20- Hormones

Question 1

the endocrine system is made up of :
1-…..: located throughout the body
2-……: made by the glands and released into the bloodstream
3-……: recognize and respond to the hormones

Answer 1

1- glands
2-hormones
3- receptors

Question 2

hormone must be present in adequate amount for the full action of another hormone

Answer 2

Permissiveness

Question 3

• either nuclear or cytoplasmic

- these receptors are for steroid hormones

Answer 3

Internal receptors

Question 4

• embedded in the lipid layer of the cell membrane

- these receptors are for the protein hormones

Answer 4

External receptors

Question 5

• this mechanism of action hormone is seen in peptide hormones (adrenaline, insulin, TSH,)
• in order to pass the lipid layer, peptides have to bind to extracellular receptors present on the membrane.

Answer 5

Fixed receptor mechanism

external receptors

Question 6

• seen in steroid hormones (hydrophobic)
• can cross the lipid layer
• the receptors are intracellular

Answer 6

Mobile receptor mechanism

Question 7

secondary messenger of the mechanism of hormone action

Answer 7

cAMP

Question 8

-located at the base of the brain
-secretes hormones that control the secretion of other endocrine glands. (except parathyroid gland)
-consists of 3 lobes :
1-anterior, largest, essential to life
2-intermediate, smallest lobe
3-posterior

Answer 8

Pituitary gland

Question 9

hormones that control the production of other hormones are called

Answer 9

trophic hormones

Question 10

rate of secretion is ………. proportional to the concentration in the blood

Answer 10

inversly

Question 11

pituitary gland (anterior lobe) hormones:
1-….. : stimulates tissue, muscle, bone growth
2-…. : stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete hormones
3-…. : stimulates milk production
4-….. : stimulate secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol) by the adrenal cortex (stress response)

Answer 11

1-Human-growth hormone (GH)
2-Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
3-Prolactin (PRL)
4-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 12

a region of the brain immediately proximal to the pituitary gland

• links the nervous and endocrine systems
• secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones
• ADH (antidiuretic hormone): smooth muscle contraction during childbirth, milk ejection/secrete in response to uterine distention, stimulation of nipples
• oxytocin (OXT): decrease urine volume to save water/secrete in response to dehydration

Answer 12

Hypothalamus

Question 13

• largest endocrine gland in the body
• uses iodine to make hormones(T3 and T4)
• control metabolism

Answer 13

Thyroid gland

Question 14

when T3 and T4 levels are low in the blood, the pituitary gland releases more ………..

Answer 14

(TSH) thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 15

-glandular organ in the upper abdomen
1-exocrine function: trypsin and chymotrypsin to digest proteins/amylase(carbs/lipase(fats)
2-endocrine function: peptide hormones (insulin and glucagon)

Answer 15

the pancrease

Question 16

glucagon: ……… blood sugar levels
Insulin: ……….. blood sugar levels

Answer 16

raises , lowers

Question 17

……………. and ………….. are necessary to prepare the uterus for menstruation and pregnancy, they are both steroid hormones

Answer 17

progesterone and estrogen

Question 18

(hCG) human chorionic gonadotropin is important in ………….

Answer 18

early stages of pregnancy

Question 19

in nonpregnant people, …….. hCG levels may be due to certain cancers

Answer 19

high

Question 20

• released by the adrenal gland
• derived from the amino acid tyrosine
• regulate stress responses (increasing heart rate, breathing, blood flow)

Answer 20

Adrenaline and Noraadrenaline

Question 21

noradrenaline…….. the high rate, and adrenaline is an …….(used in shock treatment)

Answer 21

raises, antihistamine