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Health Psychology > 2. Stress & Illness > Flashcards

2. Stress & Illness Flashcards

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1
Q

The three conceptions of stress :-)

A
  1. Stress as Stimulus 2. Stress as Reaction / Response 3. Stress as Transaction / Process
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2
Q

Stress as Stimulus: Three scales of Stressing Events

A
  1. Catastrophes 2. Major Life Events 3. Daily Hassles
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3
Q

Stress as Stimulus: Which stressor is the strongest predictor of well-being

A

Daily Hassles! Yet, very dramatic events (Traumas) slighlty higher effect, but comparable in effect!!

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4
Q

Stress as Stimulus: Sources of Stress?

A
  1. Within Person (conflict, illness) 2. Family (divorce, death) 3. Community (jobs, discrimination) 4. Environment (overcrowding, noise)
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5
Q

Stress as Process: Name a Model & Author

A

Lazarus: Transactional Model of Stress

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6
Q

Stress as Process:
Explain The Model

A
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7
Q

Stress as Process:
What influences appraisals?

A

Stress as Process:
What influences appraisals?

  • Individual Characteristics
  • Self-Efficacy
  • Personality
  • Situation Characteristics
  • Ambiguity
  • Timing
  • Controllability
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8
Q

Definition Self-Efficacy

A

How well I PERCEIVE that I can organize and carry out behaviours necessary to cope with potentially ambiguous and stressful situations?

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9
Q

Elaborate:
Cold Pressure Task to Measure Self Efficacy

A

VP:

  1. Evaluate their self-efficacy
  2. Put Hand in Bucket with Cold Water
  3. Cognitive (self-efficacy) / placebo / no instruction groups

RESULT:

  1. Baseline self-efficacy to withstand pain significantly correlated with ability to withstand pain longer
  2. Cognitive group significantly correlated with ability to withstand pain longer
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10
Q

Stress as Process:
Which Personality Factors Impact Stress Appraisal?

A
  • Hardiness
  • Sense of Coherence
  • Optimism
  • Resilience
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11
Q

Stress as Process: Ambiguity

A

lack of clarity in a situation

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12
Q

Stress as Process: Timing

A

Events occur later or earlier than expected
♦ earlier: having a baby with 16
♦ later: starting university with 75
♦ other: become sick during exam period

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13
Q

Stress as Process: Controllability

A
  • Personal Control
  • Circumstances outside of Control

Distinguish between:

  • behavioural control (to late for exam)
  • cognitive control (eg unable to stop worrying)
  • > perceived control more important than actual control
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14
Q

Define Stress as a Stimulus

A

Flight-or-Fight Response:

  • innate reaction to threatening stimulus
  • evolutionarily adaptive
  • functions of physical indicators
  • heart acceleration
  • rapid breathing
  • slowed digestion
  • sweating
  • feeling tense / jumping
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15
Q

Stress as Stimulus: GAS

A

General Adaptive Syndrom. 3 Phases:

  • alarm reaction
  • stage of resistance
  • stage of exhaustion
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16
Q

Two definitions of Stress

A
  1. Stress = when demand exceeds resources
  2. Stress = the negative feelings and beliefs that arise whenever people feel unable to cope with demands from their environment
17
Q

Stress and common cold

A

Correlative Studies. The higher the psychological stress index, the higher the percentage of people who caught the common cold.

18
Q

Model: Stress and Health

A

Experience Stress –> Unhealthy Behaviours –> weaken Immune System

Experience Stress –> Stress hormones –> weaken Immune System

Weaken Immune System -> Illness

Experience Stress —> Illness

19
Q

Stress and Heart Problems: Macaque

A
  • subordinate macaque: show more atherosclerosis
  • high ranking macaque: more coronary heart disease
20
Q

Stress and Illness (3 Illnesses)

A
  • Digestive System Disorders: Ulcer, Bowel Disease
  • HD:
    . constricted blood vessels = increased blood pressure
    . clogging arteries (fatty acids, circulating plateles)
  • Cancer (several proposed mechanisms)
21
Q

2 Ways to Measure Stress

A
  1. Physiological
  2. Self-report
22
Q

Name to Self-Report Measures

A
  • social readjustment Rating Scale (life events rated btw 0 - 100, 300+ at risk of illness)
  • daily hassles
  • perceived stress scale
23
Q

Definition Coping

A

The process by which people try to manage the perceived discrepancy between the demands of a situation and the resources available to them.

24
Q

Name 3 different coping styles

A
  1. Problem-focused coping
  2. Emotion-focused coping
  3. Avoidant coping
25
Q

5 different kinds of Social Support

A
  1. Emotional
  2. Instrumental
  3. Informational
  4. Companionship
  5. Validation
26
Q

Verankert im Lazarus Model: Name 3 ways of Coping

A
  1. Stressful Event -> Eliminate Event
  2. Primary Appraisal -> Change Cognition
  3. Secondary Appraisal -> Build Resources
27
Q

How can Social Support lessen Stress (Name 2 Mechanisms)

A
  1. Buffering
  2. Direct Effects
28
Q

Explain how Buffering Effects due to Social Support works

A
  • Appraisal (influence how you perceive stressor, due to other interpretation of friend / expectation of social support of friend)

  • Coping (the friend assists in coping)
29
Q

Direct effects of social support

A
  1. more self-esteem, belongingness (benefits health independent of stress)
  2. lead healthier life-style
30
Q

Common Cold and Social Support

A

People who have objectively more support or perceive more social report are less likely to catch the common cold.

31
Q

Name 3 Personality Characteristics that influence stress

A
  1. Optimism
  2. Hardiness
  3. Personality Type
32
Q

Define Hardiness

A

3 C:
- Control (belief that you can influence events in your life)

  • Commitment (sense of purpose or involvement in in events, activities, and people in lives)
  • Challenge (view changes as incentives or opportunities for growth rather than threats to security)
33
Q

Personality Type and Stress

A

Type A personality: increased risk of CHD

  • competitive
  • impatient
  • achievement orientated
  • hostile
  • confrontational
34
Q

Locus of Control: 3 external factors

A
  1. Environment
  2. Powerful other
  3. Chance
35
Q

How can Stress be Reduced?

A
  • CBT
  • Exposure
  • Mindfulness
  • Problem-Solving
  • Progressive Muscle Relaxation
  • Social Learning
36
Q

Problem-Solving (7 steps)

A

Step 1: Define Problem
Step 2: Brainstorm Solutions
Step 3: Consider Pros & Cons of alternatives
Step 4: Select best alternatives
Step 5: Implement Strategy
Step 6: Evaluate outcome
Step 7: Try out alternative strategy

37
Q

Mindfulness

A

Nonjudmental awareness of the present moment experience while encouraging openess, curiosity and acceptance.

Health Psychology (10 decks)

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