2016/2017- Essay 3

Question 1

Title

Describe the common causative organisms, routes of transmission and routine diagnostic tests associated with urinary tract infections. What causes sterile pyruria?

Answer 1

Urinary tract infections: Causative organisms, transmission routes, diagnostic tests and Sterile Pyuria

Question 2

Common pathogen

Introduction- Paragraph 1

Describe the common causative organisms, routes of transmission and routine diagnostic tests associated with urinary tract infections. What causes sterile pyruria?

Answer 2

• Urinary tracts infections (UTIs) common bacterial infections
• Kidneysm bladder and urethra

Common causative organism
-Gram negative bacteria: Escherichia cole

Others
- Klebsilla pneumoniae
- Proteus mirabilis
- Enterobacter species
- Stapylococuss saprophyticus
- >part of the intestinal flora
- enter urinary tract through urethra -> infection

Question 3

Routes of transmission

Paragraph 2

Describe the commoncausative organisms, routes of transmission and routine diagnostic tests associated with urinary tract infections. What causes sterile pyruria?

Answer 3

Routes of transmission
- introduction of bacteria into urinary tract
- Enter urethra and ascend towards bladder and beyond

Most cases: bacteria already present in the gastrointestinal tract
- >when these bactria enter urinary tract-> infection
- Sexual activity :bacteria enter urethra during sexual activity
- Urinary catheterization

Question 4

Diagnoses of UTIs

Paragraph 3

Describe the common causative organisms, routes of transmission and routine diagnostic tests associated with urinary tract infections. What causes sterile pyruria?

Answer 4

Diagnoses of UTIs
- Combination: physical examination, medical history and laboratory tests

Common diagnostic tests
- Urinanalysis
- Urine culture
- Imaging studies

Urinanalysis
- Examine urine sample: presence of WBC, bscteria, other infection signs, RBC

Urine Culture
- Identify specific pathogenic bacteria
- useful: treatment guidance ->antibiotic therapy

Imaging studies
- ultrasound
- CT scan/MRI
- complication concerns
- assess extent of infection and sturctural abnormalities
- underlying conditions

Question 5

Sterile pyrunia and causes

Paragraph 4

Describe the commoncausative organisms, routes of transmission and routine diagnostic tests associated with urinary tract infections. What causes sterile pyruria?

Answer 5

Sterile pyrunia
- presence of WBC in urine w/out evidenceof bacteria in urine culture

Causes
- common findings with UTI patients,
- and other conditions: viral infections, interstitial cystitis, Sexually transmitted infections
- medications: nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Kidney stones
- Some cases: no underlying caus can be identified

Question 6

Summary of everything

Conclusion - Paragraph 5

Describe the commoncausative organisms, routes of transmission and routine diagnostic tests associated with urinary tract infections. What causes sterile pyruria?

Answer 6

• UTI common bacteria infections affecting urinary tract
• Gram negative acteria: E.coli:most common causative organism
• Varies in route transmission:sexual activity, bacterial entry thugh urethra
• Diagnoses: combination of hysical examination, medical istory, lab test: urinanalysis and culture
• Sterile pyrunia: common amongst UTI patients, and sometimes other conditions
• Early detection, treatment -> prevent complications, optimise patient outcomes