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B1225 > 2. Cardiorespiratory Responses to Endurance Exercise > Flashcards

2. Cardiorespiratory Responses to Endurance Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Cardiovascular Responses in Exercise (3 points)

A
  1. Increased muscle metabolism
  2. Increased fuel and oxygen delivery is required
  3. Cardiovascular system responds immediately to increase blood supply
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2
Q

What happens to arterioles as muscles begin exercising

A

the arterioles serving the muscle Dilate to provide more blood flow

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3
Q

What are arterioles (2 points)

A
  1. Smooth muscle in wall can contract to constrict (narrow) the vessel or relax to dilate (widen) the vessel
  2. Act to control blood flow
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4
Q

What do active muscles in exercise release and what do they cause

A

CO2
Pi
H+
K+
Vasodilation of arterioles
Increased blood flow

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5
Q

What do Precapillary
sphincters in capillaries do

A

Regulate blood flow

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6
Q

Resting HR

A

60-80 bpm
influenced by exercise, heat, altitude

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7
Q

pre-exercise hr

A

above normal levels
anticipatory response
sympathetic ns releases norepinephrine

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8
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic

A

s - fight or flight
p - relaxation

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9
Q

Autonomic NS that increases HR rest - 100 bpm

A

Decreased parasympathetic input to the sinoatrial (SA) node

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10
Q

Autonomic system that increases HR 100 bpm - HR max

A

Increased sympathetic
input to the SA node

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11
Q

at exercise onset HR :

A

↑ in proportion to ↑ exercise
intensity

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12
Q

At Maximal exercise hr:

A

HR begins to plateau (even if
workload continues to increase)

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13
Q

Maximal heart rate (HRmax) is:

A

highest value achieved in all-out
effort to point of volitional fatigue

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14
Q

from age 10-15 years, hrmax

A

decreases 1ish beat per year

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15
Q

HRmax estimation calculation

A

Tanaka equation

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16
Q

Tanaka equation

A

HRmax = 208 – 0.7 x age (years)

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17
Q

Stroke Volume

A

Amount of blood ejected with each contraction.

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18
Q

what is SV a major determinant of

A

cardiorespiratory endurance capacity at near maximal/maximal
exercises intensities.

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19
Q

SV determined by four factors:

A
  1. Venous return
  2. Ventricular distensibility
  3. Force of contraction
  4. Resistance to flow
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20
Q

what do 1. Venous return 2. Ventricular distensibility influence and determine (SV)

A

Influence filling capacity of ventricle
Determine end-diastolic volume (preload)

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21
Q

what do 3. Force of contraction
4. Resistance to flow influence and determine (SV)

A

Influence ventricle’s ability to empty
during systole (contraction)
Determine force which ejects blood & pressure which is expelled into arteries (aortic mean pressure; afterload)

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22
Q

Increased Stroke Volume in Exercise causes increased:

A

myocardial contractility
venous return

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23
Q

Increased myocardial contractility is:

A

Increased force of contraction due to sympathetic stimulation of ventricular muscle cells

24
Q

Increased venous return is:

A

Increased force of contraction via Frank Starling mechanism

25
Q

Frank-Starling’s Law of the heart

A

The more the heart muscle is stretched (filled) before contraction (preload), the more forcefully the heart will contract.

26
Q

Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system during exercise causes:

A

↑ venous return, stretches the heart muscle, and ↑ cardiac output

27
Q

Increased venous return is due to (3):

A

– Respiratory pump
– Skeletal muscle pump
– Venoconstriction

28
Q

During inspiration (respiratory pump) (pressure effect cavities)

A

– <– press in thoracic cavity
– –> press in abdominal cavity
– Press abdominal > thoracic
– Helps to squeeze blood from lower body back to heart
– Greater respiratory movements (rate+depth) in exercise –> venous return

29
Q

Skeletal Muscle Pump

A
  • Muscle contraction propels blood forward through open distal valves and obstructs flow into muscle as proximal valves close during contraction.
  • During muscle relaxation, proximal valves open and blood fills venous segment
  • The net effect: cycle of compression and relaxation propels blood to heart.
30
Q

Venoconstriction involves:

A

Involves reflex signals that cause veins to constrict.

31
Q

What autonomic system sends reflex signals

A

the sympathetic nervous system during exercise

32
Q

what do reflex signals cause

A

Decrease vol of blood that venous system can contain, (facilitates venous return)
(causes veins to restrict)

33
Q

Exercise onset effect on SV

A

Increases with exercise intensity
up to ~40 to 60% VO2max
Plateaus and remains unchanged until exhaustion.

34
Q

elite athletes SV vs exercise onset

A

SV can continue to ↑, sometimes to maximal intensity.

35
Q

Acute Cardiovascular Responses

A

Increase in :
Blood flow
HR
Stroke Volume (SV)
Cardiac Output (CO)

36
Q

Measurements to assess cardiac output:

A

▪ Direct Fick
▪ Indicator dilution
▪ CO2 rebreathing

37
Q

Oxygen uptake =

A

Oxygen uptake =
cardiac output (Q) x arterio-venous oxygen difference

38
Q

What equation could you use to determine cardiac output?

A

The Fick Equation

39
Q

what is Oxygen consumption of a tissue dependent on

A

Blood flow to tissue and amount of 02 extracted from blood by tissue.

40
Q

Product of blood flow and difference in O2 concentration in the blood between arterial blood supplying the tissue and venous blood draining out of the tissue.

A

Oxygen consumption (VO2)
Called (a-v)O2 difference

41
Q

Method that: Expresses relationships between VO2 (mL/min) , and a-
vO2diff (mL/100mL blood) to determine cardiac output
(mL/min)

A

Direct Fick Method

42
Q

Direct Fick Method

A

Cardiac output = VO2 ÷ a-vO2diff
VO2 = HR x SV x (a-v)O2

43
Q

what does Direct Fick require

A

Requires complex invasive methodology
* VO2 (L/min) using open circuit spirometry
* average difference between O2 content of arterial and
mixed-venous blood (a-vO2diff)

44
Q

pulmonary artery oxygen content

A

low oxygen content

45
Q

pulmonary vein oxygen content

A

high oxygen content

46
Q

Cardiac Output (Q)

A

Q = HR x SV

47
Q

exercise effect on CO

A

↑ with ↑ exercise intensity.

48
Q

resting CO

A

Q ~5.0 L/min

49
Q

Ventilatory Response to Exercise equation

A

Ventilation (VE) = tidal volume (VT) x breathing frequency (Bf)

50
Q

Pulmonary ventilation during dynamic exercise

A

Start of exercise accompanied
by immediate increase in ventilation.
Increase may occur before
onset of muscle contractions
(anticipatory response)

51
Q

Pulmonary ventilation during dynamic exercise

A

2nd phase of respiratory increase more gradual (for heavy exercise).
Controlled primarily by changes in
chemical status of arterial blood.
*↑ in pulmonary ventilation during exercise directly proportionate to
metabolic needs of exercising muscle.
* At higher intensities, rate of
respiration also increases.
* At low intensities, accomplished via ↑ in tidal volume (amount of
air moved in & out of lungs).

52
Q

Most commonly used measure of respiratory function with exercise

A

VO2 (volume of oxygen uptake)

53
Q

Increase in Ventilation in Relation to Exercise Intensity

A

VE increases linearly with work rate up to lactate threshold
* VE increases more rapidly after the lactate threshold

54
Q

v02max

A

the amount of oxygen taken up and used by the body

55
Q

why does VO2 increase linearly with increases in exercise intensity.

A

due to an increasing reliance on oxygen to help provide energy as exercise continues.

B1225 (11 decks)

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