14 Preventative Medicine

Question 1

Determinants of health

Answer 1

Social conditions wherein people live and work, health equity, health inequity

Question 2

Components of the epidemiological triad

Answer 2

Agent, host, and environment

Question 3

Agent factors inherent within the agent

Answer 3

Biological (life cycle and morphology)
Physical (viability and resistance)
Chemical (antigenic composition, poison, toxins)

Question 4

(Agent factor in relation to man) ability of an agent to invade and enter a susceptible host

Answer 4

Infectivity

Question 5

(Agent factor in relation to man) ability of an agent to cause disease

Answer 5

Pathogenicity

Question 6

(Agent factor in relation to man) degree of disease severity that the agent is able to cause

Answer 6

Virulence

Question 7

(Agent factor in relation to man) ability to stimulate the host to produce antibodies

Answer 7

Antigenicity

Question 8

Mumps, chicken pox, measles, varicella

Answer 8

Highly virulent and antigenic

Question 9

(Agent factor in relation to environment) Carriers of the illnesses

Answer 9

Reservoir (humans, animals, inanimate objects)

Question 10

Human reservoirs with active infection, symptomatic

Answer 10

Case

Question 11

Human reservoirs previously infected, might not have symptoms

Answer 11

Carrier

Question 12

Agent factors in relation to environment-transmission

Answer 12

Physical (fomites)
Biological (vectors)
Social (human interactions)

Question 13

Host factors

Answer 13

Age, sex, race, genetics, personality, lifestyle/habits

Question 14

Environmental factors

Answer 14

Social environment (people interactions)
Physical environment 
Biological environment (vectors, pets, livestock)

Question 15

Examples of social environment factors

Answer 15

Culture, socioeconomic status, health system structures (access to hospitals)

Question 16

Examples of physical environment factors

Answer 16

Climate (hot/rainy weather), water supply (unclean/drought), weather conditions

Question 17

Phases of pathogenesis

Answer 17

Pre-clinical phase (asymptomatic, incubation period)
Clinical phase (symptomatic)

Question 18

Types of symptoms

Answer 18

Prodrome (mild)
Frank illness (more specific)
Chronic (prolonged w/ complications)

Question 19

Outcomes of pathogenesis

Answer 19

The agent fails to lodge within the body (failure to enter or killed by immune system)
Agent is able to lodge and multiply but no obvious disease
Agent lodges, multiplies, and causes significant signs and symptoms

Question 20

Methods of prevention

Answer 20

Eliminate or attack the agents of disease
Attack or control the channels of transmission
Reduce contact of the agent and host
Augment host defense mechanisms

Question 21

Phases of prevention

Answer 21

Primordial
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

Question 22

Goals of primordial prevention

Answer 22

Making healthy environments

Question 23

Goal of primary prevention

Answer 23

Health promotion and specific protection before onset of clinical disease

Question 24

Examples of primordial prevention

Answer 24

Infrastructure (parks, greenspaces)
Policies
Resources

Question 25

Methods to attain primary prevention goals

Answer 25

Health promotion | Specific protection

Question 26

Examples of health promotion

Answer 26

Within: health education, clean water and sanitation, practice healthy habits Outside: governance (policies), socioeconomic development (employment and wages to afford healthcare), education (literacy), infrastructure (hospitals, RHUs, health centers)

Question 27

Examples of specific protection

Answer 27

Immunization Chemoprophylaxis Nutrient supplementation Occupational safety

Question 28

Goals of secondary prevention

Answer 28

Early diagnosis to minimize disease spread and reduce complications Prompt treatment to improve prognosis

Question 29

Methods to attain secondary prevention

Answer 29

Screening of high-risk groups | Prompt chemoprophylaxis

Question 30

Goals of tertiary prevention

Answer 30

Disability limitation | Rehabilitation (reintegration of affected individual)

Question 31

Phenomenon of going down the social ladder due to loss of the ability to earn income because of complications from illness

Answer 31

Social drift

Question 32

Methods for rehabilitation

Answer 32

Physical (PT) Psychological (coping mechanisms) Vocational (jobs, training, skills) Social (family, friends, and community)

Question 33

Process of infection

Answer 33

``` Favorable conditions Suitable reservoir Suitable host Portal of entry Portal of exit Dissemination and transmission ```

Question 34

Spectrum of infection

Answer 34

``` No infection Unrecognized infections (missed cases) Clinically recognizable cases (mild, moderate, severe, death) ```

Question 35

Goal of quaternary prevetion

Answer 35

To minimize morbidity and mortality