20. Biotechnology and Genetic modification Flashcards
Why are bacteria useful in biotechnology
and genetic modification
rapid reproduction rate
their ability to make complex molecules
few ethical concerns over their manipulation and growth
the presence of plasmids
role of anaerobic respiration in yeast during the production of ethanol
role of anaerobic respiration in yeast during bread-making
use of pectinase
use of biological washing powders
use of lactase
Describe how fermenters can be used for the large-scale production of useful products by bacteria and fungi
insulin
penicillin
mycoprotein
Describe and explain the conditions that need to be controlled in a fermenter
temperature, pH, oxygen, nutrient supply and waste products
Describe genetic modification
changing the genetic material of an organism by removing,
changing or inserting individual genes
Outline the process of genetic modification using bacterial production of a human protein as an example
(a) isolation of the DNA making up a human gene using restriction enzymes, forming sticky ends
(b) cutting of bacterial plasmid DNA with the same restriction enzymes, forming complementary sticky ends
(c) insertion of human DNA into bacterial plasmid DNA using DNA ligase to form a recombinant plasmid
(d) insertion of recombinant plasmids into bacteria
(e) multiplication of bacteria containing recombinant plasmids
(f) expression in bacteria of the human gene to make the human protein
Outline examples of genetic modification
(a) the insertion of human genes into bacteria to produce human proteins
(b) the insertion of genes into crop plants to confer resistance to herbicides
(c) the insertion of genes into crop plants to confer resistance to insect pests
(d) the insertion of genes into crop plants to improve nutritional qualities
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modifying crops, including soya, maize and rice
A-
D-
