2 - Cells

Question 1

Cell membrane

Answer 1

Controls what enters and exits the cell Homeostasis

Anchors cytoskeleton

Question 2

Nucleus

Answer 2

Control centre for cell metabolism and reproduction Stores genetic information

Question 3

Ribosomes

Answer 3

Protein synthesis

Question 4

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 4

Transports proteins (RER) and lipids (SER)

Question 5

Golgi apparatus

Answer 5

Folding and packaging of proteins

Question 6

Lysosomes

Answer 6

Digestion of debris, invaders, metabolites

DDIM

Question 7

Mitochondria

Answer 7

Energy production; Glucose + Oxygen = ATP

Question 8

Cytoskeleton

Answer 8

• Microtubules
• Intermediate filaments Microfilaments (actin)
• Supports the cell, determines its shape and mobility
• Vesicles and organelles transport through the cell along microtubules

Question 9

How do we keep cells together?

Answer 9

Cell adhesion molecules 
Intercellular junctions
• tight junctions
• desmosomes /anchoring junctions 
• gap junctions

Question 10

tight junctions

Answer 10

Impermeable junctions prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space

• interlocking junctions protein
• intercellular space

Question 11

desmosomes /anchoring junctions

Answer 11

Anchoring junctions bund adjacent cells together like a molecular “Velcro”

• intermediate filament (keratin)
• linker proteins (cadherins)
• plaque and intercellular space

Question 12

gap junctions

Answer 12

Communicating junctions allow ions and small molecules to pass for intercellular communication

• channel between cells (connexons)
• intercellular space

Question 13

What are the basic tissues?

Answer 13

Epithelium
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

Question 14

Epithelium

Answer 14

Layer(s) of cells lining a surface

Question 15

Connective tissue

Answer 15

Defined by the extracellular matrix

Question 16

Muscle tissue

Answer 16

Can contract in response to electrical signalling

Question 17

Nervous tissue

Answer 17

Excitable cells that can harness ion movements

Question 18

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Answer 18

Scaffolding that support cell attachment, migration, proliferation, and differentiation

Question 19

Structural proteins

Answer 19

Proteoglycans: compliance, shock absorption
Elastin: elasticity
Collagen: strength

Question 20

Adhesive proteins

Answer 20

Bind matrix proteins together, facilitate adhesion of cells to ECM
- fibronectin and laminin

Question 21

Transporters

Answer 21

Facilitated transport via transporters
Active transport
Ion transporters vs. ion channels

Question 22

Facilitated transport

Answer 22

Glucose transport

Question 23

Active transport

Answer 23

Sodium-potassium pump

Question 24

Co-transport

Answer 24

Sodium-glucose co-transporter

Question 25

A human cell needs to:

Answer 25

• separate internal from external environment
• move molecules in and out
• communicate
• integrate into a tissue
• use energy
• store energy
• make molecules, transform molecules
• move

Question 26

What’s in a cell?

Answer 26

• Cytoplasm
• Organelles
• Genetic Material
• Water (~70-85%)
• Ions: necessary for many chemical reactions and cellular control mechanisms
• Proteins (~10-20%): structural and functional
• Lipids: used to form membranes because they are insoluble in water
• Carbohydrates: used in energy production
• Nucleic acids: Make up genetic material