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CPR M2T1E4 > #1 Zhu - Principles of Pulmonary Gas Transport > Flashcards

#1 Zhu - Principles of Pulmonary Gas Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What does Fick’s law measure?

What are the 5 components of Fick’s law?

A 
DIFFUSION RATE
Pressure Gradient
Area
Solubility (Intrinsic property of gas)
Distance
Molecular Weight
FICK = FIVE
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2
Q

Which components of Fick’s law are inversely related to the diffusion rate?

A

Distance

Molecular Weight

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3
Q

What is the diffusion constant?

A

Solubility/(sqrt of Molecular Weight)

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4
Q

What does the diffusion capacity determine?

A

The diffusion capacity determines the ability of the respiratory membrane to transport a gas into and out of the blood.

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5
Q

What are the components of the diffusion capacity?

A 
Area
Solubility
Distance
Molecular Weight
It can change due to change in area and/or change in distance.
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6
Q

Where does gas exchange happen?

A

Respiratory Unit

  • Respiratory Bronchioles
  • Alveolar Duct
  • Alveolar Sac
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7
Q

In emphysema, what would you expect to happen to the diffusion rate and why?

A

Decreased diffusion rate due to decreased area.

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8
Q

In interstitial edema, what would you expect to happen to the diffusion rate and why?

A

Decreased diffusion rate due to increased distance.

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9
Q

In fibrosis, what would you expect to happen to the diffusion rate and why?

A

Decreased diffusion rate due to increased distance.

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10
Q

What is the vapor pressure based on a body temperature of 37 degrees Celsius?

A

47 mmHg

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11
Q

What is the PO2 of humidified air?

A

150 mmHg

(760-47) * 0.21

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12
Q

What is the PN2 of humidified air?

A

563 mmHg

(760-47) *0.79

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13
Q

What is the PO2 of alveolar air?

A

104 mmHg

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14
Q

What is the PCO2 of alveolar air?

A

40 mmHg

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15
Q

What is the PO2 in the arterial end of the capillary in the lung?

A

40 mmHg

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16
Q

What is the PO2 in the venous end of the capillary in the lung?

A

104 mmHg

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17
Q

What is the PO2 in the systemic arteries and why?

A

95 mmHg

Bronchial Circulation contamination

18
Q

What is the PO2 in the arterial end of the capillaries in the peripheral tissue?

A

95 mmHg

19
Q

What is the PO2 in the venous end of the capillaries in the peripheral tissue?

A

40 mmHg

20
Q

How is O2 transported in the blood?

A

Dissolved (3%)

Hemoglobin (97%)

21
Q

Hemoglobin F causes what kind of shift in the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve?

A

Left shift
Easier to load O2
Increased Affinity

22
Q

Hemoglobin S causes what kind of shift in the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve?

A

Right shift
Easier to UNload O2
Decreased Affinity

23
Q

A right shift in the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve can be induced by?

A

1 - Increased H+
2 - Increased CO2
3 - Increased temperature
4 - Increased BPG (end product of RBC metabolism, increased in chronic hypoxia)

24
Q

A left shift in the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve can be induced by?

A

1 - Decreased H+
2 - Decreased CO2
3 - Decreased temperature
4 - Decreased BPG

25
Q

What is the Bohr Effect and its components?

A

The Bohr Effect influences the binding of O2.
H+
CO2

26
Q

What is the PCO2 at the arterial end of the pulmonary capillary?

A

45 mmHg

27
Q

What is the PCO2 at the venous end of the pulmonary capillary?

A

40 mmHg

28
Q

What is the PCO2 at the arterial end of the capillary in the peripheral tissue?

A

40 Hg

29
Q

What is the PCO2 at the venous end of the capillary in the peripheral tissue?

A

45 mmHg

30
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood?

A

Dissolved (7%)
Hemoglobin (23%)
HCO3 (70%)

31
Q

What maintains the electrical neutrality in the RBC when HCO3 diffuses out of the RBC?

A

Cl- diffusing into the RBC

This is referred to as the chloride shift.

32
Q

How would exercise change the chloride shift?

A

increase

33
Q

How do you calculate the alveolar ventilation?

A

Ventilation = Frequency (Tidal volume - Dead space)

4200 mL = 12 (500-350)

34
Q

What determines the PO2 and PCO2 in alveolar air?

A
  1. Alveolar ventilation

2. Rate of O2 absorption and CO2 excretion

35
Q

Describe the Haldane Effect.

A

Deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry CO2.

36
Q

What is the ventilation-perfusion ratio?

A

Alveolar Ventilation / Cardiac Output

4.2 L/min / 5.0 L/min = 0.8

37
Q

When ventilation exceeds blood flow, the ventilation-perfusion ratio is (less than/greater than) 0.8.

A 
Greater than 0.8
The space (the volume of air) does not participate in gas exchange.
38
Q

What physiological factors would create a ventilation-perfusion ratio > 0.8? Pathophysiological?

A

Physiological: upper part of the upright lung
Pathophysiological: Obstruction or loss of blood flow

39
Q

What physiological factors would create a ventilation-perfusion ratio less than 0.8? Pathophysiological?

A

Physiological: lower part of the upright lung
Pathophysiological: Obstruction to air flow

40
Q

When blood flow exceeds ventilation, the ventilation-perfustion ratio is (less than/greater than) 0.8?

A

Less than 0.8

“Blood enters the arterial system without going through ventilated areas of the lung.”

CPR M2T1E4 (15 decks)

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