2. Growth, Development and Health Flashcards
What are the Different Phases of Childhood?
- Neonate - < 4 Weeks Old
- Infant - < 12 Months Old
- Toddler - 1-2 Years Old
- Pre-School - 2-5 Years Old
- School Age
- Teenager / Adolescent
What are the Key Development Fields?
- Gross Motor
- Fine Motor
- Speech / Language
- Social
- Self-Help
What are Milestones?
Achievement of a Key Development Skill
Note - Variation is normal
What are the Gross Motor Key Development Milestones?
- Sits Steadily without Support by 8-9 months
2. Walks without Help by 18 months
What are the Fine Motor Key Development Milestones?
- Picks up Small Objects with Thumb and Finger Pincer Grasp by 9 months
- Scribbles with a Crayon by 18 months
- Draws / Copies a Complete Circle by 3 years
- Draws a person with 3 parts (Arms / Head / Eyes / Nose …) by 4 1/2 years
What are the Language Key Development Milestones?
- Responds to Name (Turns and Looks) by 6 months
- Makes sounds (2 syllable babble) by 6 months
- Has 1-2 words with Meaning by 1 year
- Uses Mama / Dada specifically for parents by 1 year
- Starts to Join Words into Sentences by 21-24 months
- Follows a Series of 3 Simple Instruction in order by 3 1/2 Years
What are the Social Key Development Milestones?
- Social Smile by 6-8 weeks
- Stranger awareness by 6 months
- Looks for Objects that fall out of Sight (Object Permanence) by 9-12 months
- Shows shared attention by 1 year
- Early pretending to play by 18 months
What are the Self-Help Key Development Milestones?
- Feeds Self with Spoon by 1 year
What is Expected of a Child ages 6 months?
- Sits Steadily without Support
- Rolls over from Back to Front
- Transfers Toy from 1 hand to the other
- Uses 2 hands to pick up Large Objects
- Responds to Name (Turns as Looks)
- Makes 2-Syllable Babble
- Reaches for Familiar People / Stranger Awareness
- Pushes away things they don’t want
- Feeds self biscuits / similar food
What is Expected of a Child ages 1 year old?
- Walks without Help (by 18 months) / Runs (some Falls)
- Stacks 2+ Blocks
- Picks up 2 Small Toys in 1 Hand
- Has 1-2 Words with meaning
- Uses Mama / Dada specifically for Parents
- Gives Kisses / Hugs
- Shows Shared Attention
- Lifts up Cup to Mouth and Drinks
- (Insists on) Self-Feeding with Spoon
What is Expected of a Child ages 2 years old?
- Climbs on Play Equipment
- Scribbles with a Circular Motion
- Has Vocabulary of 20-50 words
- “Helps” with some Simple Household Tasks
- Opens door by turning Knob
What is Expected of a Child ages 3 years old?
- Rides on a Tricycle using Pedals
- Draws / Copies a complete Circle
- Asks questions beginning with Why / When / How
- Identifies >4 colours by name correctly
- Gives Direction to other Children
- Toilet Trained but needing help with Wiping
What Factors influence Milestones?
- Genetics - Family / Race / Gender
- Environment
- Positive Early Childhood Experience
- Developing Brain Vulnerable to Insults - Antenatal / Postnatal / Abuse and Neglect
Why is Development Assessed?
- Reassurance and Showing Progress
- Early Diagnosis and Intervention
- Provision of Information
What are the Recognised Red Flags of Development?
- Loss of Developmental Skill
- Parental / Professional Concern regarding Vision
- Hearing Loss
- Persistent Low Muscle Tone / Floppiness
- No Speech by 18 months
- Asymmetry of Movements / Increased Muscle Tone
- No Walking by 18 months
- Small Occipitofrontal Circumference
What are the Main Components of Child Health Programme?
- Health Promotion
- Developmental Screening
- Immunisation
What is included in the Developmental Screening part of the Child Health Screening?
- New-Born Exam and Blood Spot Screening
- New-Born Hearing Screening
- Health Visitor 1st Visit
- 6-8 Week Review
- 27-30 Month Review
- Orthoptist Vision Screnning
What is looked at in the 6-8 week Review?
- Feeding - Breast / Bottle / Both
- Parental Concerns
- Development
- Measurements - Weight / Occiptiofrontal Circumference / Length
- Examination - Heart / Lips / Genitalia / Pulses / Eyes
- Sleeping Position
What is looked at in the 27-30 month review?
- Development:
- a) Social / Behavioural / Attention / Emotional
- b) Communication - Speech and Language
- c) Gross / Fine Motor
- d) Vision / Hearing
- Physical Measures - Height / Weigh
- Diagnoses / Other Issues
How is Growth Monitored?
Physical Measurements of 3 Key Parameters:
- Weight (Grams and Kilograms)
- Length (cm) or Height (if > 2 years old)
- Head Circumference (OFC) (cm)
What are the Changes in Weight / Length / OFC from:
- Birth?
- 4 Months?
- 12 Months?
- 3 Years?
Age: Weight / Length / OFC
Birth: 3.3 / 50 / 35
4 Months: 6.6 / 60 / –
1 Year: 10 / 75 / 45
3 Years: 15 / 95 / –
What is Failure to Thrive?
Child growing too slowly in form and usually in function at the expected rate for their age
Supply of Energy &/or Nutrients < Demand for Energy &/or Nutrients
Note - Not a Diagnosis but a Description of Pattern
What are the Maternal Causes of Failure to Thrive in Early Life?
- Poor Lactation
- Incorrectly Prepared Feeds
- Unusual Milk / Other Feeds
- Inadequate Care
What are the Infant Causes of Failure to Thrive in Early Life?
- Prematurity
- Small for Dates
- Oro-Palatal Abnormalities (e.g. Cleft Palate)
- Neuromuscular Disease (e.g. Cerebral Palsy)
- Genetic Disorders
What are the Increased Metabolic Demand Causes of Failure to Thrive in Early Life?
- Congeital Lung Disease / Cystic Fibrosis
- Heart / Liver / Renal / Thyroid Disease
- Infection
- Anaemia
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Crohn’s / U.C.
- Malignancy
What are the Excessive Nutrient Loss Causes of Failure to Thrive in Early Life?
- Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux
- Pyloric Stenosis
- Gastroenteritis - Post-Infection Phase
- Malabsorption - Food Allergy / Persistent Diarrhoea / Pancreatic Insufficiency / Short Bowel Syndrome
What are the Non-Organic Causes of Failure to Thrive in Early Life?
- Poverty / Socio-Economic Status
- Dysfunctional Family Interactions
- Difficult Parent-Child Interactions
- Lack of Parental Support
- Lack of Preparation for Parenting / Education
- Child Neglect / Emotional Deprivation Syndrome
- Feeding Disorders
