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Neuro Final > 18. Limbic System > Flashcards

18. Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Limbic system functions

A

H - homeostatic functions, autonomic and neuroendocrine control
O - olfaction
M - memory
E - emotions and drives

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2
Q

Limbic cortex/lobe structures

A
  • Cingulate gyrus
  • Parahippocampal gyrus
  • Uncus
  • Medial orbitofrontal gyrus
  • Temporal pole
  • Anterior insular cortex
  • Hippocampal formation
  • Amygdala
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3
Q

What is the route of olfaction?

A
  • Olfactory n receptors
  • Olfacotry bulb thru cribiform plate
  • Olfactory tract
  • Primary olfactory cortex to temporal pole
  • Amygdala
  • Olfactory tubercle inside anterior perforated susbtance
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4
Q

what are the 3 types of memory?

A
  1. working
  2. declarative
  3. procedural
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5
Q

which type of memory handles short term storage and handling of information AND is goal relevant?

A

working memory

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6
Q

which type of memory is needed for language, problem solving, mental wayfinding, and reasoning?

A

working memory

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7
Q

which type of memory is required for complex mental multi-tasking and is impt for cognition?

A

working memory

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8
Q

What are the cortical areas for working memory?

A
  • Lateral prefrontal cortex
  • Temporoparietal association cortex
    *White matter tracts connecting these areas
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9
Q

which type of memory can be verbalized AKA explicit memory?

A

declarative memory

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10
Q

What lobe recognizes memory for longer term storage BUT doesn’t store these memories?

A

Medial temporal lobe

for declarative memory

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11
Q

what are the 3 stages of declarative memory?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Consolidation
  3. Retrieval
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12
Q

What does stage 1: Encoding consist of? (of declarative memory)

A
  • Processing info
  • enhanced by attentiveness, emotional arousal, tying new memory to others, reviewing
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13
Q

What does Stage 2: Consolidation consist of? (of declarative memory)

A
  • Stabilization of memories
    synaptic thru long term potentiation (min > hrs)
    synaptic thru med temporal lobe (min > decades)
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14
Q

Declarative memory starts in _____ selecting input perceived by ______ and then encoded into _____

A

Thalamus
Temporoparietal assoc cortex (TPAC)
Medial temporal lobe (MTL)

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15
Q

Medial temporal lobe includes…

A
  • Hippocampus - gray/white matter of gyrus
  • Part of fornix - connects hippocampus with mammillary body and thalamus
  • Parahippocampal gyrus
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16
Q

What cortical area has voluntary control over Medial Temporal Lobe in processing and organizing info for storage?

A

Lateral prefrontal cortex

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17
Q

LPFC:
_____ stored info
_____ content of language

A

Accesses stored info
Analyzes content of language

Note: for retrieval, it searches for and verifies encoded memories in MTL

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18
Q

< 12 years, what brain area is activated during recall of memories?

A

MTL
medial temporal lobe

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19
Q

13+ years, what brain area is activated during recall of memories?

A

Prefrontal, parietal, lateral temporal cortices

for longer term memory

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20
Q

What is episodic declarative memory?

A

Personal events/experiences

e.g. a story

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21
Q

What is semantic declarative memory?

A

Learned common knowledge not related to personal experiences

e.g. history, science

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22
Q

What type of memory is learning skills or habits, reasoning or logic, perceptual skills AKA implicit or nonconscious memory?

A

Procedural memory

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23
Q

When skill is _____, then less attention is needed to _____

A

When skill is learned, then less attention is needed to perform

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24
Q

What are the 3 stages of motor learning?

A
  1. Cognitive
  2. Associative
  3. Automatic
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25
Q

What parts of the brain does learning a motor sequence include?

A

Motor and parietal cortices and striatum

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26
Q

Where 2 areas are learned movement sequence memory representations stored in?

A
  1. Supplemental motor area
  2. Putamen/globus pallidus
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27
Q

What do adjustments of movements involve?

A

Cerebellum
Motor and parietal cortices

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28
Q

What is loss of declarative memory?

A

Amnesia

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29
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Loss of memory of events prior to illness/injury

30
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Loss of memory of events after illness/injury

Note: includes PTA (post-traumatic amnesia)

31
Q

For patients with impaired memory, it is important to separate _______ from _______. Why?

A

Declarative
Procedural

To learn things subconsciously even with no conscious awareness of learning them

32
Q

What is essential for the patient to encode info?

A

Attention - in order to form memories of new info

33
Q

Cognitive screens?

A

Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE)
MOntreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA)

34
Q

Temporal aspects of cognitive screens
* Encoding registration to ______ recall
* Attention/working memory
* ______ memory (few min - short term memory)
* ______ memory (long term memory)

A

Temporal aspects of cognitive screens
* Encoding registration to immediate recall
* Attention/working memory
* Recent memory (few min - short term memory)
* Remote memory (long term memory)

35
Q

What does Goal Directed behavior include?

A
  • Making a goal
  • Making a plan for how to reach the goal
  • Executing the plan
  • Monitoring how plan is working out
36
Q

What cortical area is responsible for goal directed behavior including working memory, judgment, planning, reasoning, divided attention, and sequencing?

A

Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

37
Q

Which cortical area (-) inhibits inappropriate behavior AND formulates ranges of possibilities/alternatives?

A

Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

38
Q

Mood vs. Emotion

A

Mood: enduring subjective ongoing emotional experience

Emotion: short term subjective experience

39
Q

Emotions influence our _____ and _____

A

Perceptions
Actions/responses

Note: emotions can trigger immediate physiologic responses or subconscious processing of an experience or situation

40
Q

What are the 6 structures involved with recognition, generation, and perception of emotions?

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Area 25
  3. Anterior insula
  4. Medial prefrontal cortex
  5. Ventral striatum
  6. Thalamus
41
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A
  • Produces emotions of fear, disgust
  • Interprets social signals
  • Impt for social behavior and emotional learning
  • Decision making
42
Q

What does Area 25/thalamus do for emotions?

A

Produces sad/depress

:(

43
Q

What does Anterior Insula do for emotions?

A

Awareness of feelings and internal stimuli

44
Q

What is in the Emotion Loop?

A

Medial Prefrontal Cortex
VS (ventral striatum)
Thalamus (MPC and VS important for motivation)

Note: for reward seeking behavior, finding pleasure (implicated in addictions)

45
Q

Automatic regulation of emotions is …

A

Subconscious, ignoring, leaving

46
Q

Voluntary regulation of emotions is …

A

Conscious, choosing to control emotions

47
Q

Ventral prefrontal cortex includes what cortical area?

A

Orbital cortex (VM and VL prefrontal cortex)

48
Q

Social behavior connects with regions regulating ____ and ____

A

mood and affect

49
Q

Social behavior utilizes ____ and feelings to steer behaviors, inhibiting (-) _____ behaviors, and activates ____

A

Social behavior utilizes rewards and feelings to steer behaviors, inhibiting (-) undesirable behaviors, and activates ANS

50
Q

what loop detects relevant from irrelevant behavior?

A

social behavior loop

51
Q

what loop regulates self control

A

social behavior loop

52
Q

what loop understands social disapproval

A

social behavior loop

53
Q

social behavior loop:

A

Ventral prefrontal cortex
Head of Caudate
SNr
Thalamus

54
Q

Somatic marker hypothesis =

A

“gut feelings”

55
Q

Emotion and social intelligence requires:

A

Ventral prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Anterior insula

56
Q

What is a disruption of homeostasis from changes in 3 systems: somatic, autonomic, neuroendocrine?

A

Stress Response

57
Q

Somatic disruption in stress response

A

Motor neurons increase muscle tension

58
Q

Autonomic nervous system in stress response

A

Sympathetic activity induces blood flow to muscles and reduces it to skin, GI tract, and kidneys

59
Q

Neuroendocrine system in stress response

A

Sympathetic activity causes adrenal medulla to release epinephrine into blood to increase HR, BP, metabolic rate, and inhibits intestinal smooth muscle contractions

60
Q

T/F: Stress response is always unhealthy if too prolonged/chronic

A

False

can be healthy or unhealthy

61
Q

Clinical Implications of disorders of Limbic System

A
  • Loss of goal directed behavior and divergent thinking
  • Apathy, lack of emotion and insight
  • Emotional lability/labile effect
  • Impaired voluntary and/or automatic regulation of social behaviors
62
Q

Signs or symptoms of disorders of limbic system

A
  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Mania
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
63
Q

Psychiatric Disorders examples

A
  • Personality disorders
  • Anxiety disorders
  • Depression
  • autism spectrum disorders
  • bipolar disorder
  • schizophrenia
64
Q

What part of the cortex does extraversion?

A

ventral prefrontal cortex

65
Q

What part of the brain does neuroticism?

A

amygdala
cingulate cortex
medial prefrontal cortex
hippocampus

66
Q

What part of the brain does agreeableness?

A

temporoparietal association area
cingulate cortex

67
Q

What part of the cortex does conscientiousness?

A

Lateral prefrontal cortex

68
Q

What is intellect?

A

the ability to develop concepts and to reason (which involve memory and ability to process mental experiences)

69
Q

Trisomy 21 = ?

A

Down Syndrome

70
Q

if a specific area is affected in developmental disorders of intellect = ?

A

learning disability

71
Q

Dementia is ?

A

Neurodegenerative mental condition with reduced memory, intellect, orientation, and judgment

Neuro Final (8 decks)

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