q

Most common mites in Rabbits:

A

Psoroptes cuniculi!!

Or: cheyletiella parasitovorax and Listophorus gibbus (fur mites)

153
Q

Mange of Po

A

Knemidokoptes gallinae – Depluming itch
Knemidokoptes mutans – Scaly leg
Knemidokoptes pliae – Scaly face, Tassel foot

154
Q

Scabies of Humans

A

S. scabiei (hyper-keratotic or Norweigan form)

155
Q

Which of these can infest Humans? MCQ

A

Sarcoptic scabiei

Ctenocephalides felis

156
Q

The life cycle of Demodex mites:

A

Hemi-metamorphosis

157
Q

Which spp. has 2 types of Demodicosis?

A

Cattle and horse - squamous and pustular form

158
Q

First signs of Demodicosis in Horse?

A

Head (face, neck and shoulders)

159
Q

Which is not useful in Horses against Demodex spp.?

A

Amitraz- is poisonous or Fenbedazole use Pyrethroids or Doramectin

160
Q

Which Demodex spp. is not in ruminants?

A

Demodex gatoi (in cats)

161
Q

There may be yellowish, dry materials on the skin of preputial and vulvar region, and it is caused by Demodex mites of:

A

Sheep

162
Q

Demodex mites can cause nodules about 1-2 cm in diameter in:

A

Goat

163
Q

Which Demodex species belongs to the Pig?

A

Demodex phylloides

164
Q

How many Demodex spp. in Dog?

A 
2 species: injai and cornei
6 types of Demodicosis:
-Localised
-Generalised
-Alopecic 
-Prodemodicosis
Demodectic pododermatitis 
-Demodectic otacariosis
165
Q

Alopecic Demodicosis in Dogs:

A

Erythema- red mange- initially there is no pruritis

166
Q

Generalised or Pustular Demodicosis in Dogs:

A

Develops from localized form in 90% of cases. Secondary bacterial infestation (Staphylococcus pseudointermedius). Pruritus see

167
Q

Demodectic otacariosis in Dogs:

A

Bilateral. Frequently combined with Malassezia + Bacteria

168
Q

Treatment of Demodicosis in Dogs:

A

Mites: Amitraz, Ivermectin and Milbemycin-oxim
AB: Cephalosporin or Enrofloxacin
Contra: Immunosupp

169
Q

Which Demodex species belongs to the Cat?

A

Demodex gatoi

170
Q

How many Demodex spp. in cat?

A

2 spp. of Demodex - D. cati and D. gatoi

1 type of Demodicosis-Generalized, is very rare

171
Q

Demodex gatoi in Cats:

A

Not much info about occurrence and contril in Europe
Keratin layer of the epidermis- pruritic and contagious
If cat is v. sensitive- then sever pruritis, may be caused by only a few mites

172
Q

Treatment of Demodex infection in Cat:

A

Amitraz (not licensed)

Ivermectin

173
Q

Soft ticks family:

A

Argasidae

174
Q

Soft tick species of Pigeons:

A

Argas reflexus – European pigeon tick – Vector of Borrelia anserine

175
Q

Which tick causes Lyme disease in Europe

A

Argas reflexus

176
Q

Nymphs of Otobius megnini feed where:

A

External ear canal
Only the hexapod larvae and nymph are parasitic
Adult does NOT feed

177
Q

Otobius is what?

A

Soft tick

178
Q

Hard ticks family

A

Ixodidae

179
Q

Which tick is nidicolous (=endophilic)?

A

Ixodes hexagonus

180
Q

Which tick is non-nidicolous (=exophilic)?

A

Ixodes Ricinus

181
Q

Tick that transmits Babesia canis?

A

Dermacentor reticularis

182
Q

How many Dermacentor spp. in Horse?

A

1 spp. – Dermacentor reticulatus

183
Q

Brown dog tick / Kennel tick

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

184
Q

Name of a Tick vaccine:

A

Tickguard, Gavac – Rh. Microplus

185
Q

Fleas

A

Siphonoptera

186
Q

What kind of fleas can the urban dog have? MCQ

A

Ctenocephalides canis Ctenocephalides felis
Pulex irritans
Ceratophyllus gallinae

187
Q

Military dermatitis seen in:

A

Cats
Small crusts on the skin.
First lesion on head and neck.

188
Q

Stages of fleas:

A

Egg In dark, dirty places Negative phototrophic. Positive geotropic

Adult In light, clean places Positive phototrophic. Negative geotropic

189
Q

The Cat flea has very strong host specificity?

A

false

190
Q

Cat fleas infest Dogs very rarely?

A

False - Fleas are non-host specific.

191
Q

Life cycle of Fleas is epi-morphosis?

A

False - (holo)metamorphosis (egg - 3 larval stage – pupa - adult)

192
Q

Flea larvae can occur in the environment?

A

True

193
Q

Treatment against Flea larvae:

A

IGR’s e.g Methoprene, Lufenuron, Diflubenzuron

194
Q

Chewing/biting lice

A

Amblycera- Ischnocera

195
Q

Blood-sucking lice

A

Anoplura- Rhyncophthirna

196
Q

How long can lice survive away from host?

A

Blood-sucking lice – Survive for only 4-7 days off their hosts exception L. stenopsis Chewing lice – Survive for 2-4 weeks away from hosts

197
Q

How long does a sheep louse live?

A

1 to 5 months (chewing lice)

198
Q

Lice life-cycle:

A

Epi-morphosis / Hemi-metabolic / Gradual metamorphosis

199
Q

This species has both a blood sucking and chewing lice:

A

Dog, horse, goat

200
Q

‘Sheep foot louse’ name:

A

Linognathus pedalis

201
Q

Which has 1 chewing and 1 blood sucking louse?

A

Werneckiella equi (chewing) and Haematopinus asini (blood-sucking)

202
Q

Cow with loss of hair on tail. Due to:

A

Haemotopinus quadripertusus- the cattle tail louse

203
Q

Tongue worm

A

Linguatula serrata- zoonotic!!!

204
Q

Tongue-worm

A

Indirect life-cycle (i.e. use intermediate hosts, mainly cattle, to complete the life-cycle)

205
Q

Does tongue-worm have an intermediate host?

A

Yes- sheep, cattle or rodents

206
Q

The tongue-worm of dogs belongs to:

A

Arthropoda

207
Q

The tongue-worm belongs to:

A

Pentastomida

208
Q

The closest relationship of tongue-worm is to:

A

Crustacean

209
Q

The tongue-worm of dog is:

A

Obligate heteroxenous

Domestic and wild animals and humans as intermediate hosts

210
Q

The females of tongue-worm of dogs lay down:

A

Eggs

211
Q

How can dogs be infected with tongue-worm?

A

By eating contam viscera (containing the eggs)

212
Q

The site of PE1 of the tongue-worm?

A

Lung and Liver

Larvae hatch in the gut- burrow through the wall and migrate to other organs

213
Q

Can linguatulosis occur in horses’ nasal cavity?

A

False

214
Q

Linguata affects herbivores:

A

True

Mainly asymptomatic. May develop clinical signs according to affected organs.

215
Q

Cheyletiella blakei in Dog?

A

False- only in cats

216
Q

Another name for Cheylitiella?

A

Walking dandruff

217
Q

Lifecycle of Dermanyssus gallinae?

A

1-2 weeks

218
Q

Name of nasal mite in Dog?

A

Pneumonyssioides caninum

is vivparous

Para PQ's 1 (5 decks)

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