20 Environmental Health

Question 1

(Determining causality) Health effects may be:

Answer 1

Localized
Community based
City-wide
National
Transnational/transboundary

Question 2

Exposure-Response Paradigm

Answer 2

Human host carry infectious agent > Sanitation hazards > Hazardous effects > Exposure > Disease outcome

Question 3

Specific environmental health threats

Answer 3

Air
Water
Solid waste
Sanitation
Climate change

Question 4

Sources of air pollution

Answer 4

Mobile
Stationary
Indoor
Transboundary (climate change)

Question 5

Types of air pollution

Answer 5

Primary (directly emitted)

Secondary (exposed to sunlight)

Question 6

Particular matter sizes

Answer 6

> 10 µm (nose and throat)
5-10 µm (removed by physical processes in throat)
< 5 µm (bronchial tubes)
< 2.5 µm (deep in lungs)

Question 7

Risk factors for air pollution

Answer 7

Cannot be contained

Unavoidable

Question 8

Pyramid effects

Answer 8

Death
ER visits
Doctor visits/absences
Medication
Decreased lung function and cardiac problems

Question 9

Routes for entry (air pollution)

Answer 9

Breathing
Ingestion
Absorption

Question 10

Pathology of air pollutants

Answer 10

Inflammation -> systemic effects -> stroke, heart disease, etc
Diseases of the brain (stroke, psychiatric, developmental disorders, autism, lead depression, neurodegenerative diseases)
Diabetes (inflammation -> decreased insulin)

Question 11

Impact of water on health

Answer 11

Chemical quality of water

Microbiological quality of water

Question 12

High risk water sources

Answer 12

Uncovered/unprotected
Toilet is near water source
Pollutants near water source
Stagnant water within 5m of water source

Question 13

Types of water diseases

Answer 13

Water-borne (ingestion)
Water-washed (quantity, hygiene and cleanliness) [Skin and eyes; Lice]
Water-based (parasites)
Water-vectored (breeds in water)

Question 14

Current practices of solid waste management

Answer 14

Tapon
Hakot by government/private
Tambak (dumpsites)
Kalat
Sunog

Question 15

Key Climate Impacts

Answer 15

Agriculture (lower yield, rise in prices of food, etc)
Water (shortage)
Energy 
Central ecosystems
Infrastructure/services
Human health

Question 16

Types of impacts of climate change

Answer 16

Direct (temperature, humidity, precipitation, extreme weather)
Indirect (affects life cycle or mediating factor of a vector)
Long term effect

Question 17

Types of disease transmission

Answer 17

Anthroponoses (human-human, h-v-h)

Zoonoses (a-a, a-v-a)

Question 18

Time it takes for pathogen to complete its development within an intermediate host

Answer 18

Extrinsic incubation period

Question 19

Specific climactic area that is affected by a specific disease (vector-borne)

Answer 19

Climate envelope

Question 20

Ways of looking at medicine

Answer 20

Clinical intervention (diagnosis and treatment)
Public health intervention (prevention, promotion, treatment, rehabilitation)