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Close Protection > 2. CP Personal Intervention > Flashcards

2. CP Personal Intervention Flashcards

1
Q

What si the purpose of Close Protection?

A

To establish and maintain a safe environment, in which the Principal can live and work, whilst continually minimising risk

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2
Q

Not all Principals are in the spotlight, but some thrive on it. Why?

A

It may be their main source of income

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3
Q

Name 6 situations where a Principal’s safety may be compromised. Give some examples.

A

1) obsessive behaviour from individual they are interacting with e.g., fan
2) behaviour of individuals in close proximity of Principal deviating from the norm e.g. press conference
3) potential hostile surveillance focused on Principal e.g., terrorists, spies, criminals
4) chases events with erratic behaviour e.g., rallies, concerts, protests
5) PES or SAP team identify weapon, suspicious package, or item
6) indication or declaration of a threat

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3
Q

Which 4 situations are likely to cause embarrassment or a delay to the Principal’s schedule?

A

1) offensive or inappropriate behaviour
2) non-reciprocal holds or embraces
3) unplanned high pressure media
4) blocking or disruption of planned routes (foot or vehicle)

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4
Q

Elaborate on how offensive or inappropriate behaviour from an individual may embarrass or delay the Principal.

A

Such behaviour or conversation is to elicit a response and catch the Principal off guard e.g., reporter asking personal or embarrassing questions knowing the camera is live/going to air

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5
Q

Elaborate on how non-reciprocal holds/embraces from an individual may embarrass or delay the Principal.

A

They are likely to cause Holdup and embarrassment. Environment must be assessed for escalating threat levels. E.g., can be as subtle as a ‘hug’

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6
Q

Elaborate on how unplanned high-pressure may embarrass or delay the Principal.

A

Paparazzi questioning or photographing the Principal which may cause distress/frustration and may lead to them reacting. This includes media’s non-responsive approach to Principal’s attempts to close a conversation

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7
Q

Elaborate on how blocking/disruption of planned routes may embarrass or delay the Principal.

A

May be a crowd gathering at Principal’s office, where the Principal will be debussing

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8
Q

Give 3 reasons why the use of ‘intervention words’ and ‘non-verbal cues’ are important between Principal and Team?

A

1) Covert communication can be used without alerting others that an action has been triggered
2) Supports a successful task
3) Empowers the Principal to control their environment

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8
Q

What can we identify through Threat and Risk Assessment (TRA)?

A

Likely forms of attack, the place an attack may take place and the likely time

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9
Q

Give and example of a covert communication between Principal and PPO.

A

If an embrace has been going on too long, Principal may let their arms hang naturally to the ground which triggers PPO to engage

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10
Q

Why do ‘non-verbal cues’ support a successful task?

A

Along with good planning and preparation, it allows the ability to communicate in situations that typically deny such

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11
Q

Give and example of how a ‘non-verbal cue’ can empower the Principal to control their environment.

A

Principal may alert you that they want you close by, by gesturing their hands closer together, for example.

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12
Q

What is a high-risk situation determined by?

A

On the level, and likelihood of the threat occurring interfaced with the risk exposure, and environment in which the close protection team are operating

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13
Q

Which 5 things can ineffective communication during his-risk situations lead to?

A

1) embarrassment for Principal or team
2) task failure
3) serious harm to Principal or team through non-responsive teamwork
4) confusion of requirements
5) delay in response

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14
Q

What dictates how a TL or PPO trigger a change of operational conditions?

A

The threat and risk assessment

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15
Q

In which 5 ways can a change in operational conditions be done by?

A

1) intervention words
2) overtly
3) covertly
4) by radio
5) activation by TL or PPO

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16
Q

What should CPOs use when responding to a heightened threat, risk or incident?

A

Use their SOPs or EOPs

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17
Q

What is the operational plan informed by?

A

From the assessments of threat and vulnerability

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18
Q

What are considerations to take into account when responding to a heightened threat, risk , or incident?

A

1) 2IC change of responsibilities
2) PES and SAP change of responsibilities
3) increased readiness of driver/s and vehicles
4) increased readiness of medics
5) preparation of support reassures
6) change of environment (safe rooms)
7) extraction of Principal
8) contraction/reduction of the protective layers
9) calling in the SAP
10) diversion of SAP
11) removal of others (except Principal) from within protective layers
12) possible contact with 3rd parties (emergency services, other CP teams)
13) communication with wider CP team (control room/RST)

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19
Q

What 2 things is effective operational planning determined by?

A

Logistics and personnel

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20
Q

What are the main responsibilities of the SAP?

A

1) Must be in a position to provide fluid support in advance of the Principal’s protective detail
2) Must ensure readiness to travel to an alternative location for a reconnaissance location e.g., restaurant, and engage with restaurant staff in regard to reservations and timings, (must operate under the umbrella of discretion)
3) The SAP could also potentially provide support to the PES and PPO.

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21
Q

What are the immediate priorities and responsibilities of the PES when a physical threat, whilst on foot, to the Principal is realised?

A

Priority towards protective layers and remove of persons from that layer, neutralising immediate threats, and separating threat from Principal.
PES should also clear extraction route, creating time for the PPO to operate.

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22
Q

What are the immediate priorities and responsibilities of the PES when a physical threat, whilst mobile, to the Principal is realised?

A

Could be tactically positioning vehicles to provide cover for Principal’s car in order to move away from threat.
Could be that Principal’s vehicle has been incapacitated, thus swift extraction to another vehicle is required

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22
Q

What does SAFER stand for and what is its purpose?

A

Situational awareness
Avoid routines
Follow procedures
Exercise your initiative
Remain anonymous

It is a facet of close protection which improves operational effectiveness along with TRAs, operational planning, reworking a set os SOPs for a particular task..

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23
Q

Besides the TRA, operational planning, reworking a set of SOPs for a particular phase or task…and much more, the overall operational effectiveness is underpinned which principals in CP?

A

The SAFER principles

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24
Q

What is the S used for in SAFER principles?

A

SITUATIONAL AWARENESS - paramount for CPOs, and so team tasking capabilities have a greater degree of success if everyone accepts that a threat exists

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25
Q

What is the A used for in SAFER principles?

A

AVOID ROUTINE - reduces the risk of an attack.

When complacency sets in, preparedness levels fall, and become too timely in transitioning into SOP/EOP should a scaling situation present itself.

26
Q

What is the E used for in SAFER principles?

A

EXERCISE YOUR INITIATIVE - always! Along with partnership, robust training and constant scenario drills supports a teams effectiveness in dealing with difficult situations.

27
Q

What is the F used for in SAFER principles?

A

FOLLOW PROCEDURES - that have been developed to support the operation in mitigating risks - which ultimately have been constructed following the threat and vulnerability assessment, and operational planning stages

28
Q

What is the R used for in SAFER principles?

A

REMAIN ANONYMOUS - a skill set that is most often developed through an often-vertical learning experience, e.g., being ‘told’ to dress more appropriately a
It is the art of having the capabilities to interchange your attire to fit in with the environment.

29
Q

The more operational experience a CPO brings to the team – the stronger the team. But this alone does not build a stone team. What else is needed for this?

A

The that ability to share ideas and practices, and to actually work as a team.

30
Q

When narrowing the concentric layers of protection, what must the PES team also consider?

A

1) diverting or reducing hostile parties and stop them getting close to Principal and PPO
2) removing/restraining hostile parties away proportionately and legally from the Principal and PPO
3) dynamically assessing the situation for additional threats (situational awareness)
4) assisting with the evacuation of the Principal or restore normality
5) assisting with the possible detention of an individual (as long as the CP team resilience capabilities are not compromised)

30
Q

What are the 5 purposes of narrowing the concentric layers of protection when dealing with a situation?

A

1) increase the body protection of the Principal
2) reduce response times to the source of the threat
3) create a safe area around the Principal
4) shielding the Principal and PPO from attacks
5) creating a psychological barrier for the potential assailant which may cause them to abort

31
Q

What must the PPO ensure if an identified threat penetrates the PES cordon?

A

That the reactionary gap (the space from you to the Principal) is not compromised

32
Q
A
33
Q

Which 5 things must the PPO do when in protective formation?

A

1) assess threat and capability of PES to defend the outer layer of protection
2) shield Principal and remove them from the threat as part of the evacuation process
3) make informed decisions based on information received from PES, own or other team members
4) restore normality
5) neutralise threats who have entered personal space of the Principal

34
Q

What is a good source of updates about legislation in regards to CP?

A

The government website

34
Q

Name 1 responsibility of all security professionals.

A

Ensure they are up to date with legislation changes in the Uk and devolved nations

35
Q

What is the purpose of the Health & Safety at Work Act of 1974?

A

It outlines the legal duties that apply to protect the health, safety, and welfare at work of all of their employees.

36
Q

As well as own employees, who else must employers ensure the welfare of on their premises according to the H&S act of 1974?

A

It also extends to temporary workers, casual workers, self-employed workers, clients, visitors, and the general public

37
Q

What is Section 2 under the H&S Act of 1974?

A

It stipulates that the employer also has a duty to provide information, training instruction and supervision to its employees.
The information which should provide it must be accurate and meaningful, and also extends to contractors where necessary to ensure their safety.

38
Q

According to Common Law, in which circumstances may reasonable force be used?

A

1) defence of property
2) defence of another person (the Principal)
3) self-defence or to avert danger
4) imminent danger

38
Q

According to the Criminal Law Act 1967 (Section 3 Para 1), in which circumstances may reasonable force be used?

A

1) in the prevention of a crime
2) in effecting or assisting in the lawful arrest of suspected offenders or persons unlawfully at large

39
Q

What is a pre-emptive strike and when is it used?

A

It is reasonable force used to guard against an attack. this can include the threat of an attack

40
Q

Which 4 questions must you ask yourself in order to understand if the force used is reasonable?

A

1) was the force necessary?
2) in order for it to be necessary, it must be lawful.
3) was the force proportionate?
4) was it proportionate to the level of force you were facing, or an honestly believed you were facing

41
Q

What 3 things do you take into consideration when deciding whether force must be used?

A

Is it necessary, proportionate, and a last resort

42
Q

What is a Last Resort?

A

This is when all other options have failed and that they are likely to fail, and it is not possible or appropriate to withdraw

43
Q

What are the 4 Legal Implications relating to use of PI?

A

1) duty of care, and possible civil actions for negligence
2) accountable to a court of law
3) possibility of the employer being held responsible –vicarious liability
4) nullifying of insurance

44
Q

What are the 5 Professional Implications relating to use of PI?

A

1) loss of, or suspension of SIA licence
2) loss of job as a result of loss, or suspension of SIA licence
3) becoming a target of unwanted attention or possible violence
4) negative media attention – Principal and CP team
5) reputational damage - Principal and CP team

45
Q

What is the most preferred tactic in dealing with threats, and why?

A

Avoiding physical intervention is the most preferred outcome.
As it eliminates potential embarrassment to the Principal, or even a direct attack to the Principal

46
Q

What are some alternatives to PI? [in keeping with SAFER principles]

A

1) narrowing the concentric layers of protection to create a psychological deterrent (S)
2) effective conflict management communication skills
3) distraction techniques (R)
4) early recognition of escalating risk/removal of Principal (S)
5) effective screening of individuals allowed into proximity of Principal
6) threat avoidance (A)
7) effective eye contact with threat (E)
8) assertive communication (E/S)
9) ask the threat to desist - low-level threat e.g., prolonged handshake (F)

46
Q

Threat assessments help to inform your risk assessments. How can risk assessments help you?

A

To generate threat scenarios on which to base your mitigations. Mitigations can be planned in the SOPs and or EOPs.

47
Q

What is a Security Threat?

A

The intent and capability of the threat actor to take adverse action against your Principal, and or team - e.g., to carry out an attack, exploit your Principals computer via cyber means, or covertly obtain a piece of your Principals sensitive information or property

48
Q

What is a Threat Assessment?

A

A professional judgement based on analysis, as to the intent and capability of a particular threat actor or multiple threat actors against your Principal or team

49
Q

What are Protective Security Risks?

A

They are identified threats or vulnerabilities that have been assessed for their likelihood (of the threat ever occurring) and impact (to the organisation and/or third parties) should the threat manifest

50
Q

What is a Vulnerability?

A

It is the diminished capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist or recover from the impact of an adverse event, e.g., a threat.
(which the threat actor will want to exploit)

51
Q

What is the purpose of Mitigations?

A

The concept of mitigation is closely related to risk. Mitigations reduce the risk posed by threats to your Principal and team. E.g., deterring an attack, reducing the harm done by a physical attack, or early detection of attempted attack

52
Q

What are the 7 secondary threats?

A

1) additional hostile individuals
2) dry run (to analyse close protection team responses and capabilities)
3) chaos trigger to separate and weaken the CP team
4) distraction techniques
5) extraction location may be compromised
6) negative publicity stunt
7) loss of close protection team members (injury or incapacitation)

52
Q

Why is it important to continue your training in the form of Continual Professional Development (CPD)?

A

Because you are responsible for the health, safety and welfare of those you apply PI to.

This is to ensure that you are up to date, and do not get skill fade

53
Q

What are you responsibilities as a Security Officer in relation to PI?

A

1) Duty of care to the subject at all times (during and after restraint)
2) Duty of care to colleagues
3) Respecting the dignity of the subject
4) Providing appropriate care for any person who appears to be injured or at risk
5) Challenging unnecessary and excessive use of force by colleagues

53
Q

During PI, there is risk to harm to all parties. Name some different forms of harm.

A

1) strikes and kicks
2) an individual falling or being forced to ground
3) interventions involving the neck, spine, or vital organs
4) restraint on the ground (face up and face down) or other position that impairs breathing and/or circulation and increases risk of death through positional asphyxia
5) any forceful restraint can lead to medical complications, sudden death, or permanent disability especially where situational and individual risk factors are present

54
Q

How do you Support Colleagues in relation to PI?

A

1) Switch roles within the team where appropriate
2) Monitor staff safety
3) Monitor the subject and if you have any concerns for their wellbeing inform colleagues
4) Contain the immediate area and manage bystanders
5) Monitor the situation and communicate with others, e.g., staff from other agencies

55
Q

What is the Context in which use of force is justified in UK legislation?

A

1) reasonable
2) proportionate
3) necessary
4) imminent

55
Q

Name some ways in which the risk of harm can be reduced.

A

1) choose the least forceful intervention practicable (the PI with the least force and potential to cause injury to the subject in achieving the legitimate objective)
2) avoid high-risk positions including ground restraints
3) avoid high-risk methods of restraint, such as neck holds, that can adversely affect
breathing or circulation
4) maintain ongoing communication between staff and the subject during and following restraint
5) monitor the wellbeing of the subject for adverse reactions
6) work as a team and designate a team leader
7) follow established procedures (take care not to deviate)
8) de-escalate at the earliest opportunity to reduce exposure to risk
9) immediately release, and provide assistance if subject complains of, or shows signs of, breathlessness or other adverse reactions – handover to a medical professional

55
Q

What are the Boundaries of PI in relation to UK legislation?

A

1) minimum duration required
2) minimum force required
3) avert the danger
4) escalate and deescalate in proportion to the threat

56
Q

What are the 4 Legal implications of PI within the context of UK legislation?

A

1) duty of care, and possible civil actions for negligence
2) accountable to a court of law ‘possible prosecution’
3) possibility of the employer being held responsible
4) nullifying of insurance cover

57
Q

What are the 2 Medical implications of PI within the context of UK legislation?

A

1) potential injuries to the operative or the individual
2) duty of care to provide medical support

58
Q

What are the 3 Ethical implications of PI within the context of UK legislation?

A

1) consideration if the individual is in mental crisis, and required post incident support
2) consideration if the intervention can be delayed or deferred to another person to apply
3) third party (public) view of the intervention - visually aggressive (client & professional reputation damage – media)

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