2 ' Endocrine System Flashcards
Complex network of integrated organs that communicate and help regulate all bodily systems to manage internal activists and maintain homeostasis
True
Homeostasis
Tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of valence or equilibrium within its internal environment
Eustress
A positive, desirable form of stress that influences physical or physiological health
Distress
A negative form of stress that influences physical or physiological health
Hormones direct actions of other tissues via chemical messaging
True
Hormone receptors
Receptor protein on the surface or interior of a cell that can bind to a specific hormone
Target cell specificity
Hormones circulate to all tissues, but only influence cells with associated receptors
Growth hormone (GH) Promotes cell division and proliferation throughout the body by facilitating protein synthesis
True
Growth hormone (GH) Protects glycogen reserves and limits carbohydrate (CHO) metabolism by encouraging the mobilization and use of lipids for fuel during exercise
True
Growth hormone (GH) Perceived demands on the body (exercise intensity) determines total GH production
True
Growth hormone (GH) High-intensity training increases production, potentially increasing strength, power, and muscle size
True
Testosterone
Produced in the gonadal glands of men and women
True
Testosterone
Responsible for muscle tissue interaction, which explains visual and quantifiable differences between men and women
True
Testosterone
Concentrations in women and ten times less than that of men
True
Testosterone
Concentrations increase in response to excessive in both genders; high-intensity, total-body execersise (e.g., squat, deadlift) elicit greater responses
True
Testosterone
Nervous system interaction - testosterone enhances strength and size via direct influence on neurons and structural proteins
True
Pancreatic Hormones have two primary functions
Produce digestive enzymes that are released into the small intestines to break down far, CHO, and protein so they can be absorbed into the blood stream and regulate blood sugar via the release of two endocrine hormones, insulin and glucagon
Insulin
Natural anabolic hormone made by the pancreas
Glucagon
Stimulates an increase in blood sugar levels when they are low (opposes insulin)
After a meal, when blood sugar rises, the release of insulin drives glucose into a muscle and liver cells to be stored as glycogen
True
Excess sugar is deposited in fat cells at triglycerides to ensure normalization of blood glucose
True
Excess insulin blocks lipolysis, further promoting fat storage
True
Low blood glucose is referred to as hypoglycemia; alpha cells in the pancreas are stimulated to release glucagon
True
Glucagon travels to the liver to stimulate the release of stored glucose (glycogen) into circulation to stabilize blood glucose
True
Thyroid acts to increase the metabolic rate of all cells
True
Heavy exercise increases release; possibly contributes to immediate, short-term excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) through an increase in the resting metabolic rate (RMR)
True
Facilitates actions of anabolic hormones and stimulates increased secretions of GH and IGF-1
True
Hyperthyroidism will impede weight gain, while hyperthyroidism will impede weight loss
True
Adrenal Hormones
Important to exercise as they are specifically designed to manage stress
True
Adrenal Hormones
Regulate electrolytes and the production of cortisol and androgens
True
Aldosterone
Regulates ion activity and water balance by reabsorbing or excreting sodium
Cortisol actions during exercise or stress:
Inhibits CHO uptake and oxidation in the body by acting as an insulin antagonist, released during high psychological stress, leading to significant body protein breakdown, sustained, high-level release suppresses immune function and promotes visceral fat storage in the abdominal area
Epinephrine & norepinephrine functions:
Promote heart rate and blood pressure changes through neural stimulation, enhance enzyme systems of working tissue, promote vasodilation, and augment the release of anabolic hormones
Release of catecholamines is based on acute stress experienced by the body
True
Catecholamines
Any naturally occurring amine that functions as a neurotransmitter or hormone; includes dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
Prolonged stress leads to reduced return and detrimental outcomes
True
Training needs to be dose-appropriate and balanced with other perceived stresses to ensure positive adaptive outcomes
True
The type and intensity of training dictates the specific response by both working tissue and endocrine glands that mediate adaptive changes
True
Positive adaption process that occurs in muscle protein is called muscle remodeling
True
Muscle remodeling
Significant physiological stress elicits disruption and damage to muscle cells, stimulating an inflammatory response, extent of protein remodeling is dependent upon the physiological disruption that occurs, and hormonal interaction of GH, testosterone, IGF, T3, and insulin cause the cells to synthesize new protein structures along the sarcomere
Each type of stress promotes specific communication related to how the body should manage the internal environment (during and after an event such as an exercise bout)
True
Neural patterns activate hormonal patterns that shape the adaptive response to training
True
Outcomes are based upon exercise selection, intensity, rest interval, and duration
True
Strength training uses heavy loads, near-maximal rest periods (2-5 min) and sets with
True
Strength training promotes an increase in anabolic hormones, however, due to the full recovery allowed by the rest periods and the short-term application of training stimulus, limited hypertrophic effects are elicited
True
Heavy, cross-joint lifts (e.g., deadlift) have the most dramatic effect on circulating testosterone levels
True
Hypertrophy
Increase in the size of an organ due to an increase in cell size; most commonly seen In muscle that has been actively stimulated
Body building is a training stress utilizing the following specific components for an exercise bout:
High volume (3-4 sets per exercise)
Moderately heavy resistance (70-85% of 1RM)
Longer durations (8-12 repetitions)
Shorter rest periods - less than one minute
Significant simultaneous production of lactic acid and cortisol in response to high intensity, extended time-under-tension exercise stimulates greater GH release and subsequent IGF-1 release for anabolic effects.
True
Common errors in body building include:
Utilizing load that are too tight, volume is too low, and rest periods between sets and exercise are too long
Endurance training promotes a different hormonal response than resistance training
True
Hormone activity is sensitive to variations of intensity
True
High-intensity training (particularly above lactate threshold) provides a greater release of GH
True
Testosterone is suppressed during high-intensity aerobic activities
True
Insulin sensitivity is increased
True
Glucagon levels increase slightly with prolonged exercise
True
Cortisol release is relatively low but increases with prolonged durations
True
Limited anabolic hormone activity occurs, resulting in minimal increases in lean mass
True
A reduction in lean mass may occur with high-volume training due to catabolic effects
True
Improved lipid utilization is experienced with high-volume training
True
