(2) Circulation

Question 1

Open Circulatory System

Answer 1

blood not always confined to vessels
Ex: Mollusca except Cephalopods, Arthropoda

Question 2

Closed Circulatory System

Answer 2

blood is entirely confined to vessels
Ex: cephalopods, Annelida, Chordata

Question 3

Intracellular Body Fluid

Answer 3

within cells
36%

Question 4

Extracellular Body Fluid

Answer 4

• Blood plasma: in blood vessels 4%
• Interstitial: not in blood vessels 20%

Question 5

Inorganic ions (composition of body fluids)

Answer 5

Na+, Cl-, HCO3, K+, Mg+2, PO4-3

Question 6

Proteins (composition of body fluids)

Answer 6

hormones, clotting factors

Question 7

Nutrients (composition of body fluids)

Answer 7

monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids/glycerol

Question 8

Plasma (Mammalian Blood Plasma Composition)

Answer 8

a. H2O
b. Dissolved solids: protein, glucose, amino acids, ions, etc
c. Dissolved gases: O2, CO2, N2

Question 9

Formed Elements (Mammalian Blood Plasma Composition)

Answer 9

the blood cells within the liquid part of blood

Question 10

Erythrocytes

Answer 10

red blood cells
1. no nucleus, ribosomes or DNA
2. Hemoglobin for carrying O2
3. Biconcave disk to increase surface area

Question 11

Leukocytes

Answer 11

white blood cells
1. Several types
2. Body’s defenses
3. 1 wbc: 700 rbc

Question 12

Platelets and hemostasis

Answer 12

blood clotting
1. Platelet cells bind to blood vessel tear
2. Platelets and vessel release thromboplastin
3. activates prothrombin into enzyme thrombin
4. this catalyzes fibrinogen to become fibrin
5. fibrin and rbc’s mesh to stop bleeding
6. = a catalytic sequence = a “cascade”

Question 13

Fish (Comparative Vertebrate Heart Anatomy)

Answer 13

1 Atrium
1 Ventricle
Gills
Body
a. Two heart chamber
b. single circulation

Question 14

Terrestrial Vertebrates Heart Anatomy

Answer 14

a. double circulation
b. pulmonary circuit of deoxygenated blood to lungs
c. systematic circuit of oxygenated blood to body

Question 15

Amphibians/Reptiles (Comparative Vertebrate Heart Anatomy)

Answer 15

a. three heart chambers
b. some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in ventricle

Question 16

Birds/Mammals (Comparative Vertebrate Heart Anatomy)

Answer 16

a. two atria and two ventricles = four chambers
b. deoxygenated and oxygenated completely seperate

Question 17

Pacemaker Cells

Answer 17

cardiac muscle cells of heart (not brain) initiates hart beat and sets Rythm of beating, impulse spreads across heart

Question 18

Medulla

Answer 18

cardiac center of brain
- Respiration
- Heart rate

Question 19

Hypothalamus

Answer 19

hunger (blood glucose)
thirst (bloods’s concentration, not urines’s)

Question 20

Circulatory Circuit

Answer 20

venules, veins, heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries

Question 21

Veins

Answer 21

1. Larger Lumen
2. Thinner walled (lower pressure)
3. little elasticity (not needed)
4. Valves prevent backflow (legs)

Question 22

Arteries

Answer 22

1. Smaller Lumen
2. Thicker walled (higher pressure)
3. very Elastic
4. Keep blood pressure more even
5. rebound helps push blood along
6. No Valves (not needed)

Question 23

Capillaries

Answer 23

1. narrow
2. walls only one cell layer thick
3. Permeable
   - Filtrates H2O, nutrients, gases, ions
   -large proteins remaining in capillaries create osmotic pressure

Question 24

Lymphatic System

Answer 24

1. Lymphatic capillary system collects excess filtrate and returns it to veins
2. lymph nodes = one site lymphocytes are stationed (produce antibodies)
3. site of macrophages that eat bacteria

Question 25

Systole pressure

Answer 25

pressure at heart contraction (stronger)

Question 26

Diastole pressure

Answer 26

pressure at heart relaxation (weaker)

Question 27

Sphygmomanometer

Answer 27

pressure cuff to measure blood pressure
-first sound = systole
-last sound= diastole