2018 Flashcards
a) Two aims when raising a flap. (2 marks)
- Soft tissue protection
- Provide access
b) Four things that affect flap design. (4 marks)
- Proximity to underlying nerves
- Proximity to underlying vessels
- Trauma to interdental papilla should be minimised
- Relief should be distal
- Margins should lie on sound bone
d) Three methods of debridement. (3 marks)
- Bone file or handpiece for sharp bony edges
- Mitchell’s trimmers or Victoria curette to remove soft tissue debris
- Irrigation with sterile saline
- Aspiration beneath flap
c) What else is apixaban used for? (2 )marks)
- Reduce risk of stroke
- Treatment of deep vein thrombosis
d) What blood tests would be conducted before treatment? (1 mark)
APTT
a) What are four physical features of Down’s syndrome? (4 marks)
Decreased muscle tone
Small head/ears/mouth
upward slanting eyes
Wide short hands with small fingers
b) What is the result of genetic test for downs syndrome (1 mark)
- Confirmation of brisomy of Chromosome 21
c) Two reasons they have increased periodontal disease. (2 marks) downs syndrome
Impaired phagocytic function and chemostatic responses and impaired oral finction
a) Give 3 features of parkinsons. (3 marks)
- Bradykinesia
- Rigidity
- Resting tremor
b) How does movement in parkinsons differ from other cerebellar diseases? (1 mark)
- Tremor improves on intention in Parkinsons
- Resting tremor in parkinsons and intention tremor in other cerebellar diseases
c) Reason a parkinsons patient may have a dry mouth. (1 mark
Antimuscarinic Anticholinergic Medications in Parkinson Disease to treat tremor can cause xerostomia
f) Two most important things in provision of their future care. (2 marks) parkinsons patients
Patients symptoms will get worse and access will become more difficult so need to focus on prevention and maintenance through good oral hygiene practice
Worsening oral health due to condition worsening and inability of self care
a) Define local malocclusion. (2 marks)
- A localised problem affecting either arch usually confined to one or two teeth producing undesirable occlusal relationship
b) Four reasons for abnormalities in tooth number. (4 marks)
- Hypodontia
- Supernumeraries
- Retained primary teeth
- Unscheduled tooth loss of permanent dentition
c) What position should a patient’s head be in for lateral cephalometry? (1 mark)
- Frankfort plane should be parallel to the floor
b) What do you use to bond porcelain to composite resin luting cement?
- Silane coupling agent
c) How does this (silane coupling agent) act chemically? (2 marks)
Hydroxyl group on one end of silicone molecul reacts with oxide on ceramic surface and C=C on the other end reacts with similar groups in composite
d) When would you use dual cured composite as a luting agent?
- Fibre posts
- Composite inlays
- Porcelain inlays
e) Why do you still light cure a dual cure composite? (1 mark)
- Physical properties are reduced if they are not light cured
g) How would a lab prepare metal for bonding? (1 mark)
- Sandblasting
h) What chemical agent is required to bond to metal? (1 mark)
MDP
i) What metal can be used for an acid-etch retained bridge? (1 mark)
- Non precious metal alloys i.e. CoCr, NiCr
a) Four questions you would ask about smoking? (4 marks)
- How long have you smoked?
- How many cigarettes do you smoke per day?
- Have you tried to quit before?
- Would you like support seeking resources to help quit?
b) Three things you would tell them about E-cigs? (3 marks)
- They are less harmful than cigarettes
- They are useful for quitting cigarettes as hand to mouth habit retained
- They are less expensive the cigarettes
- There is a lack of research on their long-term safety
c) Give one methodology of smoking cessation advice. (1 mark)
- 5A’s: Ask, advise, assess, assist, arrange
d) Two services you can refer them to for advice. (2 marks)
- Pharmacy
- Local support groups
a) What material for impressions requires 3mm spacing and why? (2 marks)
- Alginate
- It has lower tear strength so requires greater bulk to avoid faults
b) Why would you not use a silicone impression material? (2 marks)
- Silicone materials are hydrophobic
It would cause faults in the imp. as the mucosa wet
c) What are two areas of support for complete upper dentures/maxilla? (2 marks)
- Residual ridge
- Hard palate
d) What is the primary area of support for complete lowers/mandible? (1 mark)
- Retromolar pad
e) What anatomical landmark can be used for the extension in this area (Retromolar pad)? (1 mark)
- The buccal shelf
g) What part of the mandible may interfere with maxillary working impression? (1 mark)
- Anterior border of ramus
a) What is PICO in relation to study design? (2 marks)
- Way of evaluating if a study has a focused question
- Looks at the Population, Intervention, Comparison group and Outcomes of studies
b) Type of primary study (1)
- Survey
- Interview
b) What are the 10 SCIPs? (5 marks)
- Patient placement
- Hand hygiene
- Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
- PPE
- Management of equipment
- Control of environment
- Safe management of linen
- Management of bodily fluid spillage
- Disposal of waste
- Occupational exposure management
c) What agent would you use for blood spillages? (1 mark)
d) What strength? (1 mark)
e) How long for? (1 mark)
- Sodium hypochlorite
- 10,000ppm
- 3 minutes
a) Two features of an extracellular matrix ECM that make them resistant. (2 marks)
- extracellular polymeric substances reduces diffusion of antimicrobials through the biofilm
- Presence of enzymes such as catalase that can neutralise antimicrobials
d) How S. Mutans can survive in high acidic environments and stick to each other (2)
Glucan binding for adhesion and ATPase pumps to remove Hydrogen ions from cell
a) Herb Schilder’s endo principles. (3 marks)
- Create a continuously tapering funnel shape
- Maintain apical foramen in original position
- Keep apical opening as small as possible
b) Why irrigant is useful apart from disinfection? (2 marks)
e) Three features to take into account. (3 marks)
- Potent antimicrobial activity
- Dissolves pulp remnants and collagen
- Dissolves necrotic and vital tissue
- Helps disrupt smear layer by acting on organic component
- Concentration
- Volume
- Contact
- Mechanical agitation
a) Four indications a trauma isn’t accidental. (4 marks)
- Repeated injuries
- Unlikely explanations for injuries
- Injuries in the triangle of safety
- Facial bruises
- Burns
b) Two effects of trauma on the primary dentition. (2 marks)
- Early loss of primary teeth
- Discolouration
- Delayed exfoliation
c) Four effects on permanent teeth. (4 marks) trauma
- Enamel defects
- Delayed eruption
- Arrest in tooth formation
- Ectopic tooth position
- Abnormal tooth morphology
b) What is the ideal time to remove carious 6’s? (2 marks)
c) Why is this ideal? (2 marks)
- When the 5’s have erupted
- Bifurcation has formed for the roots of the 7’s
-Allows the 7’s to erupt into the space left by the 6’s
- Reduces time for the 5’s to drift distally
- Allows child to progress with caries free dentition
d) What are the disadvantages of removal? (2 marks)
- Permanent tooth loss
- May result in spacing between teeth
a) Four causes of dental anxiety in children. (4 marks)
- Negative past experience
- Influence from family and friends
- Negative media representation
- Expectation of pain and discomfort
c) Give four behavioural management techniques. (4 marks)
- Positive reinforcement
- Acclimatisation
- Tell, show, do
- Role modelling
- Hypnosis
c) How do restoration overhangs occur? (2 marks)
- Excess pressure when condensing amalgam
- Poor adaptation of matrix bonds
d) How to fix restorative overhangs? (2 marks)
- Use of interproximal finishing strips
- Removal and replacement of restoration
e) What are some short and long term problems of restorative overhangs? (4 marks)
- Harder to clean that area
- Can act as a fool trap
- Can cause gingival inflammation
- Prone to secondary caries
a) What is the horizontal reference plane used in OPT?
- Frankfort Plane
b) Why might anterior teeth be horizontally magnified? (1 mark) OPT
- Patient positioned too far posteriorly
c) Why are posteriors horizontally magnified? (1 mark)
- They are further from the rotational centre
d) Three features of ghost images. (3 marks)
On opposite side to original
Always horizontally magnified
Higher than original image
Radiopaque
