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Neuro Final > 17. Cognition, Consciousness, Attention, Communication > Flashcards

17. Cognition, Consciousness, Attention, Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of cognition

A

the process by which we come to know the world

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2
Q

Cognition is the ability to
* attend to ____ stimuli or _____ motivation
* identify significance of such stimuli
* make meaningful responses

A

External
Internal

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3
Q

What is the primary function of the temporoparietal association cortex?

A

Cognitive intelligence

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4
Q

What is the primary function of the dorsolateral prefrontal areas?

A
  • Self awareness
  • Executive functions (goals and plans)
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5
Q

What is the primary function of the medial dorsal prefrontal area?

A

Perceives others’ emotions, making assumptions of their beliefs/intentions

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6
Q

What is the primary function of the ventral prefrontal cortex?

A

Connects with areas of mood and affect

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7
Q

Lesion to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex looks like

A

Executive dysfunction, loss of willpower

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8
Q

Lesion to orbital cortex looks like

A

Disinhibition, irritability, impulsiveness

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9
Q

Lesion to ventromedial prefrontal cortex looks like

A

Apathy

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10
Q

Lesion to medial dorsal prefrontal cortex looks like

A

Paranoia, delusions

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11
Q

What is the Theory of hemispheric specialization?

A

To reduce connection times of signals going long distances

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12
Q

Highly skilled movements performed by R handed people are _____ hemispheric dominant

A

Left

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13
Q

Handedness and other aspects of lateralization are not present till age ____

A

3 or 4

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14
Q

If a lesion occurs at a younger age, language and other dominant side functions move to ______ side with preservation of ____ likely

A

nondominant
function

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15
Q

What is the name of the commissural fibers connecting homologous structures of sides of cerebral cortex?

A

Corpus Callosum

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16
Q

What are the 5 dominant (usually L) functions?

A
  • Language
  • Skilled motor planning
  • Math - sequence, analytic calculations
  • Music - sequential, analytic skills in trained musicians
  • Sense of direction - following written directions in sequence
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17
Q

What are the 5 nondominant (usually R) functions?

A
  • Prosody - emotion, tone of voice
  • Visual spatial analysis and spatial attention
  • Math - estimate quantities, aligning #s into columns
  • Music - in untrained musicians and complex performance in trained musicians
  • Sense of direction - navigating your way due to sense of spatial orientation/awareness
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18
Q

Which side does sequential, analytic calculations?

A

left

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19
Q

Which side does emotion, tone of voice?

A

Right

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20
Q

Which side does following written directions in sequence?

A

Left

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21
Q

Which side does music in untrained musicians and complex performance in untrained musicians?

A

right

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22
Q

which side does sequential, analytic skills in trained musicians?

A

left

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23
Q

which side does navigating your way due to sense of spatial orientation/awareness?

24
Q

if there is a lesion in the white matter between visual cortex and language processing areas, what can the person do, and what can’t they do?

A

Can see but can no longer read

25
What syndrome is conduction aphasia an example of?
Disconnection syndrome
26
what is a corpus callosotomy?
a "split brain" procedure for severe epilepsy
27
what are the 3 levels of consciousness?
The triple A's: Alertness Attention Awareness
28
What is defined as: the normal functioning of brainstem and diencephalic arousal circuits and cortex?
Alertness
29
What has the same circuits as for alertness?
Attention
30
What is attention?
Same circuits as those for alertness AND processing in frontoparietal association cortex
31
What is awareness?
* Subjective and personal experiences * Ability to combine higher order systems from various parts of the brain into united, efficient summary of mental activity * Poorly understood anatomically
32
Where is the reticular formation embedded in?
Tegmentum
33
What makes up the rostral RF + related structures?
RF of midbrain and upper pons and continuous with certain nuclei of diencephalon rostrally
34
What makes up the caudal RF + related structures?
RF of pons and medulla with intermediate zone of SC caudally
35
What is the rostral RF in charge of?
Conscious state in the forebrain
36
What is the caudal RF in charge of?
Motor, reflex, and autonomic functions
37
What can a coma occur from?
* Lesion in rostral RF and related structures * Massive damage to B cerebral cortex regions * Damage to B thalamus
38
T/F: More caudal and/or ventral brainstem lesions can cause coma
False They don't! Only ones in the caudal RF cause a coma.
39
What is a coma NOT?
* Persistent vegetative state * Minimally conscious state * Locked-In Syndrome
40
Maintence of alertness is ran by multiple parallel systems where? (3 Places)
Brainstem that projects -> Cortical/forebrain Brainstem that projects -> thalamus/hypothalamus Hypothalamus Thalamic nuclei
41
The reticular formation receives input from sensory systems, especially the ________________ involved in pain
anterolateral system spinoreticular pathway
42
The ___________ hypothalamus projects to the arousal system
Posteriolateral hypothalamus
43
What cortical areas project to the reticular formation to allow emotion to impact alertness
Several areas from the association cortex and limbic cortex
44
What are the 4 kinds of attention?
**Sustained attention** - vigilance, concentration, nondistractability **Switching**- changing from 1 task to another **Selective**- ability to focus on something more than other things **Divided**- Preforming 2 or more tasks at the same time
45
Before a person can be attentive, they must be:
In an awake/alert state
46
What areas of the brain provide motivation that allows us to be attentive?
Anterior cingulate gyrus, amygdala, other limbic structures
47
What hemisphere is dominant in language for R handed people? What hemisphere is dominant in language for L handed people?
L hemisphere is dominant 95% of the time L hemisphere is dominant 60-70% of the time
48
Many L handed people have _____________ reprentations for language, especially if family has history of L handedness
Bilateral cortical
49
# * Wernicke's area is found within ______________ cortex
L parietotemporal cortex
50
the _______ gyrus is connected to wernickes area for comprehending spoken and written language
Angular Gyrus - assists w/ complex language
51
What connects wernicke's and brocas?
Arcuate Fasciculus
52
The nondominant side language abilities: Area equivelant to wernickes:
Comprehends emotion or tone of voice (if you've got wernicke's on the left, this area is on the right)
53
The nondominant side language abilities: Area equivelant to Brocas:
Controls your own tone of voice and gestures in communication
54
Wernicke's vs Broca's aphasia
Wernicke's- fluent w/ words but words have no meaning Broca's- know what you want to say but have trouble sayingit
55
Conduction aphasia
Lesion to arcuate fasciculus Can hear but cannot repeat it back
56
Global aphasia-
Both speaking and understanding are impaired to some degree
57
Agraphia
Inability to write

Neuro Final (8 decks)

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