12: Behaviourism Flashcards
What were the popular ideas in psychology before 1913?
Structuralism and functionalism
Descartes idea of the soul
Measurable intelligence
Freud and Darwin
What did Watson argue in his behaviourist manifesto?
Psychology is an experimental branch of natural science and that it’s goal is to predict and control behaviour
Who came up with the idea of classical conditioning?
Pavlov
What is classical conditioning?
When an unconditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus to produce a conditioned effect
What is an unconditioned response?
A naturally occuring response to stimuli that is not conditioned
Classical conditioning - Pavlov
What is a conditioned stimulus?
A stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned response to become conditioned
What is a conditioned response?
A previously naturally occuring behaviour that has been paired with a neutral stimulus. Now it occurs every time the stimulus is presented
What is the importance of timing in classical conditioning?
The neutral stimulus must be presented before the unconditioned stimulus to produce the behaviour
What is higher order conditioning?
A conditioned stimulus can be used asthe basis for conditioning a second stimulus
What is experimental neurosis in classical conditioning?
An aversive state where a stimulus is close to differentiation
What explanation of behaviour did Watson support?
The biological approach
Who came up with the idea of operant conditioning?
Skinner
What is operant conditioning?
All behaviour is controlled by reinforcement, either being positive or negative
What are contingencies of reinforcement?
The relationship between the responses and the reinforcement by a time inteval or ratio of responses to reinforcement
Can be fixed or flexiable
What is radical behaviourism?
They argue that all behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning without the need for mental states
