(2) Respiration

Question 1

Lungs

Answer 1

structure and efficiency vary amongst vertebrated

Question 2

Lungs Surface area

Answer 2

Amphibian < Reptile < Bird < Mammal

Question 3

Lungs Airflow

Answer 3

• Two ways in most vertebrates
• one way in birds (air sacs) = more fresh air

Question 4

Gills

Answer 4

counter-current circulation = efficiency
Ex: fish, amphibian and arthropod larvae

Question 5

Book Lungs

Answer 5

lung-like, but simple, book structure
Ex: spiders, scorpions

Question 6

Book Gills

Answer 6

aquatic respiration, but simple, book structure
Ex: horshoe crabs

Question 7

Tracheal

Answer 7

Branching tubes directly to cells
- Spiracles (opening), Tracheoles (tubes)
Ex: insects only

Question 8

Cutaneous

Answer 8

Epithelial diffusion -> breathe through skin
Ex: Porifera, worms, amphibians to some degree

Question 9

Air Flow (mammalian structure)

Answer 9

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Paired bronchi
bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli

Question 10

Air Treatment (mammalian structure)

Answer 10

1. Warmed
2. Moistened
3. Filtered

Question 11

Inspiration Mechanism

Answer 11

• Ribs rise / diaphragm drops
  -Chest cavity increases
  -Air pressure lowered; air moves in

Question 12

Boyle’s Law

Answer 12

As gas’s volume increases its pressure decreases and vice versa

Question 13

Expiration Mechanism

Answer 13

• reversed
  *mammalian system is “negative pressure”
• frogs have a “positive pressure” system

Question 14

Gas Exchange

Answer 14

passively (diffusion) according to O2/CO2 partial pressure

Question 15

Hemoglobin Structure (Gas Transport)

Answer 15

1. 4 globin protein subunits
2. 4 Iron-containing heme groups with O2 affinity

Question 16

Hemoglobin Functioning (Gas Transport)

Answer 16

1. O2 bound at lungs (affinity high)
2. O2 released at tissue (affinity low)
3. Vice versa for CO2
4. CO2 at tissues decreases hemoglobin affinity for O2

Question 17

Myoglobin

Answer 17

• Oxygen carrier in muscles
  -Higher )2 affinity than hemoglobin
  -Releases O2 during O2 debt

Question 18

Llama Hemoglobin

Answer 18

greater oxygen affinity than humans to counter lower O2 pressure at high elevations

Question 19

Human Fetal Hemoglobin

Answer 19

greater oxygen affinity than adults to take )2 from mother’s blood

Question 20

Total Transport Proportions

Answer 20

O2= 99% by hemoglobin; 1% dissolve in plasma
CO2= 23% carried by hemoglobin; 7% dissolved in plasma; 70% in RBC cytoplasm (eliminates acidity in blood)