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3rd Year - Paediatrics > 2. Growth, Development and Health > Flashcards

2. Growth, Development and Health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Different Phases of Childhood?

A
  1. Neonate - < 4 Weeks Old
  2. Infant - < 12 Months Old
  3. Toddler - 1-2 Years Old
  4. Pre-School - 2-5 Years Old
  5. School Age
  6. Teenager / Adolescent
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2
Q

What are the Key Development Fields?

A
  1. Gross Motor
  2. Fine Motor
  3. Speech / Language
  4. Social
  5. Self-Help
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3
Q

What are Milestones?

A

Achievement of a Key Development Skill

Note - Variation is normal

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4
Q

What are the Gross Motor Key Development Milestones?

A
  1. Sits Steadily without Support by 8-9 months

2. Walks without Help by 18 months

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5
Q

What are the Fine Motor Key Development Milestones?

A
  1. Picks up Small Objects with Thumb and Finger Pincer Grasp by 9 months
  2. Scribbles with a Crayon by 18 months
  3. Draws / Copies a Complete Circle by 3 years
  4. Draws a person with 3 parts (Arms / Head / Eyes / Nose …) by 4 1/2 years
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6
Q

What are the Language Key Development Milestones?

A
  1. Responds to Name (Turns and Looks) by 6 months
  2. Makes sounds (2 syllable babble) by 6 months
  3. Has 1-2 words with Meaning by 1 year
  4. Uses Mama / Dada specifically for parents by 1 year
  5. Starts to Join Words into Sentences by 21-24 months
  6. Follows a Series of 3 Simple Instruction in order by 3 1/2 Years
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7
Q

What are the Social Key Development Milestones?

A
  1. Social Smile by 6-8 weeks
  2. Stranger awareness by 6 months
  3. Looks for Objects that fall out of Sight (Object Permanence) by 9-12 months
  4. Shows shared attention by 1 year
  5. Early pretending to play by 18 months
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8
Q

What are the Self-Help Key Development Milestones?

A
  1. Feeds Self with Spoon by 1 year
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9
Q

What is Expected of a Child ages 6 months?

A
  1. Sits Steadily without Support
  2. Rolls over from Back to Front
  3. Transfers Toy from 1 hand to the other
  4. Uses 2 hands to pick up Large Objects
  5. Responds to Name (Turns as Looks)
  6. Makes 2-Syllable Babble
  7. Reaches for Familiar People / Stranger Awareness
  8. Pushes away things they don’t want
  9. Feeds self biscuits / similar food
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10
Q

What is Expected of a Child ages 1 year old?

A
  1. Walks without Help (by 18 months) / Runs (some Falls)
  2. Stacks 2+ Blocks
  3. Picks up 2 Small Toys in 1 Hand
  4. Has 1-2 Words with meaning
  5. Uses Mama / Dada specifically for Parents
  6. Gives Kisses / Hugs
  7. Shows Shared Attention
  8. Lifts up Cup to Mouth and Drinks
  9. (Insists on) Self-Feeding with Spoon
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11
Q

What is Expected of a Child ages 2 years old?

A
  1. Climbs on Play Equipment
  2. Scribbles with a Circular Motion
  3. Has Vocabulary of 20-50 words
  4. “Helps” with some Simple Household Tasks
  5. Opens door by turning Knob
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12
Q

What is Expected of a Child ages 3 years old?

A
  1. Rides on a Tricycle using Pedals
  2. Draws / Copies a complete Circle
  3. Asks questions beginning with Why / When / How
  4. Identifies >4 colours by name correctly
  5. Gives Direction to other Children
  6. Toilet Trained but needing help with Wiping
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13
Q

What Factors influence Milestones?

A
  1. Genetics - Family / Race / Gender
  2. Environment
  3. Positive Early Childhood Experience
  4. Developing Brain Vulnerable to Insults - Antenatal / Postnatal / Abuse and Neglect
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14
Q

Why is Development Assessed?

A
  1. Reassurance and Showing Progress
  2. Early Diagnosis and Intervention
  3. Provision of Information
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15
Q

What are the Recognised Red Flags of Development?

A
  1. Loss of Developmental Skill
  2. Parental / Professional Concern regarding Vision
  3. Hearing Loss
  4. Persistent Low Muscle Tone / Floppiness
  5. No Speech by 18 months
  6. Asymmetry of Movements / Increased Muscle Tone
  7. No Walking by 18 months
  8. Small Occipitofrontal Circumference
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16
Q

What are the Main Components of Child Health Programme?

A
  1. Health Promotion
  2. Developmental Screening
  3. Immunisation
17
Q

What is included in the Developmental Screening part of the Child Health Screening?

A
  1. New-Born Exam and Blood Spot Screening
  2. New-Born Hearing Screening
  3. Health Visitor 1st Visit
  4. 6-8 Week Review
  5. 27-30 Month Review
  6. Orthoptist Vision Screnning
18
Q

What is looked at in the 6-8 week Review?

A
  1. Feeding - Breast / Bottle / Both
  2. Parental Concerns
  3. Development
  4. Measurements - Weight / Occiptiofrontal Circumference / Length
  5. Examination - Heart / Lips / Genitalia / Pulses / Eyes
  6. Sleeping Position
19
Q

What is looked at in the 27-30 month review?

A
  1. Development:
  2. a) Social / Behavioural / Attention / Emotional
  3. b) Communication - Speech and Language
  4. c) Gross / Fine Motor
  5. d) Vision / Hearing
  6. Physical Measures - Height / Weigh
  7. Diagnoses / Other Issues
20
Q

How is Growth Monitored?

A

Physical Measurements of 3 Key Parameters:

  1. Weight (Grams and Kilograms)
  2. Length (cm) or Height (if > 2 years old)
  3. Head Circumference (OFC) (cm)
21
Q

What are the Changes in Weight / Length / OFC from:

  1. Birth?
  2. 4 Months?
  3. 12 Months?
  4. 3 Years?
A

Age: Weight / Length / OFC
Birth: 3.3 / 50 / 35
4 Months: 6.6 / 60 / –
1 Year: 10 / 75 / 45
3 Years: 15 / 95 / –

22
Q

What is Failure to Thrive?

A

Child growing too slowly in form and usually in function at the expected rate for their age
Supply of Energy &/or Nutrients < Demand for Energy &/or Nutrients
Note - Not a Diagnosis but a Description of Pattern

23
Q

What are the Maternal Causes of Failure to Thrive in Early Life?

A
  1. Poor Lactation
  2. Incorrectly Prepared Feeds
  3. Unusual Milk / Other Feeds
  4. Inadequate Care
24
Q

What are the Infant Causes of Failure to Thrive in Early Life?

A
  1. Prematurity
  2. Small for Dates
  3. Oro-Palatal Abnormalities (e.g. Cleft Palate)
  4. Neuromuscular Disease (e.g. Cerebral Palsy)
  5. Genetic Disorders
25
Q

What are the Increased Metabolic Demand Causes of Failure to Thrive in Early Life?

A
  1. Congeital Lung Disease / Cystic Fibrosis
  2. Heart / Liver / Renal / Thyroid Disease
  3. Infection
  4. Anaemia
  5. Inborn Errors of Metabolism
  6. Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Crohn’s / U.C.
  7. Malignancy
26
Q

What are the Excessive Nutrient Loss Causes of Failure to Thrive in Early Life?

A
  1. Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux
  2. Pyloric Stenosis
  3. Gastroenteritis - Post-Infection Phase
  4. Malabsorption - Food Allergy / Persistent Diarrhoea / Pancreatic Insufficiency / Short Bowel Syndrome
27
Q

What are the Non-Organic Causes of Failure to Thrive in Early Life?

A
  1. Poverty / Socio-Economic Status
  2. Dysfunctional Family Interactions
  3. Difficult Parent-Child Interactions
  4. Lack of Parental Support
  5. Lack of Preparation for Parenting / Education
  6. Child Neglect / Emotional Deprivation Syndrome
  7. Feeding Disorders

3rd Year - Paediatrics (40 decks)

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