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Organizational Psychology > 2. Socialization > Flashcards

2. Socialization Flashcards

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1
Q

Define organizational socialization.

A

the process by which a new employee learns the culture

values, norms, behaviors

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2
Q

Name three assumptions of Socialization in Organizations.

A
  • Socialization occurs at two levels (org –> ind, ind –> org)
  • socialization is DEVELOPMENTAL
  • focus: integration of newcomers
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3
Q

Name the four functions of organizational culture.

A
  • org identity
  • social system stability
  • collective commitment
  • sense-making device
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4
Q

Describe the evolution of socialization through the 60s to the 90s

A

60s: “coercive integration”
70s: “people management”
80s: “interactive assimilation”
90s: “proactivity”

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5
Q

The Doll Experiment (Clark & Clark, 1939)

A
  • 2 dolls shown to children (aged 6-9): black, white
  • series of questions
    • 71% said “white doll is the nice one”
    • 88% of black children said the black doll looked most like them
    • 47% of black girls said the white girl is the pretty one (boys said both)
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6
Q

What is another word for “coercive organization”

A

CULT

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7
Q

define “cult”

A

a TOTALITARIAN movement

  • absolute devotion
  • methods of manipulation, persuasion, control
  • goals are that of the leader
  • total dependence of members

–> important consequences for social environment

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8
Q

Name the 4 components of “psychological abuse” according to Langone 1992.

A

a) controlling information in order to manipulate thinking/judgement
b) coercing CHOICE
c) fragmenting PERSONAL IDENTITY
d) undermining SELF-WORTH

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9
Q

name the 4 kinds of techniques seen in psychological abuse (Rodriguez-Carballeira, 1992)

A

ENVIRONMENTAL techniques

EMOTIONAL techniques

COGNITIVE techniques

ALTERED STATES CONSCIOUSNESS Techniques

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10
Q

Environmental Techniques

A

CCIP

Controlling info
Creating dependency
Isolation
Physical/psychological weakness

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11
Q

Why is “controlling infos” effective in coercive organizations?

A

cognitive disorganisation e.g. through time control

monopoly of info, one source –> absolutist perspectve

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12
Q

How are members of a cult isolated?

A

detachment from social network

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13
Q

How is physical/psychological weakness induced?

A
  • sleep deprivation
  • unbalanced diet
  • indoctrination after intense working
  • physical coercion (less common)
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14
Q

Sleep deprivation case study…

A

RANDY GARDNER stayed awake 264 hours (11days)

Irritability, speech slurring, memory lapses, fragmented thinking, paranoia, expressionlessness

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15
Q

Emotional techniques

A

– Emotional Activation

– Activation of Guilt and Anxiety

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16
Q

What is meant by “emotional activation”?

A

increasing the affective, decreasing the rational e.g. love-bombing

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17
Q

How is guilt and anxiety activated?

A

arbitrary application of reward/punishment

18
Q

What is intermittent reinforcement?

A

not administered to each instance of response

– builds persistent behavior that is more resistant to extinction

19
Q

Cognitive techniques

A

NAG

No critical thinking (absolutist beliefs)
Attention control (e.g. sensory deprivation, saturation)
Group identification demands (e.g. control over language)

20
Q

Altered States Consciousness Techniques

A

MMD

MANTRAS
MEDITATON
DRUGS

21
Q

Define the three stages of socialization in organizations.

A

1) anticipatory socialization
2) encounter
3) change and acquisition

22
Q

What does Stage 1 (anticipatory socialization) rely on?

A

Realism (expectations)
Congruence (competences)

–> the psychological contract

23
Q

Define the psychological contract.

A

the perception of both parties to the employment relationship, organization and individual

24
Q

What are key characteristics of the psychological contract?

A
    • evolving, dynamic
    • subjective (to ind. expectations)
    • relational
    • transactional
25
Q

Anticipatory Socialization can be either __________ or ___________.

A

Indirect: from previous jobs/training
Direct: information-seeking

26
Q

Describe briefly the perceptual and social processes of Stage 1 (anticipatory socialization).

A

anticipating. ..
- realities about the new job
- organization’s needs for one’s skills
- organization’s sensitivity to one’s own needs

27
Q

Describe briefly the perceptual/social processes of Stage 2 (Encounter)

A
  • managing of work-life-balance
  • seeking role definition
  • becoming familiar with task (e.g. through mentoring)
28
Q

What is included in the psychological contract?

A

recognition + boss + treatment + career
(not salary)

transactional components: e.g. bonus
relational components: e.g. dignity at work

29
Q

Describe the OLD psychological contract.

A

Focus: security
structured duration
broad scope

employer task: fair pay for good work
employee task: good performance

30
Q

describe the NEW psychological contract.

A

Focus: employability
flexible duration
narrow scope

employer task: high pay for high performance
employee task: “making a difference”

31
Q

Name THREE functions of the psychological contract!

A

Royal Meghan Fail

Reduce insecurity
Management of employees
Feelings of participation

32
Q

Case study: Casino de Madrid

A
  • tennis, paddle, soccer tournaments between employees
  • gifts at anniversaries
  • christmas eve party for employees and family
33
Q

Describe the perceptual/social processes of stage 3 (Acquisition stage)

A

ADAPTATION

results: comfort in new role, mastery of job skills, acceptance of values, self-confidence up, anxiety down

34
Q

Describe the ethical issues in organizational socialization.

A

INFORMED CONSENT?
- should attempts at changing behavior/values be made transparent?

DEBASEMENT

  • mild forms common e.g. fraternities, military training
  • -> fear, intimidation

ACCURATE EXPECTATIONS?

  • in anticipatory socialization stage
  • is it unethical not to give a balanced view of itself?
35
Q

Name different socialization tactics.

A

collective/individual

formal/informal

sequential/random

fixed/variable

serial/disjunctive

investiture/divestiture

36
Q

Distinguish formal and informal socialization tactics.

A

formal: defined socialization period, segregated training
informal: on the job

37
Q

Distinguish sequential and random socialization tactics.

A

sequential: fixed progression of steps
random: dynamic progression

38
Q

Distinguish fixed and variable socialization tactics.

A

F: timetabled
V: not timetabled

39
Q

Distinguish serial and disjunctive socialization tactics.

A

S: role model
D: no role model

40
Q

Distinguish investiture and divestiture socialization tactics.

A

I: affirmation of new incoming role identities
D: denial of newcomer’s sense of self

Organizational Psychology (9 decks)

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