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MM Revision > 2018/2019 SAQ > Flashcards

2018/2019 SAQ Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 phases of microbial growth in batch culture?

A
  1. Lag Phase
  2. Log Phase
  3. Stationary Phase
  4. Death Phase
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2
Q
  1. Lag Phase

What are the 4 phases of microbial growth in batch culture?

A
  • Microorganism adjusting to new environment
  • Preparing to divide
  • Little/no increase in cell number
  • Slow growth rate
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3
Q

2.Log Phase

What are the 4 phases of microbial growth in batch culture?

A
  • Also known as exponential phase
  • Microorganism grow and divide at exponential rate
  • Logarithmic increase in cell number
  • Population doubles in specific amount of time= **generation time **
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4
Q

3.Stationary Phase

What are the 4 phases of microbial growth in batch culture?

A
  • Growth rate slows down
  • depletion of nutrient
  • Accumulation of waste products
  • Population size reaches a maziumum
  • remains constant
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5
Q

Death Phase

What are the 4 phases of microbial growth in batch culture?

A
  • Number of microorganisms decrease
  • Lack of nutrients
  • Accumulation of toxic waste products
  • death rate exceed growth rate
  • decline in population size
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6
Q

List the 3 motilities of bacteria

A

Gliding
Twitching
Swarming

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7
Q

Explain Gliding Motility

A

Cells move smoothly along a surface
Exact mechanism not well understood
Invoves secretion of a slime trail that bacterium moves along

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8
Q

Explain twitching motility

A

Extention and retraction of pili (think, hair-like appendages)
To pull the cell along a surface
Important: colonization of surfaces and biofilm formation

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9
Q

Explain Swarming motility

A

Cell move in a coordinated fasion across a surface
In responseto physical or chemical signals
Highly motile
Multiple flagella allow them to move quickly and efficiently

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10
Q

4 examples of polymers involved in specific ireversible adhesion of bacteria to surfaces

A
  • Flagella
  • Fimbriae
    *Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
  • Stalks
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11
Q

4 examples of polymers involved in specific ireversible adhesion of bacteria to surfaces

A
  1. Extracellular polymeric substances 9EPS)
  2. Capsular polysaccharides
  3. Fimbriae or Pilli
  4. Adhesins
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12
Q

Polymer

EPS

A
  • secreted by bacteria
  • form matrix around cells
  • role in bioflm formation and adhesion to surfaces
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13
Q

Capsular polysaccharides

A
  • Complex carbohydrates
  • surface of some bacteria
  • bacterial adesion to srufaces
  • > provide sticky surface for attachment
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14
Q

Fimriae or Pilli

A
  • Hair like appendages
  • surface of bactia
  • adhesion to surfaces
  • > bind to spcific receptors on host cells
  • allow attachment of bacteria to and colonize surface
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15
Q

Fimriae or Pilli

A
  • Hair like appendages
  • surface of bactia
  • adhesion to surfaces
  • > bind to spcific receptors on host cells
  • allow attachment of bacteria to and colonize surface
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16
Q

Adhesins

A
  • Bacterial surface proteins
  • Adhesins bind to receptoron host cells, extracellular matrix proteins, bacterial cells
  • allow attachmet of bacteria, colonize surfaces
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17
Q

What is the formal phylum name of sac fungi?

A

Ascomyota

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18
Q

What is the formal phylum name of club fungi?

A

Basidiomycota

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19
Q

Key difference betweek Ascomycota and Basidomycota in terms of sporecontaining structures?

A

Ascomycota
* Produce spores inside sac-like structures (asci)
* Containing within fruiting body = ascocarp
* enclosed

Basidiomycota
* produce spores on the surface of club-shaped structures= basidiocarp
* exposed on surface

-> important in classification, identification

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20
Q

Give the 2 scientific names of 2 fungal species that benefit humans

A
  1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  2. Penicilium chrysogenum
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21
Q

2 fungal species threath to humans

A

Aspergillus fumigatus
Candida albicans

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22
Q

Fungi: Saccharomyces cerevisae

A

Benefit humans
- food industry
- baking, brewing, wine making
- biofuel production
- pharmaceuticals
- industrial enzymes

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23
Q

Fungi-penicillium chrysogenum

A

benefit to humans
* species of mold:antibiotic penicillin
* widely used to treat bacterial infections

24
Q

Fungi- Aspergillus fumigatus

A

Threath to human health
* mold: severe respiratory infections
* worsed with weakened systems

25
Q

Fungi- Aspergillus fumigatus

A

Threath to human health
* mold: severe respiratory infections
* worsed with weakened systems

26
Q

Fungi- Candida Albicans

A

threat to humans
- species of yeast
- oral thrush
- vaginal yeast infections
- serious systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals

27
Q

Types of viral transmission

A
  1. Horizontal transmission
  2. Vertical transmission
28
Q

Horizontal viral transmission

A
  • Spread of virus from one individual to another within the same generation
  • > how: direct/indirect contact: with infected bodily fluids, respiratory droplets, fomitea (objects carry infectious agents)

Example
- air-borne transmission
- via contaminated syrfaces or object

29
Q

Vertical viral transmission

A
  • Mother to offspring
  • during pregnancy
  • childbirth
  • breastfeeding

How
-transplacentallu (across placenta)
- Perinatally (during childbirth)

Result
- congenital infections
- infections n newborns

30
Q

How is influenza virus transmitted

A

Horizontal transmission
- repiratory droplets
- diect contact with infected individuals
- contaminated surfaces
- air over short distance

Vertical transmission - rare
- associations: maternal influenze infection during pregnancy
- increased risk of adverse pregnancy oucome
- respiratory infection in newborns

31
Q

Morphology

What are the main features of the Ebola virus?

A
  • filamentous, thread like shape
  • electron microscope
  • virus particles 800-100nm
  • 80nm diameter
32
Q

Envelope

What are the main features of the Ebola virus?

A
  • envelope derived from host cell membrane surround virus particle
  • glyoproteins: viral entry ->host cell
33
Q

Genome

What are the main features of the Ebola virus?

A
  • single stranded RNA
  • 19kb
  • encodes structural and non-structural proteins
34
Q

Pathogenesis

What are the main features of the Ebola virus?

A
  • fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and non human primates
  • entry: via mucous membanes/breals in the skin and replication in tissues and organs
  • widespread damage
  • triggers hist immune response
  • lead to inflammation anhd organ failure
35
Q

Transmission

What are the main features of the Ebola virus?

A
  • direct contact with the blood, body fluids, tissues of infected individuals or animals
  • contact with contaminated surfaces/objects
  • person t person thorugh close contact with infected individuals (caring for/liing with infected indivual.
36
Q

Name 2 pathogens associated with Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (Trench mouth)

A
  1. Porphyromonas gingivalis
  2. Prevotella intermedia
37
Q

Pathogen of trench mouth

  1. Porphyromonas gingivalis
A
  • gram negative
  • anaerobic
  • associated with periodontal disease, including ANUG
  • produces virulene factors: proteases, LPS - damage to host tissue and cause inflammation
38
Q
  1. Prevotella intermedia
A
  • gram negative
  • also associated with peridontal disease , includinf ANUG
  • Produces enzmes/toxins contribute to tissue destrction and immune evasion
39
Q

Urinary catheter infection

A
  • Medical procedure
  • insertion of a flexible tube into bladder through urethra
  • why> drain urine
  • associated with increased risk of urinart tract infection (UTI)
  • > Those with long-term catheterization
40
Q

Important pathogens associated with urinary catheter infection- Keep C

A
  1. Escherichia coli
  2. Klebsiella pneumoniae
  3. Pseudomonas aeuruginosa
  4. Enterococcus feacalis
  5. Candida albicans
41
Q

bacteria

Escherichia coli

Important pathogens associated with urinary catheter infection

A
  • gram negative
  • catheter associated UTIs
  • colonize catheter surface
  • form biofilm
  • hard to treat with antimicrobial agents
42
Q

Bacteria

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Important pathogens associated with urinary catheter infection

A
  • gram negative
  • catheter associated UTIs
  • patientswith underlying medical condtions: diabetes, compromised immune function
43
Q

Bacteria

Pseudomononas aeruginosa

Important pathogens associated with urinary catheter infection

A
  • gram negative
  • opportunistic pathogen
  • colonize catheter surface
  • form biofilm
  • persistent infection
  • treatment failure
44
Q

Bacteria

Enterococcus faecalis

Important pathogens associated with urinary catheter infection

A
  • gram positive
  • catheter associated UTIs
  • patients exposed to antibiotics/compromised immune function
45
Q

Fungus

Candida albicans

Important pathogens associated with urinary catheter infection

A
  • opportunistic
  • colonize cather surface
  • form biofilm
  • persistent infection
  • treatment failure
  • long term catheterization
  • exposed to borad antibiotics
46
Q

List 4 symptoms of meningitis

A
  1. Fever
  2. Headache
  3. Stiff neck
  4. Altered mental status
47
Q

List 4 symptoms of meningitis

A
  1. Fever
  2. Headache
  3. Stiff neck
  4. Altered mental status
48
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A
  • gram-negative
  • diplococcus bacterium
  • sexually transmitted infection
49
Q

List 4 virulence factors found Neisseria gonorrhoeae

virulence factors found Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A
  1. Pili
  2. Porin
  3. Lipooligosaccharide (LOS)
  4. Proteases
50
Q

Pili

virulence factors found Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A
  • produces long thin appendages= pilli
  • > undergo genetic variation
  • helps bacteria evade host immune system
51
Q

Porin

virulence factors found Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A
  • produces porin protein
  • penetrate and survive within himan cells
  • resist host immune system
  • contributes antibiotic resistance
52
Q

Lipooligosaccharide (LOS)

virulence factors found Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A
  • Produces complex LOS
  • Trigger inflammatory response in host
  • contributes to symptoms of infection
53
Q

Proteases

virulence factors found Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A
  • break down host proteins
  • damage to host tissues
  • evade host immune system by degrading antibodies and complement proteins
54
Q

Lower urinary tract infection

Explain the differenced between lower and upper urinary tract infection

A

Lower UTIs
* affects bladder and urethra
* symptom:
* Pain/burning urination
* urgency to urinate
* coudy/bloody urine
* strong-smelling urine
* pain in lower adbomen/back

Low UTIs - how
-bacteria enter uretra and travell up into thebladder

55
Q

Upper urinary tract infection

Explain the differenced between lower and upper urinary tract infection

A
  • Affect kidneys and ureters

Symptoms
* High fever
* Chills and shivering
* nausea and vomiting
* pain int he upper back or side
* flank pain
* blood in the urine

How
* bacteria enter bloodstream
* travrl to kidneys

  • More serious than lower UTIs
  • seek promt medical attention
56
Q

Upper urinary tract infection

Explain the differenced between lower and upper urinary tract infection

A
  • Affect kidneys and ureters

Symptoms
* High fever
* Chills and shivering
* nausea and vomiting
* pain int he upper back or side
* flank pain
* blood in the urine

How
* bacteria enter bloodstream
* travrl to kidneys

  • More serious than lower UTIs
  • seek promt medical attention

MM Revision (15 decks)

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