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Conceptual Issues in Psychology > 2: Descartes, Locke and Leibnitz > Flashcards

2: Descartes, Locke and Leibnitz Flashcards

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1
Q

Who came up with the idea of primary and secondary qualities?

A

Galileo

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2
Q

What are primary qualities described by Galileo?

A

The quality of an object that excists in the physical world such as it’s true weight

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3
Q

What are secondary qualities described by Galileo?

A

Qualities we perceive an object to have such as it’s colour

It can be altered in different states of consciousness

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4
Q

What ideas did Descartes come up with?

A

4 principles

Simple natures

Mechanistic physiology

Innate ideas

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5
Q

Did Descartes believe in nature or nurture?

A

Nature

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6
Q

What were Descartes’ 4 principles?

A

Skepticism: Critical of authority and thought everything was uncertain

Mechanism: The body is mechanical

Dualism: The mind and soul are different entities

Nativism: We’re born with a sense of the soul

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7
Q

What was Descartes’ principle of skepticism?

A

Critical of authority and thought everything was uncertain

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8
Q

What was Descartes’ principle of Mechanism?

A

The body is mechanical

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9
Q

What was Descartes’ principle of Dualism?

A

The mind and soul are different entities

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10
Q

What was Descartes’ principle of nativism?

A

We’re born with a sense of the soul

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11
Q

What was Descartes’ idea of simple natures?

A

These are the fundamental physical properties of an object that can’t be analysed and are beyond doubt

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12
Q

What is the idea of mechanistic physiology described by Descartes?

A

Sensation occurs when sensory organs tug at filaments inside nerves

This causes animal spirits to flow into effectors and cause movement

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13
Q

According to mechanistic theory, how are emotions caused?

A

Commotions in the flow of animal spirits such as anger where spirits flow with force

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14
Q

What are innate ideas?

A

Ideas we’re born with but can’t experiance such as infinity and perfection

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15
Q

What was the purpose of the Royal Society of London?

A

To conduct experiments and establish facts beyond doubt

Like Descartes, they were skeptical of everything

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16
Q

What books did Locke write?

A

Two treatises of government (1689)

Philosophy of mind - An essay concerning human understanding (1689)

17
Q

What were Locke’s major ideas?

A

Nurture - We’re born as a blank slate

Our senses can be fooled so we can make errors with secondry qualities

Kinds of knowledge

18
Q

What was Locke’s book, treatises of government, about?

A

Political work disgussing democracy or royal rule containing a blueprint for democratic nation states

19
Q

What are the modern applications of treatises of government by Locke?

A

Is now the basis for UN human rights

Influenced the US declaration of independence

20
Q

What was Locke’s book, philosophy of mind, about?

A

We’re born as a blank slate with the ability to perceive simple sensory ideas

We combine simple ideas to form more complex ones such as an object having several properties at once to be something specific

Ideas become associated if they are similar or experianced together

21
Q

How did Locke and Descartes disagree?

A

Descartes was on the nature side of the debate and argued that we have innate ideas. Locke thought everything was learnt - nurture

22
Q

What two kinds of experiances did Locke highlight?

A

Sensations: Of objects in the external world

Reflections: Of the mind’s own operations

23
Q

What is a sensation experiance according to Locke?

A

Experiancing objects in the external world

24
Q

What is a reflection experiance according to Locke?

A

The internal experiance in our minds such as thinking about something unlinked to the environment

25
Q

What are the kinds of knowledge according to Locke?

A

Intuitive knowledge: Immediate and certain such as recognising the difference between two objects

Demonstrative knowledge: Reasoning that leads us to a conclusion that’s not obvious

Sensitive knowledge: Created by the patterns of sensory input we experience.

26
Q

What is intuitive knowledge?

A

Perceptions that are immediate and certain such as recognising the difference between two objects

27
Q

What is demonstrative knowledge?

A

Reasoning that leads us to a conclusion that’s not obvious from our intuitive knowledge

28
Q

What is sensitive knowledge?

A

Created by the patterns of sensory input we experience.

29
Q

What associations of ideas are outlined by Locke?

A

Natural associations: Relationships defined by scientific laws (Such as things sharing similar characteristics)

Accidental associations: Caused by culture instead of nature

Only natural associations are true knowledge

30
Q

What were the major ideas of Leibnitz?

A

Infinitesmal
Monads
Innate knowledge

31
Q

What is infinitesimal described by Leibnitz?

A

The mind has some native properties as we have concepts of things even if they’re abstract such as perception

32
Q

What did Leibnitz write in his book new essays concerning human understanding?

A

Human consciousness is on a continum from apperception to perception

There are necessary truths such as logic and geometry

We’re born with Innate knowledge

33
Q

What are the different kinds of monads outlined by Leibnitz?

A

Bare monads: Like sleeping bodies, not living

Sentient monads: Capable of consciousness, perception and memory (Animals)

Rational monads: Capable of rational analysis - only humans have this

Supreme monad: Mind of God

34
Q

Who came up with the idea of monads?

A

Leibnitz

35
Q

What is a bare monad?

A

Something that is not living

36
Q

What is a sentient monad?

A

Something capable of consciousness, perception and memory (Animals)

37
Q

What is a rational monad?

A

Something capable of rational analysis (Only humans)

38
Q

What is a supreme monad?

A

The mind of God

39
Q

Nature/Nurture debate

A

Nature: Decartes and Leibnitz

Nurture: Locke

Conceptual Issues in Psychology (18 decks)

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