19- Vitamins

Question 1

organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts

Answer 1

vitamins

Question 2

• fat-soluble
• vision, proper growth, maintenance of epithelial cells, antioxidant properties(healthy teeth)
• from the liver, milk, egg yolk, cheese, ß-carotene (in green vegetables, carrots, yellow and red fruits
• transported by chylomicrons and retinol-binding protein(stored in the liver)

Answer 2

Vitamin A

Question 3

-fat-soluble
-functions like hormones(maintaining normal calcium metabolism)
-forms:
ergocalciferol (D2) in plants
cholecalciferol (D3) in animals skin (by UV rays of sunlight)
-from fish, egg yolk

Answer 3

vitamin D

Question 4

• produced in the kidney
• active form of vitamin D
• the concentration is regulated by plasma levels of calcium and phosphate

Answer 4

1,25,dihydroxycholecalciferol

Calcitriol

Question 5

calcitriol promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the ………..

Answer 5

intestine

Question 6

calcitriol causes the production of ……..

Answer 6

Calbindin (calcium-binding protein)

Question 7

the most serious complication of vitamin D deficiency is ………………

Answer 7

low blood calcium

hypocalcemia

Question 8

rickets and osteomalacia is caused by

Answer 8

lack of vitamin D

Question 9

teeth are made from a protein matrix that is mineralized with:
1- ……… (requiring vitamin C)
2-………. (requiring vitamin D)

Answer 9

1- collagen

2-calcium and phosphorus

Question 10

• necessary for activation of blood coagulation
• a deficiency results in post-traumatic and internal bleeding
• green leafy vegetables

Answer 10

Vitamin K

Question 11

• water-soluble vitamin
• forms Absorbic acid
• collagen and bone formation, amino acid metabolism
• sources: citrus fruits, tomatoes, gooseberry
• men cant synthesize it due to the lack of gluconolactone oxidase enzyme

Answer 11

Vitamin C

Question 12

diseases from ......... deficiency:
1-scurvy: swollen and sore mouth and gums
2-cardiovascular diseases
3-stroke
4-cataracts
5-lead toxicity

Answer 12

Vitamin C

Question 13

serves as a coenzyme in the formation or degradation of α-keto acids

• sources: whole grains / whole wheat flour
• partially destroyed by heat
• deficiency leads to beriberi (weakness)

Answer 13

Thiamine

Vitamin B1

Question 14

-exists in tissues bound with enzymes
-flavoproteins catalyze the oxidation/reduction of a substrate.
-the 2 coenzymes are FMN(flavin mono nucleotide), FAD
(flavin adenine dinucleotide)

Answer 14

Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

Question 15

enzymes containing riboflavin are called

Answer 15

Flavoproteins

Question 16

deficiency of niacin leads to a condition called ………. (rough skin)

Answer 16

pellagra

Question 17

…….. deficiency is the most common vitamin deficiency (also among pregnant women)
-abundant in vegetables

Answer 17

Folic acid (folate)
(vitamin B9)

Question 18

deficiency of ……..:
1-megaloblastic anemia
2-neural tube defects in the fetus

Answer 18

Folic acid

Question 19

• plays an essential role in RBC formation, nerve function, DNA production
• present in curd because of lactobacillus bacteria
• if deficient, unusual FA accumulate into cell membranes

Answer 19

Vitamin B12