20.1 - the structure of the nucleotide Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of nucleic acids that are important to the cell

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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2
Q

DNA

A

carries all of the genetic information for an organism

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3
Q

RNA

A

interprets the genetic information into proteins that will carry out the essential cellular functions

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4
Q

what are the components of these nucleic acids

A

5 C sugar
phosphate
4 heterocyclic amines called nitrogenous bases.

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5
Q

what is the sugar in DNA

A

2′-deoxyribose

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6
Q

what is the sugar in RNA

A

ribose

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7
Q

what is the difference between 2′-deoxyribose and ribose

A

absence of a hydroxyl group at the carbon-2 position of 2′-deoxyribose

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8
Q

The nitrogenous bases are divided into two families known as

A

pyrimidines

purines

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9
Q

The pyrimidine bases in DNA are

A

cytosine and thymine

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10
Q

The pyrimidines found in RNA are

A

cytosine and uracil

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11
Q

The major purines of both DNA and RNA are

A

adenine and guanine

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12
Q

As with the pyrimidines, the purines differ from one another only in

A

the location of functional groups around the ring.

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13
Q

Nucleosides are produced by the combination of a _____, either ____(in RNA) or _____ (in DNA), with a ____ or a _____base.

A
Sugar
ribose
2'-deoxyribose
purine 
pyrimidine
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14
Q

the ring atoms of the sugar are designated with a _____ to distinguish them from atoms in the ___

A

prime

base

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15
Q

The covalent bond between the sugar and the base is called a

A

β-N-glycosidic linkage

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16
Q

____________participate in the glycosidic bonds of nucleosides

A

N-l of pyrimidines and N-9 of purines

17
Q

The nucleosides formed with ribose and adenine or guanine are called

A

adenosine or guanosine

18
Q

If 2′-deoxyribose is the sugar in these nucleosides, they are called (adenine and guanine)

A

2′-deoxyadenosine and 2′-deoxyguanosine.

19
Q

The ribonucleosides formed from cytosine and uracil are called

A

cytidine and uridine

20
Q

The deoxyribonucleosides of cytosine and thymine are called

A

2′-deoxycytidine and thymidine

21
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are

A

long polymers of nucleotides.

22
Q

Each nucleotide consists of

A

a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose)
one of the five nitrogenous bases,
one or more phosphoryl groups

23
Q

A nucleotide with the sugar ribose is a _______-, and one having the sugar 2′-deoxyribose is a __________

A

ribonucleotide

deoxyribonucleotide

24
Q

The covalent bond between the sugar and the phosphoryl group is a _____ bond formed by a ______reaction between the ____ of the ____and an ____ of the ____group.

A

phosphoester
condensation
5’-OH sugar
OH phosphoryl

25
Q

the bond between the base and the sugar is a β-N-glycosidic linkage that joins the _____ of the sugar and a nitrogen atom of the base (___ of purines and ___ of pyrimidines).

A

1′-carbon
N-9
N-1

26
Q

Remove the -ine ending, and replace it with either

A
  • osine purines

- idine pyrimidines

27
Q

For a deoxyribonucleotide, the prefix deoxy- is placed

A

before the modified nitrogenous base name.

28
Q

Add a prefix to indicate the number of ____ groups that are attached

A

phosphoryl