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BIOL 225 > (1) Life & Architecture / Development > Flashcards

(1) Life & Architecture / Development Flashcards

1
Q

Protoplasmic Grade

A

Unicellular organism, differentiated into organelles capable of performing specialised functions

Example;
(Archae)bacteria/(Eu)bacteria
Most Protista

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2
Q

Cellular/Cell Aggregate Grade

A

Aggregation of cells that are functionally differentiated
-No tissue

Example:
Multicellular Protista
Phylum Porifera (sponge)

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3
Q

Cell-Tissue Grade

A

a group of cells united to perform a clear function together
-no organs

Example:
Phylum Cnidaria (jellyfish, sea anemone)

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4
Q

Organ-Tissue Grade

A

More specialised, múltiple tissues
- no organ systems

Example:
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

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5
Q

Organ System

A

Everything else

Example:
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms), Mollusca, Annelida (earthworms), Arthropoda, Chordata (vertebrates)

*organisms are classified according to their highest level of organisation

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6
Q

Body Fluids- Intracellular

A

Cytoplasm
- 36% human body weight

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7
Q

Body Fluids- Extracellular

A

a). Blood plasma
- within blood vessels/heart
- 4%

b). Interstitial fluid
- surrounding cells
- 20%

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8
Q

Body Plans

A
  1. Unicellular vs Multicellular
  2. Cell aggregate vs tissue
  3. Radical va bilateral symmetry
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9
Q

Acoelomate

A

-no body cavity vs tube-within-tube design (does have a cavity)

Example:
Phylum Platyhelminthes (tapeworms)

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10
Q

Coelom

A

Body cavity

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11
Q

Pseudo

A

False

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12
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

Body cavity not entirely lined with mesoderm

Example:
Phylum Nematoda or roundworms

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13
Q

Eucoelomate

A

Entire body cavity lined with mesoderm

Example:
Phylum Annelida (earthworms), Mollusca, Arthropoda, Chordata (vertebrates)

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14
Q

Deuterostomes vs Protostomes

A

Deuterostomes: anus forms first

Protostomes: mouth forms first

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15
Q

Metemerism

A

Having a body segmentation

Example:
Annelida (earthworms), Arthropoda, Chordata (fish)

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16
Q

Cephalization

A

Having a head

Example:
Annelida (earthworms), Arthropoda, Chordata (fish)

*earthworms don’t really have a head

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17
Q

Gamete Formation

A

Spermatogenesis/oogenesis

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18
Q

Preformation

A

Miniature embryo in gambete(s) “unfolds”

NO

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19
Q

Epigenesis

A

Fertilised egg contains raw materials only, that assemble

YES

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20
Q

Purposes of Fertilization

A
  1. Provide for genetic diversity
  2. Restore diploidy (full # of chromosomes)
  3. Activate egg - revises active metabolisms
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21
Q

Events of Development

A
  1. Jelly Layer
  2. Fusion
  3. Fertilisation cone
  4. Polyspermy prevention
  5. Male and female pronuclei
  6. Removal of inhibitors
  7. Egg cytoplasm
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22
Q
  1. Jelly Layer
A

Penetrated by sperm

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23
Q
  1. Fusion with vitelline envelope
A

If egg recognition and sperm receptor proteins match

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24
Q
  1. Fertilised cone
A

Draws sperm head in

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25
Q
  1. Polyspermy prevention
A

No mote than one

a. Electrical potential change to vitelline membrane
- blocks other sperms fusion=“fast block”
b. Cortical reaction: lifts vitelline envelope away
c. Envelope hardens = fertilisation membrane = “slows block”

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26
Q
  1. Male and Female
A

Pronuclei (1N+1N)

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27
Q
  1. Removal of inhibitors
A

To egg metabolism

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28
Q
  1. Egg cytoplasm
A

Spatially reorganises

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29
Q

Egg cleaves

A

Blastomeres
(It divides to create embryo)

30
Q

Isolecithal (yolk amount and distribution)

A

Sparse, evenly distributed yolk

Example:
Mammals, starfish, insects

Iso= same

31
Q

Mesolecithal (yolk amount and distribution)

A

Moderate amount of yolk at one end

Example:
Amphibians

Meso= middle

32
Q

Telolecithal (yolk amount and distribution)

A

Mostly dense yolk; only a dice of cytoplasm on surface divides

Example: birds, reptiles, egg-laying mammals, fish

Telo= ends

33
Q

Holoblastic

A

While egg cleaved
(yolk slows but does not prevent it)

Example:
Isolecithal and mesolecithal

34
Q

Meroblastic

A

Only cytoplasm cleaved
(yolk too dense to cleave)

Example:
Telolecithial

35
Q

What is life?

A

DNA
Cellular
Complex
Grow and develop
Metabolism
Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
Homeostasis

36
Q

What is an animal?

A

Multicellular heterotroph
Is motile during some point of its life

37
Q

Entomology

A

Study of bugs

38
Q

Icthyology

A

Study of fish

39
Q

Herpetology

A

Study of reptiles and amphibians

40
Q

Ornithology

A

Study of birds

41
Q

Mammalogy

A

Study of mammals

42
Q

Microbiology

A

Study of Protozoa, virus, etc

43
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

44
Q

Ecology

A

Study of interactions

45
Q

Telolecithal (significance of yolk amount)

A

Embryo development slow/more complete relying on extensive yolk

Example:
egg laying vertebrates (birds, reptiles, egg mammals, fish)

46
Q

Isolecithal & Mesolecithal (significance of yolk amount)

A

placenta nourishes embryo, or egg develops quickly into self-feeding larva

Example:
mammals, amphibians, insects

47
Q

Indirect Development

A

egg-larva-pupa-adult

Metamorphosis

*most iso and meso eggs

48
Q

Direct Development

A

egg-embryo-adult

*placental mammals and telo eggs

49
Q

Blastula

A

hollow balls of cells

50
Q

Blastocoel

A

blastula’s cavity

51
Q

Gastrulation

A

make the stomach

52
Q

Invagination (Gastrulation)

A

blastula intended -> gastrula

53
Q

Archenteron (Gastrulation)

A

Primitive gut

54
Q

Blastopore (Gastrulation)

A

gut’s opening

55
Q

Protostome (Blastopore)

A

blastopore forms mouth first

Example:
arthropoda, molluscs, worms, etc

56
Q

Deuterostomes (Blastopore)

A

Blastopore forms anus first

Example: chordates, echinodermata

57
Q

End result - three germ layers (Gastrulation)

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
58
Q

Ectoderm (three germ layers)

A

forms external epithelium, nervous system

59
Q

Mesoderm (three germ layers)

A

forms muscle tissue, bone, cartilage, repro system, circulatory system, body cavity lining (peritoneum)

60
Q

Endoderm (three germ layers)

A

forms lining of digestive system

61
Q

Induction (embryonic)

A

cells in particular regions of developing embryo determine the developmental response of neighboring cells

62
Q

Primary organizer (embryonic)

A

region of dorsal lip of gastrula’s blastopore responsible for PRIMARY INDUCTION event leading to complete embryo

63
Q

Secondary Induction (embryonic)

A

one tissue induced to differentiate induces another tissue, and so on

64
Q

Homeotic Genes (gene expression)

A

specify the identity of specific body segments

Example: thorax with legs

65
Q

Homeotic Mutation (gene expression)

A

cause development of wrong structures in a given region

66
Q

Amniotes

A

grouping of reptiles, birds, and mammals (terrestial)

67
Q

Amnion (Extraembryonc membranes)

A

fluid filled; prevents dying, a shock absorber

68
Q

Yok Sac (Extraembryonc membranes)

A

provides nourishment

69
Q

Allantois (Extraembryonc membranes)

A

stores wastes, with chorion exchanges gases

70
Q

Chorion (Extraembryonc membranes)

A

with allantois exchanges gases

BIOL 225 (10 decks)

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