2. MEMORY (Types Of Long-Term Memory: Episodic, Semantic, And Procedural) Flashcards
What does the Multi-Store Model (MSM) say about Long-Term Memory (LTM)?
The MSM suggests that there is only one type of LTM, but many psychologists, including Tulving, argue that there are three distinct types: episodic, semantic, and procedural.
What is Episodic Memory?
Episodic memory stores personal events or experiences. It includes details about the time, place, and people involved. It requires conscious effort to retrieve and is associated with specific contexts.
Can you provide an example of an Episodic Memory?
Examples include a recent visit to the dentist, attending a gig, or remembering a psychology lesson you had yesterday.
What is Semantic Memory?
Semantic memory stores knowledge about the world, including facts, concepts, and meanings of words. It is consciously retrieved and often requires effort to recall.
Can you provide an example of Semantic Memory?
Examples include knowing who Justin Bieber is, recognizing the taste of an orange, or remembering the capital city of Germany (Berlin).
What is Procedural Memory?
Procedural memory stores knowledge about how to perform actions or skills. It operates automatically and can be recalled without conscious effort.
Can you provide an example of Procedural Memory?
Examples include knowing how to drive a car, ride a bike, or tie your shoelaces.
What are the main differences between Episodic, Semantic, and Procedural memory?
- Episodic: Explicit, declarative memory that involves personal events and requires conscious recall. Stored in the frontal lobes.
- Semantic: Explicit, declarative memory that involves knowledge of facts and concepts, also requires conscious recall, and is stored in the posterior cortex.
- Procedural: Implicit, non-declarative memory that involves skills and actions, does not require conscious recall, and is stored in the cerebellum and basal ganglia.
How do Episodic, Semantic, and Procedural memories differ in terms of explicit or implicit memory?
- Episodic and Semantic memories are explicit (conscious, declarative).
- Procedural memory is implicit (unconscious, non-declarative).
What does Tulving’s (1989) study suggest about the types of LTM?
Tulving’s study found that episodic and semantic memories are processed in different parts of the brain, suggesting they are separate systems within LTM.
How did Tulving (1989) investigate the differences between Episodic and Semantic memory?
Tulving injected participants with radioactive gold and measured brain activity as participants thought about episodic or semantic memories. He found that episodic memories involved the frontal lobes, while semantic memories were associated with the posterior cortex.
What is one strength of Tulving’s (1989) study?
A strength is that it supports the idea that episodic and semantic memories are separate types of LTM and are associated with different brain areas, providing biological evidence for this theory.
What is a limitation of Tulving’s (1989) study?
A limitation is that the study used a small sample size (only six participants), which reduces the generalizability of the findings and weakens external validity.
How does PET scan research support the idea of separate types of LTM?
PET scans have shown that episodic and semantic memories are recalled from different parts of the prefrontal cortex, with the left side being linked to semantic memory and the right side to episodic memory.
How does the case study of Clive Wearing support the theory of separate LTM systems?
Clive Wearing could still play the piano (procedural memory) and recognize a piano (semantic memory), but he couldn’t remember learning to play it (episodic memory). This supports the idea that episodic, semantic, and procedural memories are separate systems.
