#2 Zhu - Regulation of Respiration

Question 1

What are the three respiratory control centers?

Answer 1

1 - Medullary Respiratory Center
2- Pneumotaxic Center
3 - Apneustic Center

Question 2

What are the components of the Medullary Respiratory Center?

Answer 2

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
I DRAG (Intrinsic Dorsal Respiratory Automaticity Group)

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
VERG (Ventral Expiratory Respiratory Group)

Pre-Botzinger Complex

Question 3

What is the Dorsal Respiratory Group responsible for?

Answer 3

Intrinsic periodic firing
Automaticity
Responsible for the basic rhythm of ventilation
Ramp style inspiration

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
I DRAG (Intrinsic Dorsal Respiratory Automaticity Group)

Question 4

What is the Ventral Respiratory Group responsible for?

Answer 4

If DRG increases, VRG activates to increase expiration.

Quiescent during normal breathing.

Question 5

What is the Pneumotaxic Center responsible for?

Answer 5

It has an inhibitory effect on the dorsal inspiratory group. Regulates respiratory rate and volume.
Deeper slower breathing

Question 6

What is the Apneustic Center responsible for?

Answer 6

Experimental: excitatory effect on the dorsal inspiratory group
Prolonged inspiratory gasps

Question 7

What is Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome?

Answer 7

Individuals have to tell themselves to breath. They have lost automaticity.

Question 8

What are the two types of chemoreceptors in the regulation of respiration?

Answer 8

Central Chemoreceptors

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Question 9

Where are the central chemoreceptors located in the respiratory system?

Answer 9

Ventral surface of the medulla

NOT part of the respiratory control centers

Question 10

What is the stimulus for the central chemoreceptors in the respiratory system?

Answer 10

Increased H+ in the Extracellular Fluid and Cerebrospinal Fluid
(sensitive to PCO2 change in the blood; acute effect)

Question 11

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located in the respiratory system?

Answer 11

Carotid bodies

Aortic bodies

Question 12

What are the stimuli for the peripheral chemoreceptors in the respiratory system?

Answer 12

Decreased arterial PO2 (hypoxemia)
Increased arterial PCO2
Increased arterial H+ (carotid bodies)

Question 13

How quick is the respiratory response to the peripheral chemoreceptors?

Answer 13

Rapid response

Question 14

Where is the major response to increased arterial PCO2?

Answer 14

Central chemoreceptors (ventral surface of medulla)

Question 15

What will magnify the response of the central chemoreceptors?

Answer 15

Decreased arterial PO2

Synergistic effect

Question 16

Which chemoreceptors are stimulated by decreased arterial pH?

Answer 16

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Peripheral = pH

Question 17

What are some other receptors found in the respiratory system beside the central and peripheral chemoreceptors?

Answer 17

Lung receptors
Nose and Upper airway receptors
Joint and muscle receptors
Gamma system
Arterial baroreceptors
Pain and temperature

Question 18

What three receptors are found in the lung?

Answer 18

Pulmonary stretch receptors
Irritant receptors
Juxtacapillary receptors (C fibers)

Question 19

Where is the location of the pulmonary stretch receptors?

Answer 19

Location: Within airway smooth muscles

Question 20

What is the stimulus of the pulmonary stretch receptors?

Answer 20

distension of the lung

Tidal volume >= 1 L

Question 21

What is the purpose of the pulmonary stretch receptors?

Answer 21

Prevent excess lung inflation

“Hering-Breuer Inflation Reflex”

Question 22

Where is the location of the irritant receptors?

Answer 22

Between airway epithelial cells

Question 23

What is the stimulus of the irritant receptors?

Answer 23

Cigarette smoke

Noxious gases

Question 24

What is the effect of the irritant receptors?

Answer 24

Bronchoconstriction

Hyperpnea

Question 25

Where is the location of the juxtacapillary receptors?

Answer 25

In the alveolar walls close to the capillaries

Question 26

What is the stimulus of the juxtacapillary receptors?

Answer 26

Engorgement of the capillaries

Question 27

What is the effect of the juxtacapillary receptors?

Answer 27

Rapid, shallow breathing

Dyspnea

Question 28

During moderate exercise, after ventilation increases what causes pulmonary vascular resistance to decrease?

Answer 28

Recruitment

Distention

Question 29

What happens to the diffusion capacity during moderate exercise?

Answer 29

Increases

Question 30

What happens to the ventilation-perfusion mismatch during moderate exercise?

Answer 30

Decreases after the respiratory response