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Neuro Final > 17. Cognition, Consciousness, Attention, Communication > Flashcards

17. Cognition, Consciousness, Attention, Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of cognition

A

the process by which we come to know the world

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2
Q

Cognition is the ability to
* attend to ____ stimuli or _____ motivation
* identify significance of such stimuli
* make meaningful responses

A

External
Internal

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3
Q

What is the primary function of the temporoparietal association cortex?

A

Cognitive intelligence

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4
Q

What is the primary function of the dorsolateral prefrontal areas?

A
  • Self awareness
  • Executive functions (goals and plans)
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5
Q

What is the primary function of the medial dorsal prefrontal area?

A

Perceives others’ emotions, making assumptions of their beliefs/intentions

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6
Q

What is the primary function of the ventral prefrontal cortex?

A

Connects with areas of mood and affect

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7
Q

Lesion to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex looks like

A

Executive dysfunction, loss of willpower

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8
Q

Lesion to orbital cortex looks like

A

Disinhibition, irritability, impulsiveness

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9
Q

Lesion to ventromedial prefrontal cortex looks like

A

Apathy

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10
Q

Lesion to medial dorsal prefrontal cortex looks like

A

Paranoia, delusions

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11
Q

What is the Theory of hemispheric specialization?

A

To reduce connection times of signals going long distances

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12
Q

Highly skilled movements performed by R handed people are _____ hemispheric dominant

A

Left

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13
Q

Handedness and other aspects of lateralization are not present till age ____

A

3 or 4

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14
Q

If a lesion occurs at a younger age, language and other dominant side functions move to ______ side with preservation of ____ likely

A

nondominant
function

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15
Q

What is the name of the commissural fibers connecting homologous structures of sides of cerebral cortex?

A

Corpus Callosum

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16
Q

What are the 5 dominant (usually L) functions?

A
  • Language
  • Skilled motor planning
  • Math - sequence, analytic calculations
  • Music - sequential, analytic skills in trained musicians
  • Sense of direction - following written directions in sequence
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17
Q

What are the 5 nondominant (usually R) functions?

A
  • Prosody - emotion, tone of voice
  • Visual spatial analysis and spatial attention
  • Math - estimate quantities, aligning #s into columns
  • Music - in untrained musicians and complex performance in trained musicians
  • Sense of direction - navigating your way due to sense of spatial orientation/awareness
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18
Q

Which side does sequential, analytic calculations?

A

left

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19
Q

Which side does emotion, tone of voice?

A

Right

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20
Q

Which side does following written directions in sequence?

A

Left

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21
Q

Which side does music in untrained musicians and complex performance in untrained musicians?

A

right

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22
Q

which side does sequential, analytic skills in trained musicians?

A

left

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23
Q

which side does navigating your way due to sense of spatial orientation/awareness?

A

right

24
Q

if there is a lesion in the white matter between visual cortex and language processing areas, what can the person do, and what can’t they do?

A

Can see but can no longer read

25
Q

What syndrome is conduction aphasia an example of?

A

Disconnection syndrome

26
Q

what is a corpus callosotomy?

A

a “split brain” procedure for severe epilepsy

27
Q

what are the 3 levels of consciousness?

A

The triple A’s:
Alertness
Attention
Awareness

28
Q

What is defined as:
the normal functioning of brainstem and diencephalic arousal circuits and cortex?

A

Alertness

29
Q

What has the same circuits as for alertness?

A

Attention

30
Q

What is attention?

A

Same circuits as those for alertness AND processing in frontoparietal association cortex

31
Q

What is awareness?

A
  • Subjective and personal experiences
  • Ability to combine higher order systems from various parts of the brain into united, efficient summary of mental activity
  • Poorly understood anatomically
32
Q

Where is the reticular formation embedded in?

A

Tegmentum

33
Q

What makes up the rostral RF + related structures?

A

RF of midbrain and upper pons and continuous with certain nuclei of diencephalon rostrally

34
Q

What makes up the caudal RF + related structures?

A

RF of pons and medulla with intermediate zone of SC caudally

35
Q

What is the rostral RF in charge of?

A

Conscious state in the forebrain

36
Q

What is the caudal RF in charge of?

A

Motor, reflex, and autonomic functions

37
Q

What can a coma occur from?

A
  • Lesion in rostral RF and related structures
  • Massive damage to B cerebral cortex regions
  • Damage to B thalamus
38
Q

T/F: More caudal and/or ventral brainstem lesions can cause coma

A

False

They don’t! Only ones in the caudal RF cause a coma.

39
Q

What is a coma NOT?

A
  • Persistent vegetative state
  • Minimally conscious state
  • Locked-In Syndrome
40
Q

Maintence of alertness is ran by multiple parallel systems where? (3 Places)

A

Brainstem that projects -> Cortical/forebrain

Brainstem that projects -> thalamus/hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Thalamic nuclei

41
Q

The reticular formation receives input from sensory systems, especially the ________________ involved in pain

A

anterolateral system spinoreticular pathway

42
Q

The ___________ hypothalamus projects to the arousal system

A

Posteriolateral hypothalamus

43
Q

What cortical areas project to the reticular formation to allow emotion to impact alertness

A

Several areas from the association cortex and limbic cortex

44
Q

What are the 4 kinds of attention?

A

Sustained attention - vigilance, concentration, nondistractability

Switching- changing from 1 task to another

Selective- ability to focus on something more than other things

Divided- Preforming 2 or more tasks at the same time

45
Q

Before a person can be attentive, they must be:

A

In an awake/alert state

46
Q

What areas of the brain provide motivation that allows us to be attentive?

A

Anterior cingulate gyrus, amygdala, other limbic structures

47
Q

What hemisphere is dominant in language for R handed people?

What hemisphere is dominant in language for L handed people?

A

L hemisphere is dominant 95% of the time

L hemisphere is dominant 60-70% of the time

48
Q

Many L handed people have _____________ reprentations for language, especially if family has history of L handedness

A

Bilateral cortical

49
Q

*

Wernicke’s area is found within ______________ cortex

A

L parietotemporal cortex

50
Q

the _______ gyrus is connected to wernickes area for comprehending spoken and written language

A

Angular Gyrus - assists w/ complex language

51
Q

What connects wernicke’s and brocas?

A

Arcuate Fasciculus

52
Q

The nondominant side language abilities:

Area equivelant to wernickes:

A

Comprehends emotion or tone of voice

(if you’ve got wernicke’s on the left, this area is on the right)

53
Q

The nondominant side language abilities:

Area equivelant to Brocas:

A

Controls your own tone of voice and gestures in communication

54
Q

Wernicke’s vs Broca’s aphasia

A

Wernicke’s- fluent w/ words but words have no meaning

Broca’s- know what you want to say but have trouble sayingit

55
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Lesion to arcuate fasciculus

Can hear but cannot repeat it back

56
Q

Global aphasia-

A

Both speaking and understanding are impaired to some degree

57
Q

Agraphia

A

Inability to write

Neuro Final (8 decks)

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