Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > 16 and 17 > Flashcards

16 and 17 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urinary system consist of

A

retropertineal structures:
2 kidneys
2 ureters
one bladder
one urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the positioning of the kidneys

A

right one lower than left because of the liver on the right side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the kidney

A

excreting wastes
regulating blood ionic composition
regulating blood pH
regulating blood volume
regulating blood pressure
maintaining blood osmolarity
producing hormones
regulating blood glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three layers of tissue surrounding the kidney

A

renal capsule (inner): maintains shape
perineal fat capsule: adipose tissue
renal fascia (outer): connective tissue sleeve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What will happen as a result of loss of perineal fat

A

drooping (ptosis) of then kideny and potential “kinking” or the ureter – fluid back up in the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two regions of the kidney

A

outer cortex
inner medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the medulla

A

consists of renal pyramid
- apex of pyramid is the papilla (points towards the renal hilum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is between the renal pyramids

A

renal columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the path of urine flow in the kidney

A

collecting duct
- papillary duct
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureters
urinary bladder (storage)
Urethra (discharge of urine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where can kidney stones get lodged in

A

ureteropelvic junction
crossing the iliopsoas muscle (and internal ilac artery)
ureterovesical junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What would happen if the ureters were obstructed

A

expansion of the renal pelvis (hydronephrosis) and ureters (hydroureter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are blockages of the ureters caused by

A

renal ptosis, kidney stones, pregnancy, or strictures that form weh nteh ureter is scarred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the layers of the ureter

A

mucosa (urothelium and lamina propria) – innermost

muscularis (inner long., outer circ)

adventitia – outermost, glues ureter onto post abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of movements aid in movement of urine to bladder

A

peristaltic contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the pysiological valve do

A

exists at the ureterovesical junction
- prevents urinary reflkux and provides some opposition to vacterial movement (prevents from going backwards)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does the ureterovesical junction work

A

as the bladder fills, pressure on the blasser wall collapses the ureter, preventing backflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens when the bladder is full

A

bladder is spherical and extends beyond the tip of the pubic bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the bladder in males

A

anterior to the rectum and superior to the prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the three segments of the bladder in males

A

prostate
pelvic floor muscles
penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is the bladder in females

A

anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What covers the bladder
What does it do

A

peritoneum which aids in maintaining its position within the pelvis (anchors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What lines the bladder

A

transitional epithelium that forms rugae when empty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of muscle does the bladder contain

A

involuntary smooth muscle
(detrusor mecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the bladder trigone

A

the openings of the paired ureters and single urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are sphincters derived from the pelvic floor muscles

A

internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle)
external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are different words for the discharge of urine

A

micturition
discharge
voiding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are stretch receptors stimulated

A

when the bladder fills with about 200-400 mL of urine

28
Q

what happens after stretch receptors are stimulated

A

sends messages to the sacral portion of the spinal cord (afferent signals)

triggers an autonomic (parasymp) reflex which causes the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincter (in males) to relax

29
Q

Which sphincter can be consciously controlled

A

external urethral sphincter (in males and females)

there must be a conscious effort to relax the external sphincter before urine can be passed through

30
Q

What are the main parts of the nephrons

A

renal corpuscle – where blood plasma is filtered

tubules – where renal filtrate is modified by tubular cells absorption and secretion

31
Q

What is the renal corpscule made of

A

glomerulus (capillary network) and a glomerular capsule (captures glomerular filtrate)

32
Q

Describe the pathway through the tubules

A

proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop:
- descending limb (thin)
- ascending limb (thick)
distal convoluted tubule

33
Q

where does glomerular filtration occur

A

in the renal corpuscle

34
Q

Where does tubular reabsorption and secretion occur

A

along the renal tubule and collecting duct

35
Q

What structure surrounds the tubules

A

peritubular capillaries

36
Q

What lines the glomerular capsule

A

parietal layer

37
Q

What is the glomerulus lined by

A

visceral layer

38
Q

What does the glomerulus do

A

where the filtrate is made

39
Q

What is between the glomerular capsule and glomerulus

A

capsular space (where filtrate is collected)

40
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

next to the glomerulus and helps to regulate its function

41
Q

What are the layers of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

MD: macular densa
- sense how much filtrate passing through
GC: granular cells
- makes renin
MC: mesangial cells
- modified smooth msucle to regulate size of capillaries

42
Q

What is the filtration membrane of the glomerulus made of

A

fenestrated endothelial cells (capillary)
basal lamina
pedicels of podocytes that form filtration slits

43
Q

what principle does filtration follow

A

size exclusion principle

high capillary hydrostawtic pressure drives filtraawtion while blood oncotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure oppose filtration

44
Q

What do the pedicels of podocytes do

A

from filtration slits

45
Q

How is glomerular filtration regulated
- what change the rate

A

autoregulation – mechanisms are internal (intrinsic) to the kidney

altered by blood pressure changes in the clomerulus or leakiness of the capillaries

46
Q

What are the two machanisms that regulat changes in the glomerular blood pressure

A

myogenic mechanism (built into muscles)
tubuloglomerular feedback (distal tubules talking back to glomerulus)

47
Q

What is myogenic mechanism

A

smooth muscle of the afferent arteriole stretched by the increase in BP and the afferent arteriole responds with constriction which decreases GFR

arterial pressure increases the afferetn arteriole is stretched –> flow increases

vascular smooth muscle responds by contracting thus increasing resistance –> flow returns to normal

48
Q

What is tubuloglomerular feedback

A

the macula densa of the juxtaglomerular apparatus detects high amounts of filtrate flow
– increases adenosine release/ production which constricts the afferent arteriole which decreases GFR

49
Q

what are the steps of tubuloglomerular feedback of GFR

A
  1. high concentration or flow of Na+ in the distal convoluted tubule is sensed by the cells of the macula densa – release of adenosine
  2. adenosine causes constriction of the afferent arteriole,, reducing GFR
50
Q

What is the main hormones that regulate GFR

A

Ang-II and atrial natriueretic peptide (ANP)

51
Q

What does angiotensin II do to GFR

A
  1. decrease in blood pressure & sympathetic nervous system stimulation
  2. juxtaglomerular apparatus
  3. angiotensinogen –> renin
  4. angiotensin 1 –> ACE
  5. angiotensin II
  6. Constriction of systemic and glomerular afferetn arterioles
  7. blood pressure increases

decreases GFR because it constricts the afferent arterioles but increases blood pressure because it also constricts systemic arterioles

52
Q

What substances are completely reabsorbed

A

glucose
amino acids
bicarbonate ion

53
Q

What substances are regulated and thus partially reabsorbed

A

water
sodium
potassium
chloride

54
Q

What substances are excreted as waste

A

urea
creatinine
drugs and drug metabolites

55
Q

What mechanisms work in reabsorption

A

active transport (requires energy)
passive transport (substances moving down their electrochemical gradient)
osmosis (movement of water following its concentration gradient through a semipermeable membrane)

56
Q

What drives osmosis

A

movement of the solutes from the tubules to the interstitial fluid
often requires energy

57
Q

What does obligatory reabsorption mean

A

90% of water movement
has to happen
dragged along by the solutes being moved from tubule sto intersitial fluid

58
Q

What does facultative reabsorption mean

A

10% of water movement
can increase or decrease depending on the amount required by the body

59
Q

Where will obligatory reabsorption occur

A

proximal convoluted tubule and descending loop of Henle
- areas have tubules permeable to water

60
Q

What controls facultative water reabsorption

A

antidiuretic hormone
- makes the cells in the collecting duct permeable to water

61
Q

What drives osmosis

A

passiive reabsorption (diffusion) of several ions as well as the waste product urea

62
Q

Where is reabsorption most acitve

A

proximal convoluted tubuule
- by the end, 100% of organic solutes have been reabsorbed, 60% of water reabsorbed

63
Q

What are the routes in passive transport

A

paracellular route: solutes slip between the tight junctions of the cell

transcellular route: into or out of the cells by following their electrochemical gradient

64
Q

How is passive transport facilitated

A

by transport proteins as in the movement of glucose from inside the tubular cells to the interstitial fluid

by leakage channels for some ions to facilitate their walk down the concentration gradient

65
Q

What are the two types of active transport

A

primary active transport: strictly with the use of ATP

secondary active transport: uses the energy of the movement of ions down their concentration gradietns to transport other solutes
- symporter: transport protein moves solutes in the same direction
- antiporter: transport protein moves solutes in the opposite direction
- both are called co-transporters

66
Q

Where does the reabsorption of glucose from the filtrate occur

A

proximal convoluted tubule

67
Q

where does the Na+/H+ antiporter operate

A

proximal convoluted tubule

Anatomy (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions