1 - Intro

Question 1

what are the life processes

Answer 1

Metabolism
Responsiveness 
Movement 
Growth 
Differentiation 
Reproduction

Question 2

Metabolism

Answer 2

Process of energy generation and use

Catabolism a nd anabolism

Question 3

Catabolism

Answer 3

Breakdown of large complex molecules into

smaller ones

Question 4

Anabolism

Answer 4

Uses energy to build body’s structural and functional components

Question 5

Responsiveness

Answer 5

Ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment

Question 6

Movement

Answer 6

Movement within a cell
Movement of cells
Movement of organs / organ systems Movement of whole body

Question 7

Growth

Answer 7

Increase in size, number of cells, size of cells, extracellular space

Question 8

Differentiation

Answer 8

Embryonic development

Stem cells

Question 9

Reproduction

Answer 9

Replacement of cells for growth, repair Production of a new individual

Question 10

Example: digestive system

Answer 10

• Nutrients within the lumen of the digestive tract
• Cells specialized to take those nutrients up and transfer them to the plasma
• Transport through the systems to supply energy for entire organism

Question 11

Example: respiratory system

Answer 11

Interface with O2 in the alveoli of the lung

Gas exchage: O2 in, Co2 out

Question 12

Internal environment of the body

Answer 12

Intracellular (=within a cell) Extracellular (=outside of a cell)

• Plasma (fluid portion of blood)
• Interstitial fluid

Question 13

How do organ systems influence homeostasis?

Answer 13

• Nervous and endocrine systems regulate all systems
• Respiratory system regulates gas exchange and pH
• Urinary system regulates fluid balance, electrolytes, pH, removes waste, water and excess electrolytes

Question 14

Explain how organs, cells, and homeostasis impact each other?

Answer 14

Body systems maintain homeostasis, which is necessary for cells, which are the building blocks for organ systems.

Question 15

Negative Feedback

Answer 15

Change in controlled variable
Sensor / Receptor
Integrator / Control System
Effector
Response
Controlled variable restored to normal
Negative feedback shuts off system responsible for response

Question 16

Negative Feedback Example

Answer 16

Change in blood pressure
 Blood pressure back to normal
   Baroreceptors
    Brain centres
     Heart, blood vessels
      Change in function
Blood pressure is back to normal, homeostasis is restored

Question 17

Positive Feedback

Answer 17

Change in controlled variable
 Sensor / Receptor
  Integrator / Control System
   Effector
    Amplification of change
Positive feedback enhances a change

Question 18

Positive Feedback Example

Answer 18

Contractions force baby’s head to push onto the cervix Stretching of the cervix
Stretch sensitive receptors
Brain interprets stimulus and releases oxytocin
Uterus contracts more, baby’s head stretches the cervix more
Birth of baby decreases stretching of the cervix, breaking the positive feedback cycle
Increased stretching of the cervix leads to more release of oxytocin, which results
in more contractions, and more stretching of
the cervix.

Question 19

Feedforward Mechanism

Answer 19

Anticipated change in controlled variable
Sensor / Receptor
Integrator / Control System
Effector
Response
Preparation for change
Feedforward mechanisms help to prepare for an imminent change

Question 20

Feedforward Mechanism Example

Answer 20

Seeing food
 Visual system
  Association areas of CNS
   Salivary glands
    Increased salivation
     Ready for digestion