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Neuro Final > 20. Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

20. Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the control center of the ANS?

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

The ANS projects to the sympathetic NS in ________ parasympathetic ganglia in the ________

A

T1-L2/L3

Brainstem and S2-S4

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3
Q

The Afferent components of the ANS carry sensory information from _______ to the CNS

A

Organs/tissues

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4
Q

How does the ANS infleunce cardiopulm function

A

Regulates rate and depth of respiration

Regulates the diameter of bronchial lumen

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5
Q

Blood glucose and electrolytes are monitored where?

A

IN hypothalamus

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6
Q

Stretch receptors are found in the ___________

pressure receptors are found in the ________

A

Veins, bladder, intenstines

Aorta, carotid sinus, lungs

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7
Q

What are 4 kinds of receptors that the ANS uses?

A

Mechanoreceptors

chemoreceptors

nociceptors

thermoreceptors

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8
Q

How does the ANS regulate homeostasis

A

-Cardiopulm

-metabolism

-regulate body temp

-regulate autonomic responses

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9
Q

Visceral Nociceptive afferents connect with somatic efferents to cause __________

A

Muscle guarding in skeletal muscles

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10
Q

What is the fx of the solitary nucleus

A

viseral input converges onto solitary nucleus in medulla. (synapse point)

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11
Q

Afferents of the ANS enter the CNS through what part of the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal Root

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12
Q

The medulla regulates vitals through autonomic efferents and the ____

A

Vagus N

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13
Q

The Medulla regulates what vitals?

Pons?

A

Medulla- HR, Respiration, Vasoconstrict/dilation

Pons- Only respiration

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14
Q

Most visceral input to the thalamus is through the ________ to the cerebral cortex areas

A

Limbic system

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Whats the role of the thalamus/hypothalamus/limbic system in the ANS?

A

Modulate brainstem (medulla/pons)

Hypothalamus- Pituitary gland

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17
Q

Norepinephrine is found inside of ___________

Whereas epinephrine is only found ____________

A

Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Only in andrenal medulla

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18
Q

All presynaptic neurons in the CNS use what neurotransmitter receptor?

A

ACh

Note: only SOME postganglionic neurons in the PNS use ACH

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19
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Lies within the gut for peristalsis and GI secretions

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20
Q

Neurons from CNS to ganglion are preganglionic, also called

Neurons from Ganglion to effector organ are called postganglionic, AKA

A

A-beta fibers

C fibers

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21
Q

Somatic efferent pathways use ______ neuron(s) in the peripheral system and autonomic efferent pathways have ______ neuron(s) with synapse outside the CNS

A

1

2

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22
Q

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic NS have cell bodies where?

A

Inside of the lateral horn in T1-L2/3

(note: they exit through ventral nerve root to spinal nerve)

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23
Q

Which type of fibers travel farther? Pre-ganglionic or post-ganglionic

A

Post ganglionic

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24
Q

Where is there a 1 neuron connection within the sympathetic nervous system?

A

1 neuron connection directly to adrenal medulla

the rest use 2 neurons

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25
Difference between mid/thoracic and upper lumbar vs. the upper thoracic SNS?
Midthoracic and upper lumbar nerves **travel** through the sympathetic trunk upper thoracic nerves **synapse** inside of sympathetic trunk
26
SNS tracts to the **periphery and thoracic viscera** synapse where?
**Paravertebral** ganglia (sympathetic trunk)
27
SNS tracts to the **pelvic/abdominal** organs synapse where?
**prevertebral** ganglia (close to the organs)
28
Sympathetic efferents to the head originate in the ________ and synapse in the ________
Hypothalamus Upper T Spine
29
What is the MAIN function of the SNS?
promote optimal circulation to organs
30
Increases SNS activity _______ vessels, lessened SNS activity ________ vessels
constricts dilates
31
How does the SNS prepare for vigorous exercise?
vasodilation to active muscles vasoconstriction to gut and skin
32
How is the ANS important for a sit to stand?
Sympathetic nervous system constricts vessels to allow for adequate control of blood pressure and prevent orthostatic hypertension
33
T or F: Parasympathetic NS dilates blood vessels
False, it doesn't directly control blood vessel diameter, only the sympathetic NS does this.
34
Which nervous system is fight or flight which is rest and digest?
Symp- Fight or flight Para - rest and digest
35
Does the PNS have an interconnected ganglia chain like the sympathetic NS?
No
36
Where are the 2 neuronal pathways of the PNS found?
Brainstem and Sacral cord.
37
Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic NS?
3, 7 , 9, 10 Basically anything with eyelid, anything with swallowing
38
Nucleus ambiguus is associated with what 2 cranial nerves?
9,10
39
From the lateral horn of the sacral SC, the axons travel in the splanchnic nerves to ____________ and _______________
Bowel/Bladder and genitalia
40
the parasympathetic nervous system ______ the pupils the sympathetic nervous system ________ the pupils
constricts dilates
41
the parasympathetic nervous system _______ the airways the sympathetic nervous system ________ the airways
constricts dilates
42
Which nervous system stimulates peristalsis?
Parasympathetic
43
What are examples of bodily systems that receive a **balanced** input from sympathetic and parasympathetic
Thoracic/abdominal viscera + Bowel/bladder + pupil
44
Sympathetic nervous system is **not opposed** in what systems? (Not countered by parasympathetic output)
Controlling effectors in limbs, face, bodywall, raising eye lid
45
Where is parasympathetic NS acting unopposed?
Increasing the convexity of the eye
46
Where is the breathing rhythm generator found?
Anterior medulla Note: balances calm vs arousal
47
What is the Locus Coeruleus for?
arousal, alertness, anxiety
48
What can inhibit the locus coeruleus and decrease anxiety/arousal
**slow breathing** can allow subgroups of neurons from the breathing rhythm generator in the medulla to inhibit the LC
49
During freezing in the fight or flight response, what is activated?
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic' note: bradycardia, immobility, combined with heightened alertness to pepare for action
50
What is the purpose of freezing (fight or flight)
to optimize perception of threat and select action
51
During freezing, first the __________ recognizes the threat and sends info to the ________ and anterior medulla to stimulate ____________
amygdala hypothalamus sympathetic NS note: this is only 1 part, the Amygdala also activates the parasymp through another pathway
52
During freezing the amygdala activates the parasympathetic NS which communicates with the ________ causing ________ to **reduce heart rate** and **inhibit** medulla and skeletal muscle **contractions**
Midbrain CN 10 (Vagus N)
53
Once fight/flight starts _______ decreases and ___________ increases
parasymp symp
54
Horners syndrome
lesion of sympathetic pathway to face ipsilateral ptosis (drooping eyelid) miosis (pupil consrict) Redness Sweating
55
What can cause horner syndrome?
**Damage to preganglionic nerve** in upper thoracic SC, superior cervical ganglion, or cervical sympathetic trunk
56
horner syndrome can be a side effect due to what
stellate ganglion chemical block used to treat complex regional pain syndrome
57
Peripheral nerve injuries can damage sympathetic efferents causing....
problems with circulation, temp control, sweating, causing skin changes
58
Complete injuries in the ___________ impair B/B function and sexual function
Lumbar SC
59
Autonomic dysreflexia is caused by injuries above what level?
T5/T6 note: life threatening condition
60
What is autonomic dysreflexia?
Irritatant below level of lesion causes **ascending** sympathetic response that cannot be inhibited for balanced BP control. heightened sympathetic response causes rapid BP increase
61
With autonomic dysreflexia you have _____ blood pressure and _______ heart rate
increased BP Decreased HR
62
What should you do in the case of autonomic dysreflexia
Induce orthostatic hypotension (to reduce BP) Check for irritant call for help
63
Brainstem injuries vs cerebral injuries
**Brainstem** - impaired efferent control of vitals, dysfunction of CN nucei (pupil, tears, saliva, control of viscera) **Cerebral injuries**- Damage to hypothalamus interferes with homeostasis with metabolic and behavioral impairments
64
Orthostatic hypotension definition
decrease of 20mmHG or 10mmHG diastolic during 1st 3 mins of upright posture note: pooling of blood in lower limbs and abdomen causes decreased cardiac output and BP
65
How can a SCI cause orthostatic hypotension
disruption of **descending signals** from medulla to sympatheitc preganglionic nerves prevents vasoconstriction
66
autonomic degen disorders like ________ can cause orthostatic hypotension
parkinson's
67
How can peripheral neuropathies cause orthostatic hypotension
damage to peripheral nerves interupt signals from SC to effectors that go to blood vessels
68
What is neural reflexive syncope
sympathetic overactivity caused by emotional distress, pain, pressure on carotid sinus causing strong heart contractions and activating CN10 medulla inhibits sympathetic nervous system to allow **vasodilation** and stimulates CN 10 to **reduce HR** (**Vasovagal syncope**)

Neuro Final (8 decks)

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