20-Modern Industrial and Commercial Practice Flashcards
What are the 3 scales of production?
- Bespoke/One-off
- Batch
- Mass/Continuous
Outline bespoke/One-off production
- Individually designed and manufactured products
- More expensive and lengthy process and materials and processes will be specialised to each product
Outline Batch Production
- Products/ components are made in groups all using the same manufacturing processes
- This minimizes the set up costs of the manufacture
- Jigs, Fixtures, and CNC machines are frequently used in batch production as they will increase the accuracy and uniformity of manufacture
Outline mass/continuous production
- Focus’ on divisions of labour meaning that workers will only carry out a singular process in the system
- Linear nature
- An example of a product that is mass produced would be the IKEA Billy Bookcase
Outline Vertical In-house Production
- Means that a company will own its whole supply chain
- This reduces the risk of component price increases and makes it easier to implement quality control systems
- However it can cause a reduction in flexibility of products
State 4 factors that can dictate the choice of material for a product
- Cost
- Typical material form
- Processes
- Scale of Production
State 2 ways in which design can cause an economic use of materials
- The use of nesting when using wasting processes
- Products can be designed with material stock forms taken into account which can reduce excess material
Give one example where design caused a more economic use of materials
- The amount of raw material used in glass bottles has been reduced by 30% since the 1980s by reducing bottle thickness
Why is accuracy and uniformity important in reducing waste?
- Many products must fit perfectly in order to function, therefore if manufacture is not accurate then it can cause large parts of products to be wasted
State a manufacturing process that can help reduce waste
- CNC machines such as CNC routers reduce the risk of human error in manufacture and will also produce exactly the same product each time
State 3 ways in which the use of computer systems can help plan and control
- Planning and control systems can be used to organise complex manufacturing processes
- Barcodes can be used to provide a reliable transfer of information in regards to stock for example
- Spreadsheets and statistics are available to analyse and improve systems
What is Just-in-Time (JiT) Manufacture ?
- Ordering materials and components when products are ordered as opposed to stockpiling inventory
State two JiT manufacture strategies
- Increased manufacture and worker cooperation
- The use of electronic stock control systems
Outline one companies use of JiT manufacture
- In the 1980s Harley_Davidson converted to JiT manufacture in order to combat the effects of stockpiling products
What 3 negatives did Harley-Davidson find about stockpiling?
- Higher than necessary material costs
- Large Storage requirements
- Damage of stock
What are flexible manufacturing systems?
- Production using mainly CNC and robot based cells so bespoke and batch production can be carried out interchangeably in response to demand
what is modular/cell production?
The use of CNC machines abd robots to maximise flexibility and efficiency in manufacture
Define standardized components and give an example
- Parts that are universally made to a common standard
- Screw fasteners
Define bought-in components and give an example
- Parts that are sourced from external manufacturers
- batteries
give 4 reasons why a manufacturer may utilise bought-in components
- Components can be bought in bulk which reduce costs
- No specialist equipment is required
- Saves time as less components are needed to be manufactured
- Standard components can easily be integrated into CAD designs
What is the name used to describe the use of computer systems throughout the manufacture of a product?
Computer integrated manufacture (CIM)
How can computer systems be used in design?
CAD
How can computer systems be used in production?
CAM processes such as CNC machines
How can computer systems be used in distribution of a product?
Programs to find the optimal loading patterns for freight containers
How can computer systems be used in storage?
- Computerized stock sytems
What is Sub-assembly?
The use of separately manufactured elements in a final products assembly
- E.g. A chain on a bike
What are unique production systems (UPS)?
- The use of overhead transporter devices to maximise factory efficiency
What is Quick Response Manufacturing (QRM)
-The use of computer based technologies to make customised products efficiently
