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Urology > 2- Infertility > Flashcards

2- Infertility Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common sex chromosome anomaly in males and what is the cause?

A
  • Klinefelter’s syndrome caused by XXY karyotype
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2
Q

If a patient is suffering from hypogonadism secondary to a prolactinoma what is the treatment?

A
  • dopamine agonist = cabergoline
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3
Q

What ART is the most common and effective technique for patients with male factor infertility?

A
  • intracytoplasmic injections of spermatozoa
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4
Q

What is the cause of obstructive azoospermia and how is it evaluated?

A
  • ejaculatory duct is obstructed

- requires transrectal ultrasound

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5
Q

If semen analysis reveals a low volume but normal concentration what are the 2 possible causes?

A
  • incomplete collection

- retrograde ejaculation

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6
Q

Men with sperm concentrations of <5million/ml is seen in what condition?

A
  • Y chromosome microdeletions
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7
Q

What is the likely diagnosis for the following results:

Testosterone: low
FSH: normal/low
LH: normal/low

A
  • secondary hypogonadism
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8
Q

If semen analysis returns normal most likely what is the diagnosis?

A
  • idiopathic male infertility
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9
Q

If a semen analysis shows a concentration of less <10 million/ml that could clue you into what condition?

A
  • Klinefelter’s syndrome
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10
Q

how is infertility defined?

A

when a couple is unable to achieve conception despite 1 year of frequent, unprotected intercourse.

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11
Q

What is the treatment for primary hypogonadism?

A
  • there is no effective medical therapy
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12
Q

On physical exam you notice atypical genitalia, micropenis, and loss of secondary sex characteristics. What diagnoses are you concerned for?

A
  • Androgen deficiency
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13
Q

What testing should be done in men with severe oligozoospermia or azoospermia?

A
  • endocrine and genetic testing
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14
Q

What is the likely diagnosis for the following results:

Testosterone: low
FSH: high
LH: normal

A
  • primary hypogonadism
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15
Q

What is the protocol surrounding semen sample collection?

A
  • collect after 2-7 days of abstinence
  • should be collected in the office
  • need 2 samples 1 week apart
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16
Q

If you see immature germ cells under microscopy what are you concerned for?

A
  • disorder of spermatogenesis
17
Q

Fertility may be optimized by vaginal intercourse at how many times/week?

A

> 2 times/week

18
Q

What is the likely diagnosis for the following results:

Testosterone: high
FSH: normal
LH: high

A
  • partial androgen resistance
19
Q

What is the treatment for idiopathic male infertility?

A
  • continue attempts at natural conception or ART
20
Q

What is the most common category of male infertility?

a. endocrine and systemic disorders
b. primary testicular defects in spermatogenesis
c. sperm transport disorders
d. idiopathic male infertility

A

b. primary testicular defects in spermatogenesis

21
Q

If a patient has obstructive azoospermia you should consider testing for this type of mutation.

A
  • cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatory mutations
22
Q

If semen analysis reveals azoospermia or oligozoospermia what is the possible cause??

A
  • genital tract obstruction
23
Q

What is the treatment for dysspermatogenesis?

A
  • conception with ART
24
Q

If semen analysis reveals a low volume and low concentration what is the possible cause?

A
  • testosterone deficiency
25
Q

How is secondary hypogonadism treated?

A
  • gonadotropin replacement therapy for 6 months-2 years
26
Q

What additional test can be done for retrograde ejaculation?

A
  • post-ejaculate urine
27
Q

What is the likely diagnosis for the following results:

Testosterone: low
FSH: high
LH: high

A
  • primary hypogonadism
28
Q

What is the KEY laboratory assessment for male infertility.

A

semen analysis

Urology (10 decks)

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