20

Question 1

What are homologs

Answer 1

organs that develop into different things
- have the same starting point in males and females

Question 2

What are the homolog structures in the reproductive system

Answer 2

ovary – testes
round ligament – gubamaculum
Crus of clitoris – corpus cavernousum
glans clitoris – glans peins
labia majora – scrotum

Question 3

What is the indifferent stage

Answer 3

the embryo at 5 weeks of development
- has bipotential

contains structures that can develop into the male and female reproductive structures

Question 4

What are the structures of the indifferent stage

Answer 4

mesonephric kidney
mesonephric duct
paramesonephric duct
indfifferent gonad

Question 5

What does the indifferent gonad become in XX development

Answer 5

cortex becomes the ovary

Question 6

What does teh parameonephric duct become in XX development

Answer 6

oviducts
uterus
vagina

Question 7

Which structures degenerate in XX developemnt

Answer 7

mesonephric ducts
mesonephric kidney

Question 8

What does the ureter and kidneys form from

Answer 8

buds of the mesonephric ducts

Question 9

Which organs ascend and which organs descend

Answer 9

kidneys and ureters ascend while the gonads descend

Question 10

What does the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome do

Answer 10

drives male pattern developement

1. SRY gene
2. Testis determining factor –> stimulates sustentacular cells of the gonads
3. anti-mullerian hormone –> mullerian inhibiting substnace
4. parameonephric ducts regress
5. SRY gene
6. Testis determining factor –> interstitial endocrine cells of the gonads
7. testosterone
8. mesonephric ducts develop into male structures

Question 11

What does the testes form from

Answer 11

the stroma of the indifferent gonad under the influence of testes determining factor (TDF)

Question 12

What do the mesonephric ducts develop under

Answer 12

the influence of testosterone from the interstitial endocrine cells

Question 13

What inhibits the paramesonephric ducts

Answer 13

MIS/AMH

Question 14

which structures degenerate in the XY development

Answer 14

mesonephric kidney

Question 15

How do the testes descend

Answer 15

inguinal canal opens to the abdomen and the scrotum
gubernaculum shrinks and drags testes down
pertoneum from abdomen closes over
testicular artery and vein is pulled with it

Question 16

What is persistent mullerian duct syndrome

Answer 16

paramesonephric duct does not degenerate (b/c no AMH/MIS)
- testes are held up in the abdomen

Question 17

What is the creamster muscle

Answer 17

moves the testes upwards
- external obliques
- skeletal muscle

Question 18

What is the dartos muscle

Answer 18

compresses the scrotum
- smooth muscle

Question 19

What is the pampiniform plexus

Answer 19

acts to cool blood in testicular artery

Question 20

What is cryptorchidism

Answer 20

undescended testes

Question 21

What can result from undescended testes

Answer 21

sterility
and
increased testicular cancer risk by 30-50x

Question 22

When do testes descend

Answer 22

within one year

Question 23

How do inguinal hernias form

Answer 23

portions of the small intestine herniate into the scrotum – interupts blood flow to the intestines

Question 24

What are the embryological structures of the external genitalia

Answer 24

urethral (urogenital folds)
urethral groove - opens into the urogenital sinus
genital tubercle - rounded elevation anterior to the urethral folds
labiosacrotal swelling - paired elevated structures lateral to the urethral folds

Question 25

How do the XY external genitalia develop

Answer 25

@ ten weeks & under the influence of the androgens
- urethral folds begin to meet and seal up
- labioscrotal swellings migrate to middle
- tip of genital tubercle becomes glans penis
- scrotum fuses at the midline (only midline raphe) is visible
- urethra sealed and opens at the tip of the penis in the glans

Question 26

How do the XX external genitalia develop

Answer 26

near birth
- labioscrotal swellings do not fuse at midline –> stay intact as labia majora
- urogenital folds do not meet in the female and persist as vestibule and labia minora
- genital tubercle becomes the clitoris
- vagina nad urethra open into the vestibule

Question 27

What are the three divisions of the male urethra/accessory glands of reproduction

Answer 27

seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethral glands

Question 28

What are seminal vesicles

Answer 28

alkaline secretion containing clotting factors and fructose

Question 29

What are prostate

Answer 29

secretes slightly acidic prostatic fluid that contains enzymes that break down clotting proteins

Question 30

What are bulbourethral glands

Answer 30

alkaline secretion that neutralizes the acidic environment of the urethra and mucus to prevent sperm from sticking

Question 31

What are the layers of the vagina

Answer 31

mucosa
- stratified, non kertinized, squamous epithelium with rugae

muscularis
inner circular and outer longitudinal layer (smooth muscle)

adventitia

Question 32

What are the stabilizing structures of the uterus and ovaries

Answer 32

round ligament
broad ligament (double layer of parietal peritoneum)
utero-ovarian ligament
uterosacral ligament (attaches cervix)
suspensory ligament of the ovary

Question 33

What are the two sizes of boney pelvises

Answer 33

gynecoid pelvis (XX)
android pelvis (XY)

Question 34

What are features of the gynecoid pelvis

Answer 34

light and thin
shallow greater (false) pelvis
large, slightly oval pelvic inlet - AP ratio = 1
pubic arch > 90
sacrum shorter, wider, less curved anteriorly
wider pelvic outlet (10cm)

Question 35

What are features of android pelvis

Answer 35

heavy and thick
deep, cup shaped greater (false) pelvis
small, heart shaped pelvic inlet - AP ratio > 1
pubic arch < 90
sacrum longer, narrower, more curved anteriorly
narrower pelvis outlet (<10cm)