Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ENT > 2: Rhinitis and Nasal Polyps > Flashcards

2: Rhinitis and Nasal Polyps Flashcards

1
Q

Define rhinitis

A

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two broad categories of rhinitis

A
  • Allergic

- Infectious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is allergic rhinitis

A

IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two-types of non-allergic rhinitis

A

Vasomotor

Infective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is infectious rhinitis

A

Inflammation nasal mucosa due to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is vasomotor rhinitis

A

Inflammation nasal mucosa due to changes in sympathetic-parasympathetic NS, hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are causes of vasomotor rhinitis

A
  • Cold weather
  • Medications (ACEi, B-blockers)
  • COCP
  • Hypothyroidism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are risk factors for allergic rhinitis

A

Personal or family history of atopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does rhinitis present clinically

A
  • Post-nasal drip
  • Congestion
  • Sneezing
  • Rhinorrhoea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What may long-standing rhinitis increase the risk of

A

Sinusitis

Otitis media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are additional symptoms of allergic rhinitis

A
  • Allergic conjunctivitis
  • Itching throat
  • Atopic dermatitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a sign of long-standing vasomotor rhinitis

A

Enlarged turbinates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is rhinitis usually diagnosed

A

Clinically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is indicated for allergic rhinitis

A

Allergy Testing: skin prick or serum-specific IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is first line for allergic rhinitis

A

Intra-nasal anti-histamine

Intra-nasal decongestants (Oxymetazoline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the MOA of oxymetazoline

A

a1 antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how long should oxymetazoline be given for

A

3d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why is oxymetazoline given for maximum 3d

A

as on withdrawal it can cause rebound nasal congestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is rebound nasal congestion called

A

rhinitis medicamentosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how is vasomotor rhinitis addressed conservatively

A

medication review - stop offending medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how is vasomotor rhinitis addressed medically

A

Topical nasal decongestants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how is vasomotor rhinitis addressed surgically

A

Resection of enlarged turbinates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why are nasal polyps considered on a spectrum of rhinosinutitus

A

As they are caused by chronic inflammation and thickening of the nasal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are nasal polyps

A

Oedema of nasal mucosa which then prolapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are nasal polyps often called
Chronic rhinosinusitus with nasal polyps
26
What is the typical age-range for nasal polyps
Males >40
27
What are the symptoms of nasal polyps
- Watery anterior rhinorrhoea - Purulent post-nasal drip - Nasal obstruction - Mouth breathing - Snoring
28
How do polyps usually appear
Bilateral | Adjacent to middle meatus
29
What triad is associated with nasal polyps
Samter's triad
30
What is samter's triad
1. Aspirin Hypersensivity 2. Late-Onset Asthma 3. Nasal polyps
31
What is used to investigate nasal polyps
Anterior Rhinoscopy
32
How can nasal polyps be differentiated from turbinates on anterior rhinos copy
Polyps: - Pink - Mobile - Non-tender Turbinates: - Pale - Non-mobile - Insensitive
33
If a polyp is unilateral what is required and why
Biopsy - risk nasopharyngeal cancer
34
When are nasal polyps rare
Children
35
What is a nasal polyp in a child likely to be
CF, mucocele, neoplasm
36
What 3 medications are given in medical management of nasal polyps
1. Intra-nasal betamethaosone 2. Intra-nasal fluticasone 3. Doxycycline
37
What surgical procedure is indicated for nasal polyps
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
38
If more than a polypectomy is indicated, what imaging is required
CT
39
What are complications of functional endoscopic sinus surgery
Optic.N damage | CSF Leak
40
What is the criteria for rhinosinusitus
Nasal congestion and one of | ``` PEDALS Pain in face Endoscopy Discharge ALl remember CT findings Smell loss ```
41
how can rhinosinusitus be divided
Acute or Chronic
42
what defines chronic rhinosinusitus
>12W
43
Define acute rhinosinusitus
Inflammation of nasal passage and paranasal sinuses lasting less than 12W
44
What are the 3 types of acute rhinosinusitus
Viral Post-Viral Bacterial
45
What are the 2 viral causes of acute rhinosinusitus
Coronavirus | Rhinovirus
46
What causes post-viral rhinosinusitus
Residual inflammation following viral infection
47
What causes bacterial rhinosinusitus
Often viral infection causes inflammation predisposing to secondary bacterial infection
48
What are risk factors for bacterial rhinosinusitus
- Virus Direct spread: - Dental infection - Swimming Odd anatomy: - Septal deviation - Large ethmoidal bull - Mechanical ventilation
49
What is the diagnostic criteria for acute rhinosinusitus
Onset of two or more of the following: - Congestion - Discharge - Facial Pain - Loss sense smell
50
What factors indicate bacterial rhinosinusitus
Local pain Purulent discharge Worsening after improvement (post-viral)
51
How is rhinosinusitus usually diagnosed
Clinically
52
If rhinosinusitus persists beyond 10-days, who should the person be referred to
Refer to ENT
53
What may ENT order to investigate rhinosinusitus
- Nasal endoscopy | - CT paranasal sinuses
54
If symptoms less than 5d, how is someone with rhinosinusitus managed
Analgesia | Nasal decongestant
55
What is used as a nasal decongestant
Oxymetazoline
56
If symptoms 5-10d, what is used to manage rhinosinusitus
Nasal Steroid | Oral Abx
57
If symptoms persist beyond 10d what should be done
Refer ENT: CT paranasal sinus, nasal endoscopy. IV Abx Oral steroids Surgery
58
Give 5 complications of rhinosinusitus
``` Abscess Osteomyelitis Intracranial abscess Venous sinus thrombosis Pre-septal cellulitus Orbital cellulitus Pott's puffy tumour ```
59
What is pre-septal cellulitis also known as
Peri-orbital cellulitus
60
What is the most common cause of orbital cellulitis
Rhinosinusitus
61
What is the commonest cause of abscess
Rhinosinusitus
62
What is the problem with osteomyelitis secondary to rhinosinusitus
Can spread to cause intracranial infection
63
What is Pott's Puffy Tumour
Osteomyelitis of the frontal sinus
64
How will Potts Puffy Tumour present
Boggy forehead swelling
65
What is orbital cellulitis
Infection soft-tissue posterior to orbital septum
66
How does orbital cellulitis typically occur
Secondary to paranasal sinus infection
67
How will orbital cellulitis present clinically
child with: - Inflammation - Lid swelling - Diplopia on eye movements - Fever
68
What is a complication of orbital cellulitis
- Abscess | - Intracranial extension
69
Why may orbital cellulitis cause loss of vision
Optic neuritis
70
How can orbital cellulitis be distinguished from peri-orbital cellulitis
``` Proptosis Painful eye movements Visual loss Loss colour vision RAPD ```
71
How is orbital cellulitis managed in adults
IV Tazocin
72
How is orbital cellulitis managed in children
IV Co-amoxiclav
73
What investigation should be ordered in orbital cellulitis
CT
74
What is chronic rhinosinusitus
Inflammation mucosa of nose and paranasal sinuses for more than 12W
75
What are the two types of chronic rhinosinusitus
With and Without Polyps
76
What increases the risk of chronic rhinosinusitus
Samters triad: aspirin sensitivity, late-onset asthma Ciliary dysfunction: - Primary ciliary dyskinesia - Cystic fibrosis
77
What is the criteria to diagnose chronic rhinosinusitus
2 or more for 12W: - Congestion - Discharge - Pain - Smell loss
78
What is first-line for chronic rhinosinusitus
Nasal endoscopy
79
to make a diagnosis of rhinosinusitus on nasal endoscopy what must be present
- Inflammation - Polyp - Mucopurulent discharge - Mucosal occlusion middle meatus
80
What scoring system is used to grade severity of chronic rhinosinusitus
Visual analogue score
81
How are visual analogue score 0-3 managed
- Nasal Saline | - Intra-nasal corticosteroids
82
How are visual analogue score >3 managed
- Antibiotics - Intranasal corticosteroids - CT - FESS
83
What is a complication of chronic rhinosinusitus
Mucocoele
84
Where are mucoceles more common
Frontal sinus
85
How do mucoceles present
Lump on the head
86
What is the risk of mucocoeles
Eroding bone

ENT (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions