15 Surveillance and Response Flashcards
Functions of surveillance system
Early warning system
Document impact of intervention
Monitor epidemiology of health problems
Functions of disease surveillance
Predict, observe, and minimize harm
Increase knowledge of contributing factors
Monitor morbidity/mortality
Inform public of hazard
Types of surveillance
Passive (wait for reports)
Active (cellect or seek
Sequence of events when the agent leaves it reservoir or host through a portal exit, is conveyed by some mode of transmission, and enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host
Chain of infection
Habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies
Reservoir
Path by which a pathogen leaves its host; usually the site where the pathogen is localized
Portal of exit
The means by which an infectious agent is passed on to a host
Mode of Transmission
The manner in which a pathogen enters a host
Portal of Entry
The target of infectious agent; dependent on genetic, constitutional factors, and immunity of the host
Susceptible host
Types of surveillance systems
Case based (routine collection) Event based (receive reports) Laboratory based (criteria)
Disease required by law to be reported to government authorities
Notifiable disease
Prioritization of diseases
High impact of disease High communicability Preventability Response capacity Public interest
FHSIS
Network of information (DOH and LGU)
For managing health facilities
For monitoring health programs and nationwide delivery
Sentinel surveillance (NESSS)
Active hospital-based surveillance
Case definition
Clinical case definition Laboratory criteria Case classification (clinically confirmed, probable, laboratory confirmed)
Steps in epidemic investigation
Definition of problem (verify diagnosis)
Appraisal of existing info (about agent, host, and environment)
Formulation of hypothesis (common source or propagated)
Testing hypothesis
Conclusion and practical application
Goal when cases continue to occur
Prevent further cases
Assess population at risk and implement control measures
Goal if outbreak appears to be ending
Prevent future outbreaks
Identify factors contributing to outbreak and implement measures to prevent similar events in the future
Control measures (prevention and control of:)
Exposure
Infection/disease
Spread
Death
Cessation of outbreak occurs when there is:
Elimination of source
Interruption of transmission
Reduction/exhaustion of susceptibles
Modification of pathogen effect
Public health emergencies
H1N1 (April 2009)
Wild-type poliovirus (May 2014)
Ebola (Aug 2014)
Zika (Feb 2016)
