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Anatomy > 12 - Mouth & Esophagus > Flashcards

12 - Mouth & Esophagus Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic processes of the alimentary canal

A

ingestion
secretion
motility: movement down a athway
digestion
absorption
defecation

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2
Q

What structures help with mastication (chewing)

A

teeth
cheek
tongue
lips
muscles of mastication
salivary glands (3 pairs) – 1 to 1.5 liters/day

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3
Q

Where is the oral cavity

A

space between the gums and teeth to the fauces (passages)

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4
Q

What are the structures of the oral cavity

A

lips
gums (mucous membrane)
teeth
cheek (keep food in)
superior labial frenulum (where lip is tied)
inferior labial frenulum
hard palate (bony structure of skull)
soft palate (skeletal muscle covered in mucous membrane to keep food in)
uvula (sensory receptors – vomit response)
lingual frenulum (restricts tongue movement)
opening of duct of submandibular gland (salivary gland duct)

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5
Q

What are primary tastes

A

sweet
bitter
salty
sour
umami (savory)

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6
Q

Where are taste buds found

A

on the papillae of the tongue

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7
Q

What are the types of papillae

A

vallate papillae
fungiform papillae
foliate papillae
filiform papillae

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8
Q

vallate papillae

A

12 each containing 100-300 taste buds

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9
Q

fungiform papillae

A

scattered over tongue each containing 5 taste buds

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10
Q

foliate papillae

A

in the lateral margins of tonuge – degenerate in childhood

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11
Q

filiform papillae

A

tactile sensations and friction

contains gustatory receptor cells (sensory neurons)

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12
Q

What are the cranial nerves involved in gustation
Where are they located

A

facial nerve (CN VII) – anterior two thirds of the tongue
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) posterior one third of tongue
vagus nerve (X) – throat and epiglottis (allow gustatory sensations to come through)

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13
Q

Which nerve is responsible for conveying tactile (touch) sensations from the tongue and tooth aches

A

CN V – trigeminal nerve (mandibular branch)

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14
Q

What are the types of teeth
What are their functions
Where are they located

A

incisors – cutting – front 4
canines – tearing – side 2
premolars – crushing – sider 4 (not in primary dentition)
molars – grinding – sidest 6

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15
Q

What are the two dentitions in humans

A

primary dentitions – deciduous (falling out)
secondary dentitions – permanent

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16
Q

What are the three major outer regions of the tooth

A

crown
neck
root

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17
Q

What holds teeth in place

A

periodontal ligaments composed of collagen (requires the formation of vitamin C)

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18
Q

Enamel

A

hardest substance of the body
(95% calcium salts – harder than bone)

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19
Q

Dentin

A

consists of 70% calcium salts – also harder than bone

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20
Q

Pulp

A

supplied by a neurovascular bundle that maintains the connective tissue of the tooth

21
Q

What are the salivary glands for mastication
What is the function
What nerves innervate

A

sublingual (mucin + lipase)
- breaks down fats @ low pH
- activated in fight or flight
- gives substance to saliva
- CN IX (hypoglossal)
- SNS

submandibular (serous + amylase)
- CN VII (facial)

parotid (serous + amylase)
- watery saliva –> lubricates food
- breaks down starches
- plaque build up where saliva is secreted
- CN VII (facial)

22
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do

A

help to change the shape of the tongue to aid in speech and swallowing

23
Q

What are the three groups of the intrinsic tongue muscles

A

longitudinal muscles (sup and inf – legnth of tongue)
- shorten tongue

transverse muscles (left to right)
- think tongue

vertical muscles (up and down)
- flatten tongeu

24
Q

What are the skeletal muscles of the tongue innervated by

A

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

25
Q

What covers the tongue

A

muscous membrane

26
Q

What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

originate outside the tongue and help shape food into a bolus and maneuver food for mastication and swallowing

27
Q

What muscles attach the tongue to the nearby bones

A

hyoglossus
- free floating bone
- depresses tongue to floor of mouth for swallowing

genioglossus (genio = chin)
- pertrudes tongue

styloglossus
- long muscles

28
Q

What nerve innervates the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

29
Q

What do the muscles of mastication do

A
  • move the mandible against the maxilla to assist in chewing and talking
  • consists of muscles of facial expression that manipulate cheek and lips
30
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression

A

CN VII – facial

31
Q

What do the muscles of mastication act on

A

cheek (buccae)
mouth (oris)

32
Q

What does the buccinator do

A

puff cheeks

33
Q

What does the orbicularis oris do

A

purse lips

34
Q

What does the lateral and medial pterygoid do

A

move jaw side to side of back and forth

35
Q

What is the temporalis

A

thin muscle

36
Q

What does the masseter do

A

for talking and chewing
(CN V)

37
Q

Where does the esophagus extend from

A

oropharynx, through the neck and mediastinum (throax)

38
Q

Where does the esophagus pass through

A

esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm and enters the abdominal cavity

39
Q

What do the structures do that the esophagus passes through

A

necessitates a slight deviation (kink) in the route of the esophagus

40
Q

What are the layers of the esophagus

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
adventitia

41
Q

What are the layers of the mucosa layer

A

nonkeratinizd stratified squamous epithelium
lamina propria (connective tissue)
muscularis mucosae (smooth muscles to impose folds

42
Q

What is the submucosa

A

muscular layer

highway for nerves and blood vessels connect

43
Q

what do peristaltic contractions do

A

help to propel a bolus of masticated food towards the stomach

44
Q

What are the layers of the muscularis

A

inner circular
outer longitudinal

45
Q

What are the layers of the serosa/adventitia

A

mesothelium
thin connective tissue

46
Q

How does peristalsis function

A

coordinated contraction of the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles

  • inner circular: pinch the tube – migrates down the length of the esophagus
  • outer longitudinal: shortens tube in ahead of the bolus
47
Q

How does deglutition (swallowing) work

A
  1. voluntary – bolus forced to back of oral cavity by tongue
  2. pharyngeal – marks the beginning of the involuntary stage of swallowing
    a) bolus enters oropharynx
    b) stretch of oropharynx elicits a reflex via the brainstem deglutition centre
    c) soft pallet and epiglottis close off nasal cavity and trachea, and the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) relax
  3. esophageal – waves of peristaltic contractions propel the bolus towards the stomach – lower esophageal sphincter (LES) briefly relaxes to accommodate bolus
48
Q

Which types of muscle makes up the esophagus

A

proximal 1/3 is skeletal
distal 1/3 is smooth muscles

49
Q

Why is the LES typically closed

A

to protect the esophagus from acidic gastric contents

Anatomy (21 decks)

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