Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology Exam 3 > 2 - Genetics & Learning Exercise Questions Prompt > Flashcards

2 - Genetics & Learning Exercise Questions Prompt Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the entire complement of genes on all chromosomes normally found in an organism; the hereditary information

A

genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

basic building block of nucleic acid;

consists of?

A

nucleotide

1) 5 carbon sugar
2) Nitrogenous Base
3) Phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

two types of 5 carbon sugars in DNA

A

ribose or deoxyribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

nitrogenous base bound to? comprised of?

A

the first or 1’ (“one prime”) carbon position;
comprised of:

(a) purine
i. Adenine (A)
ii. Guanine (G)

pyrimidine

i. Thymine (T)
ii. Cytosine (C)
iii. Uracil (U) —- only in RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

phosphate group of DNA bound to?

A

fifth (or 5’, five-prime) carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Binding of DNA nitrogenous bases?

A

AT (AU) or GC
Adenine to Thymine (or Uracil)
Guanine to Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

phosphate group bound to ?

A

5’ Carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nitrogenous Base bound to ?

A

1’ Carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pentose Sugar

A

Deoxyribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

paired nucleotides (adenine to thymine and guanine paired to cytosine) attached to deoxyribose

A

double helix (2 strands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

end with no phoshate bound to the 3’ carbon is?

A

3’ end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

end in which phosphate is bound to only the 5’ carbon

A

5’ end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

two strands that run in opposite direction

A

antiparallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

example of antiparallel

A

3’ end of one strand pairs up with the nucleotide of the 5’ end (strands are not identical, but complimentary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

forms where short lengths of double-stranded DNA helix unwind (exposing the separated strands)

A

replication fork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

enzymes that cause unwinding (and rewinding)

they break what?

A

helicase
DNA gyrase
topoisomerase

they break the hydrogen bonds between bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

binds to DNA and inserts complementary nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If parent strand exposes bases ACGGTA what is the complement?

A

TGCCAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

nucleotides are always added to the exposed ___ end of the growing strand

A

3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

strands grow in the direction of _ to _

A

5’ to 3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DNA polymerase has extreme accuracy because it

A

edits for errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

newly growing strand having the 3’ end of the exposed nucleotide “facing forward” or “leading to” the replication fork

A

“leading” strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the leading stand is ______ replicated

A

continuously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the strand having the 5’ end of the exposed nucleotide facing toward the replication fork

A

“lagging” strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the lagging strand has __ __ __; (growth method)

A

replicating short fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

needed to initiate growth in the absence of a nucleotide having a 3’ binding site

A

RNA primer

RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

provides a 3’ site to bind

A

RNA primer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

provides a 3’ site to bind

A

RNA primer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

needed to initiate growth in the absence of a nucleotide having a 3’ binding site

A 
RNA primer
RNA polymerase (synthesizes RNA primer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

facilitates linkage of a nucleotide to both 3’ and 5’ bind sites simultaneously, and inserts a nucleotide to join Replicated to Existing

A

DNA ligase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

DNA Ligase think….

A

linkage of replicated to existing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

lagging strand replicates in a _____ manner

A

discontinuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the new double-stranded DNA ___ into a helix as the parental DNA unwinds (exposing itself)

A

re-winds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the new double-stranded DNA ___ into a helix as the parental DNA unwinds (exposing itself)

A

re-winds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

E. Coli DNA replication speed?

A

FAST… 1000 nucleotides per second (about one gene per second)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is semiconservative replication?

A

entire chromosome copied, each double helix has new strand of DNA to one original parent strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

joins the discontinuous fragments of the lagging strand?

A

DNA ligase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

synthesizes RNA primer

A

RNA polymerase

39
Q

Large, SINGLE, stranded molecule of nucleotides— messenger, transfer, & ribosomal (uracil replaces thymine)

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

40
Q

RNA is attached to

A

the sugar, ribose

41
Q

RNA is attached to

A

R-ibose

42
Q

DNA is attached to

A

D-eoxyribose

43
Q

carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosome

A

“Messenger RNA” (mRNA)

44
Q

site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

45
Q

three nucleotides on the mRNA that specify the amino acid to be placed in a polypeptide

A

Codon

46
Q

3 nucleotides = ? codons

A

1 codon

47
Q

1 codon = ? amino acids

A

1 amino acid

48
Q

Genetic code is also called

A

triplet code

49
Q

transports and then transfers the amino acid to the developing peptide chain

A

“Transfer RNA” (tRNA)

look at image on page 6 of pdf

50
Q

the site on the tRNA that bonds with the codon on the mRNA

A

Anticodon

51
Q

specifies which amino acid will be carried by the tRNA

A

Anticodon

52
Q

assists protein synthesis by serving as a “facilitator” for the mRNA and tRNA functions

A

“Ribosomal RNA” (rRNA)

53
Q

the transfer of the genetic code on DNA gene into a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand by means of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

A

Transcription

54
Q

allows mRNA to be created

A

RNA polymerase

55
Q

allows mRNA to be created

A

RNA polymerase

56
Q

Steps of Transcription

A

1) DNA unwinds (exposes nucleotides)
2) RNA polymerase binds to DNA at promoter site (beginning)
3) Complementary RNA nucleotides are joined together in sequence by the RNA polymerase

57
Q

beginning site of transcription

A

promoter site

58
Q

Complementary RNA nucleotides are joined together by the

A

RNA polymerase

59
Q

transcription ends when __ _____ reaches the termination region of the gene, and the new single-stranded mRNA is released (DNA re-winds)

A

RNA polymerase

60
Q

The synthesis of a polypeptide at the ribosome (amino acid sequence from mRNA)

A

translation

61
Q

Steps of Translation

A

1) mRNA attaches to ribosome w/ “start” codon in place
2) tRNA w/ complimentary anticodon matches to codon on mRNA (first amino acid in place)
3) As matching occurs (mRNA codons to tRNA anticodons) amino acids are linked together and the tRNA is released
4) polypeptide chain released when reaches “stop” codon

62
Q

Regulation of Gene expression 6 major players

A

CIIRRO

Constituitive genes
Inducible genes
Inducible operon
Repressible genes
Repressible operon
Operon
63
Q

are constantly expressed (transcribed and translated into functional products)

A

constitutive genes (60-80% of genes)

64
Q

genes that can be “turned on”

A

inducible genes

65
Q

genes that can be “turned off”

A

repressible genes

66
Q

related genes that are regulated as a group/series (e.g. which codes for the enzymes of a single metabolic pathway)

A

Operon

67
Q

Operon components (pg 8 of PDF)

A

Repressor Gene
Promoter site
Operator site
Genes of the Operon

68
Q

codes for a “repressor” protein which can bind to the “operator” region

A

Repressor gene

69
Q

region of the chromosome to which the RNA polymerase binds during transcription

A

Promoter site

70
Q

region of the chromosome which controls (either permits or blocks) access of the RNA polymerase to the structural genes of the operon; site to which the repressor protein binds (or fails to bind)

A

Operator site

71
Q

adjacent genes of the operon which direct the synthesis of proteins with related functions and which are regulated as a unit

A

Genes of the Operon

72
Q

genes are expressed only when certain environmental conditions are present (proper substrate present unblocking operator site)

A

Inducible Operon

73
Q

Genes that are expressed EXCEPT when certain environmental conditions are present (presence represses, or slows down metabolism and blocks Operator site

A

Repressible Operon

74
Q

changes (substitutions or deletions) in the sequence of DNA bases, thus changing the genetic code

A

Mutation

75
Q

types of Mutation

A

Base Substitution

Frameshift Mutation

76
Q

a single base is replaced with another, thus changing the codon. may result in an improper amino acid in the protein

A

base substitution

77
Q

three consequences from base substitution

A

Silent - no change (in protein)
Missense - different amino acid (in protein)
Nonsense - RNA polymerase is stopped from reading and causes incomplete, nonfunctional protein

78
Q

Within in frameshift mutation two characteristics

A

1) Usually results in missense mutation

2) Usually results in significantly different, nonfunctional, or incomplete protein

79
Q

causes of base substitution and frameshift mutations

A

Spontaneous - one in 10 million
Chemical mutagens i.e. nitrous base, base analogs (do not pair properly) (antibiotics)
Radiation - X ray, gamma rays, UV light

80
Q

Genetic Transfer and Recombination 6 examples or types - RPLCTT

A 
Ret People Like Cooking Turtle Tacos
Recombination
Plasmid
Lysogeny
Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction
81
Q

gain, loss or substitution of entire gene segments or inversions or transpositions of gene sequences to form new combinations of genes

A

recombinations

82
Q

Results in major change or non-functional cell

Source of genes may be DNA from the same or another microbe (or RNA for certain viruses)

A

Recombination

83
Q

small, circular, self-replicating piece of DNA In bacteria

A

Plasmid

84
Q

separate from normal chromosomal DNA
Genes usually not essential for growth of bacterium
Genes often code for ABX resistance or disease
Genetic Engineering– recombinant plasmid inserted into a new host bacterium

A

Plasmid - extrachromosomal DNA

85
Q

Viral Gene may code for antibiotic resistance or disease causing factor

Produces new bacteriophage upon separation from the bacterial DNA

A

Lysogeny

viral DNA incorporated into bacterial DNA

86
Q

sex pillus used to transfer DNA from one cell to another

A copy of DNA strand or plasmid is transferred to the recipient cell

A

Conjugation

Gene fragment is transferred through a sex pillus

87
Q

results in new characteristics for the recipient cell

A

Transformation

Donor DNA fragment inserted into recipient DNA; typically donor DNA is “naked” or free DNA following a cell breakdown and release after bacterial death

88
Q

Results in new characteristics for the recipient cell

Bacteriophage is not functional

A

Transduction

Virus passes gene to bacterial DNA, but gets stuck accidently in bacterial virus and cannot exit

89
Q

Nitrogenous Bases

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

90
Q

Purine Nitrogenous Bases

Purine Cat Food is ALL GOOD

A

AG - All Good

Adenine
Guanine

91
Q

Pyrimidine Nitrogenous Bases

A

TCU
Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil (only in RNA)

92
Q

Transduction (trans-stuck-tion)

A

virus is delivery vehicle carrying bacterial DNA… takes it to bacteria where it gets Stuck

93
Q

extrachromosomal DNA think

A

Plasmid

94
Q

viral DNA incorporated into bacterial DNA

A

Lysogeny

Microbiology Exam 3 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions