2. Facial Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease Flashcards
A mass of blood released from a broken blood vessel and trapped in an organ or body tissue
hematoma
Brown-black pigment that gives color to the skin and hair
melanin
Cell that produces melanin
melanocyte
Small, cone-shaped projection
papilla (plural: papillae)
Cell that continually produces new cells
stem cell
The largest organ in the body
skin
The two layers of the skin
dermis (inner layer) and epidermis (outer layer)
Five layers of the epidermis
- stratum germinativum — basal layer (deepest)
- stratum spinosum — spiny layer
- stratum granulosum — granular layer
- stratum lucidum — clear layer (palms and soles)
- stratum corneum — horny layer (outermost layer)
Layer of skin responsible for the growth of the epidermis
stratum germinativum or “basal layer”
Layer of skin that contains melanocytes
stratum germinativum or “basal layer”
Cell division and growth occur in this layer of skin
stratum spinosum or “living layer”
Together, the stratum germinativum and stratum spinosum are sometimes called ______.
The Malpighian layer or “living layer”
The arms of melanocytes extend into this layer, releasing melanin into it
stratum spinosum
The middle layer of the epidermis. The cells are layer are dying and become flattened.
stratum granulosum or “granular layer”
A layer of transparent cells found in areas of thick skin
stratum lucidum or “clear layer”
The outermost/top layer of skin made of dead, scale-like cells that are continually shed and replaced by new cells from underneath.
stratum corneum or “horny layer”
The life cycle of a skin cell, from stratum germinativum to stratum corneum
1-3 weeks
The _____ lies beneath the epidermis
dermis
The dermis is composed of _____ and has _____ layers.
connective tissue; two
The top layer of the dermis
papillary layer
The _____ contains papillae, which contain either looped capillaries (small blood vessels) or nerve fibers that detect touch, heat, or cold.
papillary layer
The lowest layer of the dermis
reticular layer
The _____ contains arrector pili muscles, blood vessels, fat cells, hair follicles, lymph vessels, oil glands, and sweat glands.
reticular layer
_____ and _____ are supplied to the skin by the blood and lymph found in the reticular layer.
oxygen; nutrients
Fatty tissue found in the reticular layer of skin is sometimes referred to as a separate layer callled _____
subcutaneous layer or subcutaneous tissue
Needles inserted in the subcutaneous layer (due to improper needle length) can sometimes result in _____.
hematomas or bruising
This is because of the blood vessels located in the subcutaneous layer.
In order to be permanent, pigment must be placed in the _____ layer.
upper reticular
If pigment is placed too high in the layers of the skin, it will not be permanent. If it is placed too deep, it may be _____ or _____.
unsafe; appear blurry.
The layer of connective tissue beneath the dermis that connects the skin to the structures beneath it
hypodermis
The six functions of the skin
- Protection (against microorganisms, chemicals, etc.)
- Absorption (sunlight to Vitamin D)
- Regulation (maintaining body temperature)
- Sensation (heat, cold, touch)
- Excretion (some waste elimination)
- Secretion (oil protects against TEWL)
A strong, fibrous protein found in connective tissue
collagen
A protein present in plasma
fibrinogen
A thread-shaped protein formed by fibrinogen in response to injury; essential to blood clotting
fibrin
The body’s response to injury; an immune response
inflammation
A clear fluid formed in the body’s tissue spaces that carries lymphocytes
lymph
A cell present in blood and lymphatic tissue that fights infection
lymphocyte
A monocytes cell that is no longer circulating in the blood and has settled into the body’s tissue
macrophage
A white blood cell that surrounds foreign bodies as part of the inflammatory response
monocyte
The liquid portion of blood and lymph
plasma
When the barrier of the skin is breached, the body responds to the injury in these three phases
- Inflammatory phase (fight infection)
- Proliferative phase (cover the injured area)
- Maturation phase (permanently patch the damage)
Describe the inflammatory phase
Begins immediately after injury. Area becomes inflamed. Clear lymph flows, carrying infection-fighting lymphocytes. Blood vessels constrict to limit blood loss. Vessels then dilate to flood the area with plasma. Monocytes arrive to remove foreign objects, engulfing pigment molecules. Fibrinogen converts to sticky fibrin to form clots and scabs, restoring the barrier. Tissue remains inflamed as healing begins.
Describe the inflammatory phase as it relates to micropigmentation
Pigment appears most intense because it is wet and seen through inflamed tissue. Keep the area clean and blot to remove fluids and try to prevent scabbing. A crust/scab may form, but it is important not to pick it as that may remove pigment molecules.
Describe the proliferative phase
Begins 2-3 days after injury. New capillaries grow to provide oxygen and nutrients for healing. Monocytes continue to surround pigment molecules and become macrophages when they cannot remove the pigment. Pigment remains encapsulated in the skin. Fibroblasts secrete collagen. Collagen fibers are laid across the wound creating a framework for scar tissue.
Describe the maturation phase
Begins 3-5 weeks after injury, can last several weeks and even years. Crust has sloughed off. Dermis has been repaired with or without scar tissue. No signs of inflammation. Pigment molecules placed at the correct depth remain in place.
Inflammation of the skin
dermatitis
Refer clients to a physician when necessary to diagnose and treat _____ before proceeding with micropigmentation.
skin conditions and diseases
An inflammatory skin disease with periodic breakouts. Raised bumps may be red or have white or black centers.
acne
Do not perform micropigmentation on affected areas.
An area of skin that has been damaged by exposure to UV light. Dry, scaly, brownish or reddish patch of skin in an area exposed to sunlight.
actinic keratosis
Considered pre-cancerous. Do not perform micropigmentation on affected areas. Recommended for the client to see a physician.
Tumor-like mass formed by a group of dilated blood vessels. Reddened area that may be raised or flat (such as a port wine stain birthmark).
angioma
Do not perform micropigmentation to the affected area. May safely perform procedures around the area.
Skin inflammation that may be caused by allergies or other factors. Reddened area with small red blisters, may erupt or become crusted. Skin may lose color and take on a shiny, dry, scaly appearance.
atopic dermatitis (eczema)
Do not perform micropigmentation on affected area. Recommended for client to see a physician. Eczema occurring after the procedure may be an allergic response.
The skin’s reaction to a substance that causes irritation. Reddened area that may be blistered. Client may complain of burning, pain, or itching.
contact dermatitis
Do not perform micropigmentation on affected area. Recommended that the client see a physician.
Infectious disease caused by a virus, usually causes recurring flare-ups. Blistered area usually near the lips, nostril, or eye.
herpes simplex type 1
Do not perform micropigmentation on active blister. Clients with a history of cold sores will generally have a recurrence after lip work. Must take prescription anti-viral medication prior to the procedure.
An allergic reaction to a substance or a reaction to emotional stress. Wheals with white centers and reddened edges.
hives
Do not perform micropigmentation on affected area. If it occurs during the procedure, the client may be having an allergic reaction. Stop the procedure. If there are other signs of a serious reaction, such as difficulty breathing, call for emergency help.
Overgrowth of scar tissue at the site of a wound. Raised scar that does NOT extend beyond the boundaries of the original wound.
hypertrophic scar
Hypertrophic scars usually regress with time. Do not apply micropigmentation to the scarred area without a physician’s release.
Overgrowth of scar tissue at the site of a wound. Raised scar with hard, shiny edges that extends beyond the boundaries of the original wound.
keloid
Clients who have keloids are prone to develop them anytime the skin is broken and may be poor candidates for micropigmentation.
A harmless, non-infectious condition caused by dead skin cells plugging the hair follicles. A rough area of tiny, painless red or white bumps around the hair follicles, usually on the arms or thighs but may also occur on the face.
keratosis pilaris
No effect on micropigmentation.
Discolored area of the skin. A small dark growth which may be flat or raised.
mole
Do not perform micropigmentation directly to the mole, but you may safely work around the area. Remind clients that irregular moles should be checked by a physician.
Chronic skin condition of unknown cause. Raised, reddened areas with silvery scales; often located on scalp, elbows, chin, and trunk.
psoriasis
Do not perform micropigmentation on affected area. Patients with psoriasis often experience outbreaks during periods of strep, infection, or physical trauma. Micropigmentation may lead to a recurrence.
Inflammatory skin disease of unknown cause. Rounded, irregular lesions covered with yellow or brownish-gray greasy scales, may be present on forehead, eyelashes, eyebrows, face, and body.
seborrheic dermatitis
Do not perform micropigmentation on affected area.
Benign skin tumor. Small growths with a waxy appearance, usually brown, often occurring in clusters.
seborrheic keratosis
Do not perform micropigmentation on affected area.
An infectious disease caused by the chickenpox virus, also known as herpes zoster. Painful, red, blistered rash on the trunk and occasionally on the face.
shingles
Do not perform micropigmentation on affected area.
An enlarged, twisted vein. Large, raised veins, usually seen on the legs.
varicose veins
Do not perform micropigmentation on affected area.
A skin growth caused by a virus. Small, raised, skin-colored area.
wart
Do not perform micropigmentation directly on the wart, but may safely work around it.
The space between the cornea and the iris
anterior chamber
Vascular layer of the eyeball between the retina and sclera; supplies oxygen and nutrients
choroid
Mucous membrane lining the eyelid that covers the front of the eyeball and helps keep the eye moist
conjunctiva
Colorless, transparent section of the sclera on the front of the eyeball that allows light to pass through
cornea
Margin of eyelid between the eyelashes and the eyes, also known as the wet line
grey line
Pigmented part of the eye; a circular muscle that regulates the amount of light entering the pupil by expanding and contracting
iris
Gland that secretes tears; located above the eye
lacrimal gland
Outside corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet, also known as the outer canthus
lateral canthus
Channels that carry tears from the lacrimal gland to the eye
lacrimal ducts
Clear, gelatinous structure within the eye that focuses light rays onto the retina
lens
Inside corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet, also known as the inner canthus
medial canthus
The space between the iris and the lens
posterior chamber
The inner layer of nerve tissue that receives images
retina
Layer of firm connective tissue covering the outside of the eyeball
sclera
Bands of connective tissue that hold the lens in place
suspensory ligament
The lens of the eye, which is normally clear, becomes clouded and opaque. The pupil may appear cloudy. The treatment is surgical removal of the lens.
cataract
Ask for a physician’s release prior to the procedure if the client has recently undergone or is planning for surgery.
Swelling of a gland on the eyelid, caused by blockage. Hard lump on the eyelid that may be tender.
chalazion
Do not perform services on or near the eyelid until the condition has cleared.
Inflammation of the conjunctiva (lining of the eyelid) with or without infection. Redness of the inside of the eyelids, sometimes pus discharge. Also known as pink eye.
conjuntivitis
Do not proceed until the infection has completely cleared. Can be infectious so be sure to thoroughly wash hands if you’ve been in contact with someone with conjunctivitis.
Scratch or other minor injury/irritation to the cornea. No outward signs, but client may complain of blurred vision and sensitivity to light.
corneal abrasion
Clients may receive abrasions during micropigmentation. Recommended that client see a physician. Do not perform touch up until fully healed.
A blanket term that includes a group of eye diseases characterized by increased pressure within the eye, resulting in nerve damage. May be treated surgically or with medication.
glaucoma
Obtain physician’s release before workin on the eye area.
Inflammation of a sebaceous gland on the eyelid. Localized swelling of the eyelid or conjunctivitis.
sty
Do not perform services on the eye area until the condition has cleared.
Plastic surgery to the eyelid
blepharoplasty
Wait at least six months before micropigmentation. Clients considering both procedures should have the blepharoplasty done first.
Plastic surgery to the breasts
breast augmentation/reconstruction
Can have micropigmentation done immediately after augmentation. Wait at least 6-12 months after reconstruction due to cancer. Obtain physician’s release beforehand in either case.
Explain the affect of micropigmentation on hyperpigmentation
Hyperpigmentation cannot be successfully covered with micropigmentation, and would likely make the area appear darker instead.
Explain the affect of micropigmentation on hypopigmentation
If hypopigmentation is due to scarring, the pigment may not be visible through the thick bands of collagen in the scar and the color may appear to fade away. May take many procedures.
Clients should wait at least ____ for a micropigmentation procedure after receiving lip implants.
six months
Clients considering both procedures should have lip implants done first.
Scars that are pink or red are still _____ and should not be penetrated with a needle.
healing
